Ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ Τανάιδος καὶ τῆς Μαιώτιδός ἐστι τὰ ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου συνεχῆ, τούτοις δʼ ἑξῆς τὰ ἐκτός. διαιρουμένης γὰρ αὐτῆς ὑπὸ ὄρους τοῦ Ταύρου δίχα διατείνοντος ἀπὸ τῶν ἄκρων τῆς Παμφυλίας ἐπὶ τὴν ἑῴαν θάλατταν κατʼ Ἰνδοὺς καὶ τοὺς ταύτῃ Σκύθας, τὸ μὲν πρὸς τὰς ἄρκτους νενευκὸς τῆς ἠπείρου μέρος καλοῦσιν οἱ Ἕλληνες ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου, τὸ δὲ πρὸς μεσημβρίαν ἐκτός· τὰ δὴ συνεχῆ τῇ Μαιώτιδι καὶ τῷ Τανάιδι μέρη τὰ ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου ἐστί. τούτων δὲ τὰ πρῶτα μέρη τὰ μεταξὺ τῆς Κασπίας θαλάττης ἐστὶ καὶ τοῦ Εὐξείνου πόντου, τῇ μὲν ἐπὶ τὸν Τάναϊν καὶ τὸν ὠκεανὸν τελευτῶντα τόν τε ἔξω καὶ τὸν τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης, τῇ δʼ ἐπὶ τὸν ἰσθμόν, καθʼ ὃ ἐγγυτάτω ἐστὶν ἀπὸ τοῦ μυχοῦ τοῦ Πόντου ἐπὶ τὴν Κασπίαν. ἔπειτα ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου τὰ ὑπὲρ τῆς Ὑρκανίας μέχρι πρὸς τὴν κατὰ Ἰνδοὺς καὶ Σκύθας τοὺς πρὸς τὴν αὐτὴν θάλατταν καὶ τὸ Ἰμάιον ὄρος. ταῦτα δʼ ἔχουσι τὰ μὲν οἱ Μαιῶται καὶ οἱ μεταξὺ τῆς Ὑρκανίας καὶ τοῦ Πόντου μέχρι τοῦ Καυκάσου καὶ Ἰβήρων καὶ Ἀλβανῶν, Σαυρομάται καὶ Σκύθαι καὶ Ἀχαιοὶ καὶ Ζυγοὶ καὶ Ἡνίοχοι, τὰ δʼ ὑπὲρ τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης Σκύθαι καὶ Ὑρκανοὶ καὶ Παρθυαῖοι καὶ Βάκτριοι καὶ Σογδιανοὶ καὶ τἆλλα τὰ ὑπερκείμενα μέρη τῶν Ἰνδῶν πρὸς ἄρκτον. πρὸς νότον δὲ τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης ἐκ μέρους καὶ τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ παντὸς μεταξὺ ταύτης καὶ τοῦ Πόντου τῆς τε Ἀρμενίας ἡ πλείστη κεῖται καὶ Κολχὶς καὶ Καππαδοκία σύμπασα μέχρι τοῦ Εὐξείνου πόντου καὶ τῶν Τιβαρανικῶν ἐθνῶν, ἔτι δὲ ἡ ἐντὸς Ἅλυος χώρα λεγομένη, περιέχουσα πρὸς μὲν τῷ Πόντῳ καὶ τῇ Προποντίδι Παφλαγόνας τε καὶ Βιθυνοὺς καὶ Μυσοὺς καὶ τὴν ἐφʼ Ἑλλησπόντῳ λεγομένην Φρυγίαν, ἧς ἐστι καὶ ἡ Τρῳάς, πρὸς δὲ τῷ Αἰγαίῳ καὶ τῇ ἐφεξῆς θαλάττῃ τήν τε Αἰολίδα καὶ τὴν Ἰωνίαν καὶ Καρίαν καὶ Λυκίαν, ἐν δὲ τῇ μεσογαίᾳ τήν τε Φρυγίαν, ἧς ἐστι μέρος ἥ τε τῶν Γαλλογραικῶν λεγομένη Γαλατία καὶ ἡ Ἐπίκτητος, καὶ Λυκάονας καὶ Λυδούς.
