̔ο δὲ ποιητὴς πολύφωνός τις ὢν καὶ πολυίστωρ δίδωσιν ἀφορμὰς ὡς οὐδὲ τούτων ἀνήκοός ἐστι τῶν τόπων, εἴ τις ὀρθῶς συλλογίζεσθαι βούλοιτο ἀπʼ ἀμφοῖν, τῶν τε χεῖρον λεγομένων περὶ αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν ἄμεινον καὶ ἀληθέστερον. χεῖρον μέν, ὅτι πρὸς δύσιν ἐσχάτη ἤκουεν αὕτη, ὅπου, καθάπερ αὐτός φησιν, εἰς τὸν ὠκεανὸν ἐμπίπτει λαμπρὸν φάος ἠελίοιο, ἕλκον νύκτα μέλαιναν ἐπὶ ζείδωρον ἄρουραν. ἡ δὲ νὺξ ὅτι δύσφημον καὶ τῷ Ἅιδῃ πλησιάζον, ὁ δὲ Ἅιδης τῷ Ταρτάρῳ, εἰκάζοι ἄν τις ἀκούοντα περὶ Ταρτησσοῦ τὸν Τάρταρον ἐκεῖθεν παρονομάσαι τὸν ἔσχατον τῶν ὑποχθονίων τόπων, προσθεῖναι δὲ καὶ μῦθον τὸ ποιητικὸν σώζοντα. καθάπερ καὶ τοὺς Κιμμερίους εἰδὼς ἐν βορείοις καὶ ζοφεροῖς οἰκήσαντας τόποις τοῖς κατὰ τὸν Βόσπορον ἵδρυσεν αὐτοὺς πρὸς τῷ Ἅιδῃ, τάχα καὶ κατά τι κοινὸν τῶν Ἰώνων ἔχθος πρὸς τὸ φῦλον τοῦτο· καὶ γὰρ καθʼ Ὅμηρον ἢ μικρὸν πρὸ αὐτοῦ λέγουσι τὴν τῶν Κιμμερίων ἔφοδον γενέσθαι τὴν μέχρι τῆς Αἰολίδος καὶ τῆς Ἰωνίας. ταῖς δὲ Κυανέαις ἐποίησε παραπλησίως τὰς Πλαγκτάς, ἀεὶ τοὺς μύθους ἀπό τινων ἱστοριῶν ἐνάγων. χαλεπὰς γάρ τινας μυθεύει πέτρας, καθάπερ τὰς Κυανέας φασίν, ἐξ οὗ καὶ Συμπληγάδες καλοῦνται· διόπερ καὶ τὸν Ἰάσονος παρέθηκε διʼ αὐτῶν πλοῦν· καὶ ὁ κατὰ τὰς στήλας δὲ πορθμὸς καὶ ὁ κατὰ Σικελίαν ὑπηγόρευον αὐτῷ τὸν περὶ τῶν Πλαγκτῶν μῦθον. πρὸς μὲν δὴ τὸ χεῖρον ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ Ταρτάρου μυθοποιίας αἰνίττοιτό τις ἂν τὴν τῶν τόπων μνήμην τῶν περὶ Ταρτησσόν.
Our poet [Homer] being very explicit, and possessing great experience, gives one cause to believe that he was not unfamiliar with these localities. Of this any one may be convinced who will examine carefully what has been written on these points, both the incorrect [comments], and likewise those which are better and more truthful. One amongst these incorrect ideas is, that he considered [Tartessis] to be the farthest country towards the west, where, as he himself expresses it, The radiant sun in ocean sank, / Drawing night after him o’er all the earth. / Now, since it is evident that night is ominous, and near to Hades, and Hades to Tartarus, it seems probable that [Homer], having heard of Tartessus, took thence the name of Tartarus to distinguish the farthest of the places beneath the earth, also embellishing it with fable in virtue of the poetic licence. In the same way, knowing that the Cimmerians dwelt in northern and dismal territories near to the Bosphorus, he located them in the vicinity of Hades; perhaps also on account of the common hatred of the Ionians against this people. For they say that in the time of Homer, or a little before, the Cimmerians made an incursion as far as Aeolia and Ionia. Always drawing his fables from certain real facts, his Planetae are modelled on the Cyaneae. He describes them as dangerous rocks, as they tell us the Cyaneaean rocks are, [and] on which account [in fact] they are called Symplegades. He adds to this [the account of] Jason’s navigating through the midst of them. The Straits of the Pillars and Sicily, likewise, suggested to him the fable of the Planetae. Thus, even according to the worst comments, from the fiction of Tartarus any one might gather that Homer was acquainted with the regions about Tartessus.
