τὸ δὲ στόμα τῆς Μαιώτιδος καλεῖται μὲν Κιμμερικὸς Βόσπορος, ἄρχεται δὲ ἀπὸ μείζονος πλάτους ἑβδομήκοντά που σταδίων· καθʼ ὃ διαίρουσιν ἐκ τῶν περὶ Παντικάπαιον τόπων εἰς τὴν ἐγγυτάτω πόλιν τῆς Ἀσίας τὴν Φαναγόρειαν· τελευτᾷ δʼ εἰς πολὺ στενώτερον πορθμόν. διαιρεῖ δʼ ὁ στενωπὸς οὗτος τὴν Ἀσίαν ἀπὸ τῆς Εὐρώπης καὶ ὁ Τάναϊς ποταμός, καταντικρὺ ῥέων ἀπὸ τῶν ἄρκτων εἴς τε τὴν λίμνην καὶ τὸ στόμα αὐτῆς· δύο δʼ ἔχει τὰς εἰς τὴν λίμνην ἐκβολὰς διεχούσας ἀλλήλων ὅσον σταδίους ἑξήκοντα. ἔστι δὲ καὶ πόλις ὁμώνυμος τῷ ποταμῷ, μέγιστον τῶν βαρβάρων ἐμπόριον μετὰ τὸ Παντικάπαιον. ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δʼ εἰσπλέοντι τὸν Κιμμερικὸν Βόσπορον πολίχνιόν ἐστι Μυρμήκιον ἐν εἴκοσι σταδίοις ἀπὸ τοῦ Παντικαπαίου. τοῦ δὲ Μυρμηκίου διπλάσιον διέχει κώμη Παρθένιον, καθʼ ἣν στενώτατος ὁ εἴσπλους ἐστὶν ὅσον εἴκοσι σταδίων, ἔχων ἀντικειμένην ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ κώμην Ἀχίλλειον καλουμένην. ἐντεῦθεν δʼ εὐθυπλοίᾳ μὲν ἐπὶ τὸν Τάναϊν καὶ τὴν κατὰ τὰς ἐκβολὰς νῆσον στάδιοι δισχίλιοι διακόσιοι, μικρὸν δʼ ὑπερβάλλει τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τούτου πλέοντι παρὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν· πλέον δʼ ἢ τριπλάσιον ἐν ἀριστερᾷ πλέοντι μέχρι τοῦ Τανάιδος, ἐν ᾧ παράπλῳ καὶ ὁ ἰσθμὸς ἵδρυται. οὗτος μὲν οὖν ὁ παράπλους ἔρημος πᾶς ὁ παρὰ τὴν Εὐρώπην, ὁ δʼ ἐν δεξιᾷ οὐκ ἔρημος· ὁ δὲ σύμπας τῆς λίμνης κύκλος ἐνακισχιλίων ἱστορεῖται σταδίων. ἡ δὲ μεγάλη χερρόνησος τῇ Πελοποννήσῳ προσέοικε καὶ τὸ σχῆμα καὶ τὸ μέγεθος. ἔχουσι δʼ αὐτὴν οἱ τοῦ Βοσπόρου δυνάσται κεκακωμένην πᾶσαν ὑπὸ τῶν συνεχῶν πολέμων. πρότερον δʼ εἶχον ὀλίγην μὲν τὴν πρὸς τῷ στόματι τῆς Μαιώτιδος καὶ τῷ Παντικαπαίῳ μέχρι Θεοδοσίας τῶν Βοσπορίων τύραννοι, τὴν δὲ πλείστην μέχρι τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ καὶ τοῦ κόλπου τοῦ Καρκινίτου Ταῦροι, Σκυθικὸν ἔθνος· καὶ ἐκαλεῖτο ἡ χώρα πᾶσα αὕτη, σχεδὸν δέ τι καὶ ἡ ἔξω τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ μέχρι Βορυσθένους, μικρὰ Σκυθία· διὰ δὲ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἐνθένδε περαιουμένων τόν τε Τύραν καὶ τὸν Ἴστρον καὶ ἐποικούντων τὴν γῆν καὶ ταύτης οὐκ ὀλίγη μικρὰ προσηγορεύθη Σκυθία, τῶν Θρᾳκῶν τὰ μὲν τῇ βίᾳ συγχωρούντων τὰ δὲ τῇ κακίᾳ τῆς χώρας· ἑλώδης γάρ ἐστιν ἡ πολλὴ αὐτῆς.
