εἰ δὲ δεῖ τῷ περὶ τῆς Ἰταλίας λόγῳ προσθεῖναί τινα λόγον κεφαλαιώδη καὶ περὶ τῶν Ῥωμαίων τῶν κατασχόντων αὐτὴν καὶ κατεσκευασμένων ὁρμητήριον πρὸς τὴν σύμπασαν ἡγεμονίαν, προσειλήφθω καὶ ταῦτα, ὅτι Ῥωμαῖοι μετὰ τὴν κτίσιν τῆς Ῥώμης βασιλευόμενοι διετέλεσαν σωφρόνως ἐπὶ πολλὰς γενεάς· ἔπειτα τοῦ ἐσχάτου Ταρκυνίου μοχθηρῶς ἄρχοντος, τὸν μὲν ἐξέβαλον πολιτείαν δὲ συνεστήσαντο μικτὴν ἔκ τε μοναρχίας καὶ ἀριστοκρατίας, κοινωνοῖς δʼ ἐχρήσαντο Σαβίνοις τε καὶ Λατίνοις· οὐκ εὐγνωμόνων δʼ οὔτε ἐκείνων ἀεὶ τυγχάνοντες οὔτε τῶν ἄλλων τῶν πλησιοχώρων ἠναγκάζοντο τρόπον τινὰ τῇ ἐκείνων καταλύσει τὴν σφετέραν ἐπαύξειν. οὕτω δʼ αὐτοῖς κατʼ ὀλίγον προϊοῦσιν εἰς ἐπίδοσιν συνέβη τὴν πόλιν αἰφνιδίως ἀποβαλεῖν παρὰ τὴν ἁπάντων δόξαν, παρὰ δόξαν δὲ καὶ ἀπολαβεῖν· ἐγένετο δὲ τοῦτο, ὥς φησι Πολύβιος, ἔτει ἐννεακαιδεκάτῳ μετὰ τὴν ἐν Αἰγὸς ποταμοῖς ναυμαχίαν, κατὰ τὴν ἐπʼ Ἀνταλκίδου γενομένην εἰρήνην. διακρουσάμενοι δὲ τούτους Ῥωμαῖοι πρῶτον μὲν Λατίνους ἅπαντας ὑπηκόους ἐποιήσαντο, εἶτα Τυρρηνοὺς καὶ Κελτοὺς τοὺς περὶ τὸν Πάδον ἔπαυσαν τῆς πολλῆς καὶ ἀνέδην ἐλευθερίας· εἶτα Σαυνίτας, μετὰ δὲ τούτους Ταραντίνους καὶ Πύρρον κατεπολέμησαν, εἶτʼ ἤδη καὶ τὴν λοιπὴν τῆς νῦν Ἰταλίας πλὴν τῆς περὶ τὸν Πάδον. ταύτης δʼ ἔτι καθεστώσης ἐν πολέμῳ διέβησαν εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν, ἀφελόμενοι δὲ Καρχηδονίων αὐτὴν ἐπανῆλθον ἐπὶ τοὺς περὶ τὸν Πάδον· συνεστῶτος δʼ ἔτι τούτου τοῦ πολέμου παρῆν Ἀννίβας εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν· καὶ δεύτερος οὗτος πόλεμος πρὸς Καρχηδονίους συνέπεσε, καὶ μετʼ οὐ πολὺ τρίτος, ἐν ᾧ κατεσκάφη Καρχηδών· ἅμα δὲ τήν τε Λιβύην ἔσχον Ῥωμαῖοι καὶ τῆς Ἰβηρίας ὅσον ἀφείλοντο τῶν Καρχηδονίων. συνενεωτέρισαν δὲ τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις οἵ θʼ Ἕλληνες καὶ Μακεδόνες καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας οἱ ἐντὸς Ἅλυος καὶ τοῦ Ταύρου· καὶ τούτους οὖν ἅμα συγκατακτᾶσθαι προήχθησαν, ὧν Ἀντίοχός τε ἦν ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ Φίλιππος καὶ Περσεύς. καὶ Ἰλλυριῶν δὲ καὶ Θρᾳκῶν οἱ πλησιόχωροι τοῖς τε Ἕλλησι καὶ Μακεδόσιν ἀρχὰς ἔλαβον τοῦ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους πολέμου, καὶ διετέλεσαν πολεμοῦντες μέχρι καταλύσεως ἁπάντων τῶν ἐντὸς Ἴστρου καὶ τῶν ἐντὸς Ἅλυος. τὰ δʼ αὐτὰ ἔπαθον καὶ Ἴβηρες καὶ Κελτοὶ καὶ ἅπαντες οἱ λοιποὶ ὅσοι Ῥωμαίων ὑπακούουσι· τήν τε γὰρ Ἰβηρίαν οὐκ ἐπαύσαντο ὑπαγόμενοι τοῖς ὅπλοις ἕως ἅπασαν κατεστρέψαντο, Νομαντίνους τε ἐξελόντες καὶ Οὐρίαθον καὶ Σερτώριον ὕστερον διαφθείραντες, ὑστάτους δὲ Καντάβρους, οὓς ὁ Σεβαστὸς Καῖσαρ· τήν Κελτικὴν ἅπασαν τήν τε ἐντὸς καὶ τὴν ἐκτὸς σὺν τῇ Λιγυστικῇ πρότερον μὲν κατὰ μέρος ἀεὶ προσήγοντο, ὕστερον δὲ Καῖσαρ ὁ θεὸς καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ὁ Σεβαστὸς κοινῷ πολέμῳ καὶ ἀθρόως κατεκτήσαντο. νυνὶ δὲ Γερμανοῖς προσπολεμοῦσιν ἀπὸ τούτων ὁρμώμενοι τῶν τόπων ὡς οἰκειοτάτων, καί τισιν ἤδη θριάμβοις κεκοσμήκασιν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τὴν πατρίδα. τῆς δὲ Λιβύης ὅση μὴ Καρχηδονίων βασιλεῦσιν ἐπετέτραπτο ὑπηκόοις οὖσιν, ἀφιστάμενοι δὲ κατελύοντο· νυνὶ δʼ εἰς Ἰούβαν περιέστηκεν ἥ τε Μαυρουσία καὶ πολλὰ μέρη τῆς ἄλλης Λιβύης διὰ τὴν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους εὔνοιάν τε καὶ φιλίαν. τὰ δʼ ὅμοια καὶ περὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν συνέβη, κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν διὰ τῶν βασιλέων διῳκεῖτο ὑπηκόων ὄντων, ὕστερον δʼ ἐκλιπόντων ἐκείνων, καθάπερ τῶν Ἀτταλικῶν βασιλέων καὶ Σύρων καὶ Παφλαγόνων καὶ Καππαδόκων καὶ Αἰγυπτίων, ἀφισταμένων καὶ ἔπειτα καταλυομένων, καθάπερ ἐπὶ Μιθριδάτου συνέβη ἀφισταμένων καὶ ἔπειτα καταλυομένων, καθάπερ ἐπὶ Μιθριδάτου συνέβη τοῦ Εὐπάτορος καὶ τῆς Αἰγυπτίας Κλεοπάτρας, ἅπαντα τὰ ἐντὸς Φάσιδος καὶ Εὐφράτου πλὴν Ἀράβων τινῶν ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίοις ἐστὶ καὶ τοῖς ὑπʼ ἐκείνων ἀποδειχθεῖσι δυνάσταις. Ἀρμένιοι δὲ καὶ οἱ ὑπερκείμενοι τῆς Κολχίδος Ἀλβανοί τε καὶ Ἴβηρες παρουσίας δέονται μόνον τῶν ἡγησομένων, καλῶς δὲ κρατοῦνται· νεωτερίζουσι δὲ διὰ τὰς τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἀπασχολίας, καθάπερ καὶ οἱ πέραν τοῦ Ἴστρου τὸν Εὔξεινον περιοικοῦντες πλὴν τοῦ Βοσπόρου καὶ τῶν νομάδων· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὑπήκοον τὸ δʼ ἄχρηστον εἰς πᾶν τὸ ἀκοινώνητον, φυλακῆς δὲ μόνον δεόμενον· καὶ τἆλλα δὲ τὰ πολλὰ σκηνιτῶν καὶ νομάδων ἐστὶ πόρρω σφόδρα ὄντων. Παρθυαῖοι δὲ ὅμοροί τε ὄντες καὶ μέγιστον δυνάμενοι τοσοῦτον ὅμως ἐνέδοσαν πρὸς τὴν Ῥωμαίων καὶ τῶν καθʼ ἡμᾶς ἡγεμόνων ὑπεροχὴν ὥστʼ οὐ μόνον τὰ τρόπαια ἔπεμψαν εἰς Ῥώμην ἃ κατὰ Ῥωμαίων ἀνέστησάν ποτε, ἀλλὰ καὶ παῖδας ἐπίστευσε Φραάτης τῷ Σεβαστῷ Καίσαρι καὶ παίδων παῖδας ἐξομηρευσάμενος θεραπευτικῶς τὴν φιλίαν· οἱ δὲ νῦν μετίασιν ἐνθένδε πολλάκις τὸν βασιλεύσοντα, καὶ σχεδόν τι πλησίον εἰσὶ τοῦ ἐπὶ Ῥωμαίοις ποιῆσαι τὴν σύμπασαν ἐξουσίαν. καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν Ἰταλίαν διαστᾶσαν πολλάκις, ἀφʼ οὗ γε ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίοις ἐστί, καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν Ῥώμην ἡ τῆς πολιτείας ἀρετὴ καὶ τῶν ἡγεμόνων ἐκώλυσεν ἐπὶ πλέον προελθεῖν πλημμελείας καὶ διαφθορᾶς. χαλεπὸν δὲ ἄλλως οικεῖν τὴν τηλικαύτην ἡγεμονίαν ἢ ἑνὶ ἐπιτρέψαντας ὡς πατρί. οὐδέποτε γοῦν εὐπορῆσαι τοσαύτης εἰρήνης καὶ ἀφθονίας ἀγαθῶν ὑπῆρξε Ῥωμαίοις καὶ τοῖς συμμάχοις αὐτῶν, ὅσην Καῖσάρ τε ὁ Σεβαστὸς παρέσχεν ἀφʼ οὗ παρέλαβε τὴν ἐξουσίαν αὐτοτελῆ, καὶ νῦν ὁ διαδεξάμενος υἱὸς ἐκεῖνον παρέχει Τιβέριος, κανόνα τῆς διοικήσεως καὶ τῶν προσταγμάτων ποιούμενος ἐκεῖνον, καὶ αὐτὸν οἱ παῖδες αὐτοῦ Γερμανικός τε καὶ Δροῦσος ὑπουργοῦντες τῷ πατρί.
If, in addition to our description of Italy, a few words should be summarily added about the Romans who have possessed themselves of it, and prepared it as a centre from whence to enforce their universal dominion, we would offer the following.