πρὸς δὲ τὸ βέλτιον ἐκ τούτων· ἥ τε γὰρ Ἡρακλέους στρατεία μέχρι δεῦρο προελθοῦσα καὶ τῶν Φοινίκων ὑπέγραφεν αὐτῷ πλοῦτόν τινα καὶ ῥᾳθυμίαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων· οὗτοι γὰρ Φοίνιξιν οὕτως ἐγένοντο σφόδρα ὑποχείριοι ὥστε τὰς πλείους τῶν ἐν τῇ Τουρδητανίᾳ πόλεων καὶ τῶν πλησίον τόπων ὑπʼ ἐκείνων νῦν οἰκεῖσθαι. καὶ ἡ τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως δὲ στρατεία δοκεῖ μοι δεῦρο γενηθεῖσα καὶ ἱστορηθεῖσα ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ παραδοῦναι πρόφασιν, ὥστε τὴν Ὀδύσσειαν καθάπερ καὶ τὴν Ἰλιάδα ἀπὸ τῶν συμβάντων μεταγαγεῖν εἰς ποίησιν καὶ τὴν συνήθη τοῖς ποιηταῖς μυθοποιίαν. οὐ γὰρ μόνον οἱ κατὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν καὶ Σικελίαν τόποι καὶ ἄλλοι τινὲς τῶν τοιούτων σημεῖα ὑπογράφουσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἰβηρίᾳ Ὀδύσσεια πόλις δείκνυται καὶ Ἀθηνᾶς ἱερὸν καὶ ἄλλα μυρία ἴχνη τῆς τε ἐκείνου πλάνης καὶ ἄλλων τῶν ἐκ τοῦ Τρωικοῦ πολέμου γενομένων ἐπʼ ἴσης κακώσαντος τούς τε πολεμηθέντας καὶ τοὺς ἑλόντας τὴν Τροίαν· καὶ γὰρ οὗτοι Καδμείαν νίκην ἐτύγχανον ἠρμένοι, τῶν τε οἴκων αὐτοῖς κατεφθαρμένων καὶ τῶν λαφύρων ὀλίγων εἰς ἕκαστον ἐληλυθότων· συνέβη τοῖς περιλειφθεῖσιν ἀπελθοῦσιν ἐκ τῶν κινδύνων κατὰ λῃστείας τρέπεσθαι, τοῖς μὲν διὰ τὸ ἐκπεπορθῆσθαι τοῖς δὲ διὰ τὴν αἰσχύνην, ἑκάστου προλαβόντος αἰσχρόν τοι δηρόν τε μένειν ἄνευ τῶν οἰκείων κενεόν τε νέεσθαι παρʼ αὐτοὺς πάλιν. ἥ τε τοῦ Αἰνείου παραδέδοται πλάνη καὶ Ἀντήνορος καὶ ἡ τῶν Ἑνετῶν· ὡσαύτως καὶ ἡ Διομήδους τε καὶ Μενελάου καὶ ἄλλων πλειόνων. ὁ τοίνυν ποιητὴς τὰς τοσαύτας στρατείας ἐπὶ τὰ ἔσχατα τῆς Ἰβηρίας ἱστορηκώς, πυνθανόμενος δὲ καὶ πλοῦτον καὶ τὰς ἄλλας ἀρετὰς (οἱ γὰρ Φοίνικες ἐδήλουν τοῦτο) ἐνταῦθα τὸν τῶν εὐσεβῶν ἔπλασε χῶρον καὶ τὸ Ἠλύσιον πεδίον, οὗ φησιν ὁ Πρωτεὺς ἀποικήσειν τὸν Μενέλαον ἀλλά σʼ ἐς Ἠλύσιον πεδίον καὶ πείρατα γαίης ἀθάνατοι πέμψουσιν, ὅθι ξανθὸς Ῥαδάμανθυς· τῇ περ ῥηίστη βιοτὴ πέλει ἀνθρώποισιν· οὐ νιφετὸς οὔτʼ ἂρ χειμὼν πολὺς οὐδέ ποτʼ ὄμβρος, ἀλλʼ αἰεὶ ζεφύροιο λιγὺ πνείοντας ἀήτας ὠκεανὸς ἀνίησιν ἀναψύχειν ἀνθρώπους. τό τε γὰρ εὐάερον καὶ τὸ εὔπνουν τοῦ ζεφύρου ταύτης ἐστὶ τῆς χώρας οἰκεῖον ἑσπερίου τε καὶ ἀλεεινῆς οὔσης, τό τε ἐπὶ τοῖς πέρασι τῆς γῆς ἐφʼ οἷς καὶ τὸν Ἅιδην μεμυθεῦσθαι ἔφαμεν, ὅ τε Ῥαδάμανθυς παρατεθεὶς ὑπογράφει τὸν πλησίον τῷ Μίνῳ τόπον, περὶ οὗ φησίν ἔνθʼ ἤτοι Μίνωα ἴδον Διὸς ἀγλαὸν υἱόν, χρύσεον σκῆπτρον ἔχοντα, θεμιστεύοντα νέκυσσι. καὶ οἱ μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ ποιηταὶ παραπλήσια θρυλοῦσι, τήν τε ἐπὶ τὰς Γηρυόνου βόας στρατείαν καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τὰ μῆλα τῶν Ἑσπερίδων τὰ χρύσεα ὡσαύτως, καὶ μακάρων τινὰς νήσους κατονομάζοντες, ἃς καὶ νῦν δεικνυμένας ἴσμεν οὐ πολὺ ἄπωθεν τῶν ἄκρων τῆς Μαυρουσίας τῶν ἀντικειμένων τοῖς Γαδείροις.