The mouth of the [Palus] Maeotis is called the Kimmerian Bosporus. The entrance, which at the broadest part is about 70 stadia across, where there is a passage from the neighbourhood of Panticapaeum to Phanagoria, the nearest city in Asia. The [Palus] Maeotis closes in an arm of the sea which is much narrower. This arm of the sea and the Don separate Europe from Asia. Then the Don flows from the north opposite into the lake, and into the Kimmerian Bosporus. It discharges itself into the lake by two mouths, which are distant from each other about 60 stadia. There is also a city of the same name as the river; and next to Panticapaeum it is the largest mart belonging to the barbarians.
On sailing into the Kimmerian Bosporus, on the left hand is Myrmecium, a small city, 20 stadia from Panticapaeum, and 40 stadia from Parthenium; it is a village where is the narrowest entrance into the lake, about 20 stadia in breadth; opposite to it is a village situated in Asia, called Achilleum. Thence to the Don, and to the island at its mouths, is a voyage in a direct line of 2200 stadia. The distance is somewhat greater if the voyage is performed along the coast of Asia, but taking the left-hand side, (in which direction the isthmus of the Chersonese is fallen in with,) the distance is more than tripled. This latter course is along the desert shore of Europe, but the Asiatic side is not without inhabitants. The whole circumference of the lake is 9000 stadia.
The Great Chersonesus resembles Peloponnesus both in figure and size. The kings of the Bosporus possess it, but the whole country has been devastated by continual wars. They formerly possessed a small tract only at the mouth of the [Palus] Maeotis near Panticapaeum, extending as far as Theodosia. The largest part of the territory, as far as the isthmus and the Gulf Carcinites, was in possession of the Tauri, a Scythian nation. The whole of this country, comprehending also a portion on the other side of the isthmus as far as the Dnieper, was called Little Scythia. In consequence of the number of people who passed from thence across the Dniester and the Danube, and settled there, no small part of that country also bore the name of Little Scythia. The Thracians surrendered a part of it to superior force, and a part was abandoned on account of the bad quality of the ground, a large portion of which is marshy.
τῆς δὲ χερρονήσου, πλὴν τῆς ὀρεινῆς τῆς ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ μέχρι Θεοδοσίας, ἥ γε ἄλλη πεδιὰς καὶ εὔγεώς ἐστι πᾶσα, σίτῳ δὲ καὶ σφόδρα εὐτυχής, τριακοντάχουν ἀποδιδοῦσα διὰ τοῦ τυχόντος ὀρυκτοῦ σχιζομένη. φόρον τε ἐτέλουν ὀκτωκαίδεκα μυριάδας μεδίμνων Μιθριδάτῃ, τάλαντα δʼ ἀργυρίου διακόσια σὺν τοῖς Ἀσιανοῖς χωρίοις τοῖς περὶ τὴν Σινδικήν. κἀν τοῖς πρόσθεν χρόνοις ἐντεῦθεν ἦν τὰ σιτοπομπεῖα τοῖς Ἕλλησι, καθάπερ ἐκ τῆς λίμνης αἱ ταριχεῖαι. Λεύκωνα δέ φασιν ἐκ τῆς Θεοδοσίας Ἀθηναίοις πέμψαι μυριάδας μεδίμνων διακοσίας καὶ δέκα. οἱ δʼ αὐτοὶ οὗτοι καὶ γεωργοὶ ἐκαλοῦντο ἰδίως διὰ τὸ τοὺς ὑπερκειμένους νομάδας εἶναι, τρεφομένους κρέασιν ἄλλοις τε καὶ ἱππείοις, ἱππείῳ δὲ καὶ τυρῷ καὶ γάλακτι καὶ ὀξυγάλακτι (τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ὄψημά ἐστιν αὐτοῖς κατασκευασθέν πως)· διόπερ ὁ ποιητὴς ἅπαντας εἴρηκε τοὺς ταύτῃ γαλακτοφάγους. οἱ μὲν οὖν νομάδες πολεμισταὶ μᾶλλόν εἰσιν ἢ λῃστρικοί, πολεμοῦσι δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν φόρων. ἐπιτρέψαντες γὰρ ἔχειν τὴν γῆν τοῖς ἐθέλουσι γεωργεῖν ἀντὶ ταύτης ἀγαπῶσι φόρους λαμβάνοντες τοὺς συντεταγμένους μετρίους τινάς, οὐκ εἰς περιουσίαν ἀλλʼ εἰς τὰ ἐφήμερα καὶ τὰ ἀναγκαῖα τοῦ βίου· μὴ διδόντων δὲ αὐτοῖς πολεμοῦσιν. οὕτω δὲ καὶ δικαίους ἅμα καὶ ἀβίους ὁ ποιητὴς εἴρηκε τοὺς αὐτοὺς τούτους ἄνδρας, ἐπεὶ τῶν γε φόρων ἀπευτακτουμένων οὐδʼ ἂν καθίσταντο εἰς πόλεμον. οὐκ ἀπευτακτοῦσι δʼ οἱ δυνάμει πεποιθότες, ὥστε ἢ ἀμύνασθαι ῥᾳδίως ἐπιόντας ἢ κωλῦσαι τὴν ἔφοδον· καθάπερ Ἄσανδρον ποιῆσαί φησιν Ὑψικράτης, ἀποτειχίσαντα τὸν ἰσθμὸν τῆς χερρονήσου τὸν πρὸς τῇ Μαιώτιδι τριακοσίων ὄντα καὶ ἑξήκοντα σταδίων, ἐπιστήσαντα πύργους, καθʼ ἕκαστον στάδιον ἕνα. οἱ δὲ γεωργοὶ ταύτῃ μὲν ἡμερώτεροί τε ἅμα καὶ πολιτικώτεροι νομίζονται εἶναι, χρηματισταὶ δʼ ὄντες καὶ θαλάττης ἁπτόμενοι λῃστηρίων οὐκ ἀπέχονται, οὐδὲ τῶν τοιούτων ἀδικιῶν καὶ πλεονεξιῶν.
Except the mountainous tract of the Chersonesus on the sea-coast, extending as far as Theodosia, all the rest consist of plains, the soil of which is rich, and remarkably fertile in corn. It yields thirty-fold, when turned up by the most ordinary implements of husbandry. The tribute paid to Mithridates by the inhabitants, including that from the neighbourhood of Sindace in Asia, amounted to 180,000 medimni of corn, and 200 talents of silver. The Greeks in former times imported from this country corn, and the cured fish of Palus Maeotis. Leucon is said to have sent to the Athenians 2,100,000 medimni of corn from Theodosia. The name of Georgi, or husbandmen, was appropriately given to these people, to distinguish them from the nations situated above them, who are nomades, and live upon the flesh of horses and other animals, on cheese of mares’ milk, milk, and sour milk. The latter, prepared in a peculiar manner, is a delicacy. Hence the poet designates all the nations in that quarter as Galactophagi, milk-eaters.
The nomades are more disposed to war than to robbery. The occasion of their contests was to enforce the payment of tribute. They permit those to have land who are willing to cultivate it. In return for the use of the land, they are satisfied with receiving a settled and moderate tribute, not such as will furnish superfluities, but the daily necessaries of life. If this tribute is not paid, the nomades declare war. Hence the poet calls these people both just, and miserable, (Abii,) for if the tribute is regularly paid, they do not have recourse to war. Payment is not made by those, who have confidence in their ability to repel attacks with ease, and to prevent the incursion of their enemies. This course was pursued, as Hypsicrates relates, by Ansander, who fortified on the isthmus of the Chersonesus, at the Palus Maeotis, a space of 360 stadia, and erected towers at the distance of every 10 stadia.
The Georgi (husbandmen) are considered to be more civilized and mild in their manners than the other tribes in this quarter, but they are addicted to gain. They navigate the sea, and do not abstain from piracy, nor from similar acts of injustice and rapacity.