From the Don and the Maeotis commences [Asia] on this side the Taurus; beyond these is [Asia] beyond the Taurus. For since this continent is divided into two by the chain of the Taurus, which extends from the extremities of Pamphylia to the shores of the Eastern Sea, inhabited by the Indians and neighbouring Scythians, the Greeks naturally called that part of the continent situated north of these mountains [Asia] on this side the Taurus, and that on the south [Asia] beyond the Taurus. Consequently the parts adjacent to the Maeotis and Don are on this side the Taurus. The first of these is the territory between the Caspian Sea and the Euxine, bounded on one side by the Don, the Exterior Ocean, and the Sea of Hyrcania; on the other by the Isthmus where it is narrowest from the recess of the Euxine to the Caspian.
Secondly, but still on this side the Taurus, are the countries above the Sea of Hyrcania as far as the Indians and Scythians, who dwell along the said sea and Mount Imaus. These countries are possessed on the one side by the Maeotae, and the people dwelling between the Sea of Hyrcania and the Euxine as far as the Caucasus, the Iberians and Albanians, viz. the Sauromatians, Scythians, Achtaeans, Zygi, and Heniochi: on the other side beyond the Sea of Hyrcania, by the Scythians, Hyrcanians, Parthians, Bactrians, Sogdians, and the other nations of India farther towards the north. To the south, partly by the Sea of Hyrcania, and partly by the whole isthmus which separates this sea from the Euxine, is situated the greater part of Armenia, Colchis, the whole of Cappadocia as far as the Euxine, and the Tibaranic nations. Further [west] is the country designated on this side the Halys, containing on the side of the Euxine and Propontis the Paphlagonians, Bithynians, Mysians, and Phrygia on the Hellespont, which comprehends the Troad; and on the side of the Aegaean and adjacent seas Aeolia, Ionia, Caria, and Lycia. Inland is the Phrygia which contains that portion of Gallo-Graecia styled Galatia, Phrygia Epictetus, the Lycaonians, and the Lydians.
Ἐφεξῆς δὲ τοῖς ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου οἵ τε τὰ ὄρη κατέχοντες Παροπαμισάδαι καὶ τὰ Παρθυαίων τε καὶ Μήδων καὶ Ἀρμενίων καὶ Κιλίκων ἔθνη καὶ Κατάονες καὶ Πισίδαι. μετὰ δὲ τοὺς ὀρείους ἐστὶ τὰ ἐκτὸς τοῦ Ταύρου. πρώτη δʼ ἐστὶ τούτων ἡ Ἰνδική, ἔθνος μέγιστον τῶν πάντων καὶ εὐδαιμονέστατον, τελευτῶν πρός τε τὴν ἑῴαν θάλατταν καὶ τὴν νοτίαν τῆς Ἀτλαντικῆς. ἐν δὲ τῇ νοτίᾳ ταύτῃ θαλάττῃ πρόκειται τῆς Ἰνδικῆς νῆσος οὐκ ἐλάττων τῆς Βρεττανικῆς ἡ Ταπροβάνη· μετὰ δὲ τὴν Ἰνδικὴν ἐπὶ τὰ ἑσπέρια νεύουσιν, ἐν δεξιᾷ δʼ ἔχουσι τὰ ὄρη χώρα ἐστὶ συχνή, φαύλως οἰκουμένη διὰ λυπρότητα ὑπʼ ἀνθρώπων τελέως βαρβάρων οὐχ ὁμοεθνῶν· καλοῦσι δʼ Ἀριανούς, ἀπὸ τῶν ὀρῶν διατείνοντας μέχρι Γεδρωσίας καὶ Καρμανίας. ἑξῆς δέ εἰσι πρὸς μὲν τῇ θαλάττῃ Πέρσαι καὶ Σούσιοι καὶ Βαβυλώνιοι καθήκοντες ἐπὶ τὴν κατὰ Πέρσας θάλατταν καὶ τὰ περιοικοῦντα τούτους ἔθνη μικρά, πρὸς δὲ τοῖς ὄρεσιν ἢ ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς ὄρεσι Παρθυαῖοι καὶ Μῆδοι καὶ Ἀρμένιοι καὶ τὰ τούτοις πρόσχωρα ἔθνη καὶ ἡ Μεσοποταμία. μετὰ δὲ τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν τὰ ἐντὸς Εὐφράτου· ταῦτα δʼ ἐστὶν ἥ τε εὐδαίμων Ἀραβία πᾶσα, ἀφοριζομένη τῷ τε Ἀραβίῳ κόλπῳ παντὶ καὶ τῷ Περσικῷ, καὶ ὅσην οἱ Σκηνῖται καὶ οἱ Φύλαρχοι κατέχουσιν οἱ ἐπὶ τὸν Εὐφράτην καθήκοντες καὶ τὴν Συρίαν· εἶθʼ οἱ πέραν τοῦ Ἀραβίου κόλπου μέχρι Νείλου, Αἰθίοπές τε καὶ Ἄραβες, καὶ οἱ μετʼ αὐτοὺς Αἰγύπτιοι καὶ Σύροι καὶ Κίλικες οἵ τε ἄλλοι καὶ οἱ Τραχειῶται λεγόμενοι, τελευταῖοι δὲ Πάμφυλοι.