Of these facts, notwithstanding, there are better proofs. For instance, the expeditions of Hercules and the Phoenicians to this country were evidence to him of the wealth and luxury of the people. They fell so entirely under the dominion of the Phoenicians, that at the present day almost the whole of the cities of Turdetania and the neighbouring places are inhabited by them. It also seems to me that the expedition of Ulysses hither, as it took place and was recorded, was the foundation both of his Odyssey and Iliad, which he framed upon facts collected into a poem, and embellished as usual with poetical mythology. It is not only in Italy, Sicily, and a few other places that vestiges of these [events] occur; even in Iberia a city is shown named Ulyssea, also a temple of Minerva, and a myriad other traces both of the wandering of Ulysses and also of other survivors of the Trojan war, which was equally fatal to the vanquished and those who took Troy. These latter in fact gained a Cadmean victory, for their homes were destroyed, and the portion of booty which fell to each was exceedingly minute. Consequently not only those who had survived the perils [of their country], but the Greeks as well, betook themselves to piracy, the former because they had been pillaged of every thing; the latter, on account of the shame which each one anticipated to himself: The shame / That must attend us, after absence long / Returning unsuccessful, who can bear? / In the same way is related the wandering of Aeneas, of Antenor, and of the Heneti; likewise of Diomedes, of Menelaus, of Ulysses, and of many others. Hence the poet, knowing of similar expeditions to the extremities of Iberia, and having heard of its wealth and other excellencies, (which the Phoenicians had made known,) feigned this to be the region of the Blessed, and the Plain of Elysium, where Proteus informs Menelaus that he is to depart to: But far hence the gods / Will send thee to Elysium, and the earth’s / Extremest bounds; there Rhadamanthus dwells, / The golden-haired, and there the human kind / Enjoy the easiest life; no snow is there, / No biting winter, and no drenching shower, / But zephyr always gently from the sea / Breathes on them to refresh the happy race. / Now the purity of the air, and the gentle breathing of the zephyr, are both applicable to this country, as well as the softness of the climate, its position in the west, and its place at the extremities of the earth, where, as we have said, he feigned that Hades was. By coupling Rhadamanthus with it, he signifies that the place was near to Minos, of whom he says, There saw I Minos, offspring famed of Jove; / His golden sceptre in his hand, he sat / Judge of the dead. / Similar to these are the fables related by later poets; such, for instance, as the expeditions after the oxen of Geryon, and the golden apples of the Hesperides, the Islands of the Blessed they speak of, which we know are still pointed out to us not far distant from the extremities of Maurusia, and opposite to Gades.
τοὺς δὲ Φοίνικας λέγω μηνυτάς· καὶ τῆς Ἰβηρίας καὶ τῆς Λιβύης τὴν ἀρίστην οὗτοι κατέσχον πρὸ τῆς ἡλικίας τῆς Ὁμήρου καὶ διετέλεσαν κύριοι τῶν τόπων ὄντες, μέχρι οὗ Ῥωμαῖοι κατέλυσαν αὐτῶν τὴν ἡγεμονίαν. τοῦ δʼ Ἰβηρικοῦ πλούτου καὶ ταῦτα μαρτύρια· Καρχηδόνιοι μετὰ τοῦ Βάρκα στρατεύσαντες κατέλαβον, ὥς φασιν οἱ συγγραφεῖς, φάτναις ἀργυραῖς καὶ πίθοις χρωμένους τοὺς ἐν τῇ Τουρδητανίᾳ. ὑπολάβοι δʼ ἄν τις ἐκ τῆς πολλῆς εὐδαιμονίας καὶ μακραίωνας ὀνομασθῆναι τοὺς ἐνθάδε ἀνθρώπους, καὶ μάλιστα τοὺς ἡγεμόνας, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο Ἀνακρέοντα μὲν οὕτως εἰπεῖν ἔγωγʼ οὔτʼ ἂν Ἀμαλθίης βουλοίμην κέρας οὔτʼ ἔτεα πεντήκοντά τε καὶ ἑκατὸν Ταρτησσοῦ βασιλεῦσαι, Ἡρόδοτον δὲ καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ βασιλέως καταγράψαι καλέσαντα Ἀργανθώνιον.