—The Romans, after the foundation of their state, discreetly existed as a kingdom for many years, till Tarquin, the last [Roman king], abused his power, when they expelled him, and established a mixed form of government, being a modification both of the monarchical and aristocratical systems; they admitted both the Sabines and Latins into their alliance, but as neither they nor the other neighbouring states continued to act with good faith towards them at all times, they were under the necessity of aggrandizing themselves by the dismemberment of their neighbours. Having thus, by degrees, arrived at a state of considerable importance, it chanced that they lost their city suddenly, contrary to the expectation of all men, and again recovered the same contrary to all expectation. This took place, according to Polybius, in the nineteenth year after the naval engagement of Aegos-potami, about the time of the conclusion of the peace of Antalcidas. Having escaped these misfortunes, the Romans first reduced all the Latins to complete obedience, they then subdued the Tyrrheni, and stayed the Kelts, who border the Po, from their too frequent and licentious forays; then the Samnites, and after them they conquered the Tarentines and Pyrrhus, and presently after the remainder of what is now considered as Italy, with the exception of the districts on the Po. While these still remained a subject of dispute they passed over into Sicily, and having wrested that island from the Carthaginians they returned to complete the conquest of the people dwelling along the Po. While this war was still in hand Hannibal entered Italy, thus the second war against the Carthaginians ensued, and after a very short interval the third, in which Carthage was demolished. At the same time the Romans became masters of Africa, and of such portions of Spain as they won from the Carthaginians. Both the Greeks and the Macedonians, and the nations of Asia who dwelt on the hither side of the river Kisil-Irmak and the Taurus, took part in these struggles with the Carthaginians: over these Antiochus was king, and Philip and Perseus, these therefore the Romans found themselves obliged to subdue. The people likewise of Illyria and Thrace, who were next neighbours to the Greeks and Macedonians, at this time commenced the war with the Romans that never ceased, until the subjugation of all the people who inhabit the countries on the hither side of the Danube and the Kisil-Irmak had been effected. The Iberians, and Kelts, and all the rest who are subject to the Romans, shared a similar fate, for the Romans never rested in the subjugation of the land to their sway until they had entirely overthrown it: in the first instance they took Numantia, and subdued Viriathus, and afterwards vanquished Sertorius, and last of all the Cantabrians, who were brought to subjection by Augustus Caesar. Likewise the whole of Gaul both within and beyond the Alps with Liguria were annexed at first by a partial occupation, but subsequently divus Caesar and then Augustus subdued them completely in open war, so that now the Romans direct their expeditions against the Germans from these countries as the most convenient rendezvous, and have already adorned their own country with several triumphs over them. Also in Africa all that did not belong to the Carthaginians has been left to the charge of kings owning dependence on the Roman state, while such as have attempted to assert their independence have been