πρὸς δὲ τοῖς καταριθμηθεῖσι τόποις ἐν τῇ χερρονήσῳ καὶ τὰ φρούρια ὑπῆρξεν, ἃ κατεσκεύασε Σκίλουρος καὶ οἱ παῖδες, οἷσπερ καὶ ὁρμητηρίοις ἐχρῶντο πρὸς τοὺς Μιθριδάτου στρατηγούς, Παλάκιόν τε καὶ Χάβον καὶ Νεάπολις· ἦν δὲ καὶ Εὐπατόριόν τι, κτίσαντος Διοφάντου, Μιθριδάτου στρατηγοῦ. ἔστι δʼ ἄκρα διέχουσα τοῦ τῶν Χερρονησιτῶν τείχους ὅσον πεντεκαίδεκα σταδίους, κόλπον ποιοῦσα εὐμεγέθη νεύοντα πρὸς τὴν πόλιν· τούτου δʼ ὑπέρκειται λιμνοθάλαττα ἁλοπήγιον ἔχουσα· ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ ὁ Κτενοῦς ἦν. ἵνʼ οὖν ἀντέχοιεν, οἱ βασιλικοὶ πολιορκούμενοι τῇ τε ἄκρᾳ τῇ λεχθείσῃ φρουρὰν ἐγκατέστησαν τειχίσαντες τὸν τόπον, καὶ τὸ στόμα τοῦ κόλπου τὸ μέχρι τῆς πόλεως διέχωσαν, ὥστε πεζεύεσθαι ῥᾳδίως καὶ τρόπον τινὰ μίαν εἶναι πόλιν ἐξ ἀμφοῖν· ἐκ δὲ τούτου ῥᾷον ἀπεκρούοντο τοὺς Σκύθας. ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ τῷ διατειχίσματι τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ τοῦ πρὸς τῷ Κτενοῦντι προσέβαλον καὶ τὴν τάφρον ἐνέχουν καλάμῳ, τὸ μεθʼ ἡμέραν γεφυρωθὲν μέρος νύκτωρ ἐνεπίμπρασαν οἱ βασιλικοὶ καὶ ἀντεῖχον τέως ἕως ἐπεκράτησαν. καὶ νῦν ὑπὸ τοῖς τῶν Βοσπορανῶν βασιλεῦσιν, οὓς ἂν Ῥωμαῖοι καταστήσωσιν, ἅπαντά ἐστιν.
Besides the places in the Chersonesus already enumerated, there are the fortresses Palacium, and Chabum, and Neapolis, which Scilurus and his sons constructed, from which they sallied out against the generals of Mithridates.
There was also a fortress called Eupatorium, built by Diophantus, one of the generals of Mithridates. There is a promontory, distant about 15 stadia from the wall of Chersonesus, which forms a large bay, which bends towards the city. Above this bay is a sea-lake, where there are salt pits. Here was the harbour Ctenus. The generals of the king, in order to strengthen their means of resistance in case of siege, stationed a garrison on the above-mentioned promontory, which was further protected by a fortification. The mouth of the Gulf was closed by an embankment which extended to the city, and was easily traversed on foot. The garrison and the city were thus united. The Scythians were afterwards easily repulsed. They attacked that part of the wall built across the isthmus which touches upon Ctenus, and filled the ditch with straw. The kind of bridge thus formed by day, was burnt at night by the king’s generals, who continued their resistance and defeated the enemy. At present the whole country is subject to whomsoever the Romans may appoint as king of the Bosporus.
ἴδιον δὲ τοῦ Σκυθικοῦ καὶ τοῦ Σαρματικοῦ παντὸς ἔθνους τὸ τοὺς ἵππους ἐκτέμνειν εὐπειθείας χάριν· μικροὶ μὲν γάρ εἰσιν, ὀξεῖς δὲ σφόδρα καὶ δυσπειθεῖς. θῆραι δʼ εἰσὶν ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἕλεσιν ἐλάφων καὶ συάγρων, ἐν δὲ τοῖς πεδίοις ὀνάγρων καὶ δορκάδων. ἴδιον δέ τι καὶ τὸ ἀετὸν μὴ γίνεσθαι ἐν τοῖς τόποις τούτοις. ἔστι δὲ τῶν τετραπόδων ὁ καλούμενος κόλος, μεταξὺ ἐλάφου καὶ κριοῦ τὸ μέγεθος, λευκός, ὀξύτερος τούτων τῷ δρόμῳ, πίνων τοῖς ῥώθωσιν εἰς τὴν κεφαλήν, εἶτʼ ἐντεῦθεν εἰς ἡμέρας ταμιεύων πλείους ὥστʼ ἐν τῇ ἀνύδρῳ νέμεσθαι ῥᾳδίως. τοιαύτη μὲν ἡ ἐκτὸς Ἴστρου πᾶσα ἡ μεταξὺ τοῦ Ῥήνου καὶ τοῦ Τανάιδος ποταμοῦ μέχρι τῆς Ποντικῆς θαλάττης καὶ τῆς Μαιώτιδος.
It is a custom peculiar to all the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes, to castrate their horses, in order to make them more tractable, for although they are small, yet they are spirited, and difficult to manage. Stags and wild boars are hunted in the marshes, and wild asses and roes in the plains. It is a peculiarity of this country, that no eagles are to be found in it. Among the quadrupeds there is an animal called Colus, in size between a deer and a ram; it is white, and swifter in speed than either of those animals. It draws up water into the head through the nostrils; from this store it can supply itself for several days, and live without inconvenience in places destitute of water.
Such is the nature of the whole of the country beyond the Danube, lying between the Rhine and the Don, and extending as far as the Pontic Sea and the Palus Maeotis.
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