I repeat that the Phoenicians were the discoverers [of these countries], for they possessed the better part of Iberia and Libya before the time of Homer, and continued masters of those places until their empire was overthrown by the Romans. This also is an evidence of the wealth of Iberia: in the expedition of the Carthaginians under Barcas, they found, according to historians, that the people of Turdetania used silver goblets and casks. One might guess too that it was on account of this great opulence that the men of the country, and their chiefs in particular, were styled long-lived. Wherefore Anacreon thus sings, Neither would I desire the horn of Amalthea, nor to reign over Tartessus one hundred and fifty years. Herodotus too has preserved the name of the king, whom he calls Arganthonius. The passage of Anacreon must therefore either be understood [of this king], or some other like him; or else more generally thus, nor to reign for a lengthened period in Tartessus. Some writers are of opinion that Tartessus is the present Carteia.
τῇ δὲ τῆς χώρας εὐδαιμονίᾳ καὶ τὸ ἥμερον καὶ τὸ πολιτικὸν συνηκολούθησε τοῖς Τουρδητανοῖς, καὶ τοῖς Κελτικοῖς δὲ διὰ τὴν γειτνίασιν, ὡς δʼ εἴρηκε Πολύβιος διὰ τὴν συγγένειαν· ἀλλʼ ἐκείνοις μὲν ἧττον· τὰ πολλὰ γὰρ κωμηδὸν ζῶσιν. οἱ μέντοι Τουρδητανοὶ καὶ μάλιστα οἱ περὶ τὸν Βαῖτιν τελέως εἰς τὸν Ῥωμαίων μεταβέβληνται τρόπον οὐδὲ τῆς διαλέκτου τῆς σφετέρας ἔτι μεμνημένοι. Λατῖνοί τε οἱ πλεῖστοι γεγόνασι καὶ ἐποίκους εἰλήφασι Ῥωμαίους, ὥστε μικρὸν ἀπέχουσι τοῦ πάντες εἶναι Ῥωμαῖοι. αἵ τε νῦν συνῳκισμέναι πόλεις, ἥ τε ἐν τοῖς Κελτικοῖς Παξαυγοῦστα καὶ ἡ ἐν τοῖς Τουρδούλοις Αὐγοῦστα Ἠμέριτα καὶ ἡ περὶ τοὺς Κελτίβηρας Καισαραυγοῦστα καὶ ἄλλαι ἔνιαι κατοικίαι, τὴν μεταβολὴν τῶν λεχθεισῶν πολιτειῶν ἐμφανίζουσι. καὶ δὴ τῶν Ἰβήρων ὅσοι ταύτης εἰσὶ τῆς ἰδέας τογᾶτοι λέγονται· ἐν δὲ τούτοις εἰσὶ καὶ οἱ Κελτίβηρες οἱ πάντων νομισθέντες ποτὲ θηριωδέστατοι. ταῦτα μὲν περὶ τούτων.
The Turdetani not only enjoy a salubrious climate, but their manners are polished and urbane, as also are those of the people of Keltica, by reason of their vicinity [to the Turdetani], or, according to Polybius, on account of their being of the same stock, but not to so great a degree, for they live for the most part scattered in villages. The Turdetani, on the other hand, especially those who dwell about the Guadalquiver, have so entirely adopted the Roman mode of life, as even to have forgotten their own language. They have for the most part become Latins, and received Roman colonists; so that a short time only is wanted before they will be all Romans. The very names of many of the towns at present, such as Pax Augusta amongst the Keltici, Augusta-Emerita amongst the Turduli, Caesar-Augusta amongst the Keltiberians and certain other colonies, are proof of the change of manners I have spoken of. Those of the Iberians who adopt these new modes of life are styled togati. Amongst their number are the Keltiberians, who formerly were regarded as the most uncivilized of them all. So much for these.
Cite This Text