overpowered. At the present moment both Maurusia and much of the rest of Africa have fallen to the portion of Juba on account of his good will and friendship towards the Romans. The like things have taken place in Asia. At first it was governed by kings who were dependent on the Romans, and afterwards when their several lines of succession failed, as of that of the kings Attalus, the kings of the Syrians, the Paphlagonians, Cappadocians, and Egyptians, [or] when they revolted and were subsequently deposed, as it happened in the case of Mithridates Eupator, and Cleopatra of Egypt, the whole of their territories within the Phasis and the Euphrates, with the exception of some tribes of Arabs, were brought completely under the dominion of the Romans and the dynasties set up by them. The Armenians and the people who lie beyond Colchis, both the Albani and Iberians, require nothing more than that Roman governors should be sent among them, and they would be easily ruled; their attempted insurrections are merely the consequence of the want of attention from the Romans, who are so much occupied elsewhere: the like may be asserted of those who dwell beyond the Danube, and inhabit the banks of the Euxine, excepting only those who dwell on the Bosphorus and the Nomades; of these the former are in subjection to the Romans, and the latter are unprofitable for commerce on account of their wandering life, and only require to be watched. The rest of the countries [of Asia] are chiefly inhabited by Scenites and Nomades who dwell at a great distance. The Parthians indeed border on them and are very powerful, but they have yielded so far to the superiority of the Romans and our emperors, that they have not only sent back to Rome the trophies which they had at a still more distant period taken from the Romans, but Phraates has even sent his sons and his sons’ sons to Augustus Caesar, as hostages, assiduously courting his friendship: indeed the [Parthians] of the present time frequently send for a king from hence, and are almost on the point of relinquishing all power to the Romans. We now see Italy, which has frequently been torn by civil war even since it came under the dominion of the Romans, nay, even Rome herself, restrained from rushing headlong into confusion and destruction by the excellence of her form of government and the ability of her emperors. Indeed it were hard to administer the affairs of so great an empire otherwise than by committing them to one man as a father. For it would never have been in the power of the Romans and their allies to attain to a state of such perfect peace, and the enjoyment of such abundant prosperity, as Augustus Caesar afforded them from the time that he took upon himself the absolute authority; and which his son Tiberius, who has succeeded him, still maintains, who takes his father for a pattern in his government and ordinances. And in their turn his sons, Germanicus and Drusus, who are exercising the functions of government under their father, take him for their model.
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