Next these on this side the Taurus are the mountaineers of Paropamisus, and various tribes of Parthians, Medes, Armenians, Cilicians, with the Lycaonians, and Pisidians. After these mountaineers come the people dwelling beyond the Taurus. First amongst these is India, a nation greater and more flourishing than any other; they extend as far as the Eastern Sea and the southern part of the Atlantic. In the most southerly part of this sea opposite to India is situated the island of Taprobana, which is not less than Britain. Beyond India to the west, and leaving the mountains [of the Taurus] on the right, is a vast region, miserably inhabited, on account of the sterility of its soil, by men of different races, who are absolutely in a savage state. They are named Arians, and extend from the mountains to Gedrosia and Carmania. Beyond these towards the sea are the Persians, the Susians, and the Babylonians, situated along the Persian Gulf, besides several smaller neighbouring states. On the side of the mountains and amidst the mountains are the Parthians, the Medes, the Armenians, and the nations adjoining these, together with Mesopotamia. Beyond Mesopotamia are the countries on this side the Euphrates; viz. the whole of Arabia Felix, bounded by the entire Arabian and Persian Gulfs, together with the country of the Scenitae and Phylarchi, who are situated along the Euphrates and in Syria. Beyond the Arabian Gulf and as far as the Nile dwell the Ethiopians and Arabians, and next these the Egyptians, Syrians, and Cilicians, both those styled Trachiotae and others besides, and last of all the Pamphylians.
μετὰ δὲ τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐστὶν ἡ Λιβύη συνεχὴς οὖσα τῇ τε Αἰγύπτῳ καὶ τῇ Αἰθιοπίᾳ, τὴν μὲν καθʼ ἡμᾶς ᾐόνα ἐπʼ εὐθείας ἔχουσα, σχεδόν τι μέχρι στηλῶν ἀπὸ Ἀλεξανδρείας ἀρξαμένην, πλὴν τῶν Σύρτεων καὶ εἴ πού τις ἄλλη κόλπων ἐπιστροφὴ μετρία καὶ τῶν ταύτην ποιούντων ἀκρωτηρίων ἐξοχή· τὴν δὲ παρωκεανῖτιν ἀπὸ τῆς Αἰθιοπίας μέχρι τινός, ὡς ἂν παράλληλον οὖσαν τῇ προτέρᾳ, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα συναγομένην ἀπὸ τῶν νοτίων μερῶν εἰς ὀξεῖαν ἄκραν, μικρὸν ἔξω στηλῶν προπεπτωκυῖαν καὶ ποιοῦσαν τραπέζιόν πως τὸ σχῆμα. ἔστι δʼ, ὥσπερ οἵ τε ἄλλοι δηλοῦσι καὶ δὴ καὶ Γναῖος Πείσων ἡγεμὼν γενόμενος τῆς χώρας διηγεῖτο ἡμῖν, ἐοικυῖα παρδαλῇ· κατάστικτος γάρ ἐστιν οἰκήσεσι περιεχομέναις ἀνύδρῳ καὶ ἐρήμῳ γῇ· καλοῦσι δὲ τὰς τοιαύτας οἰκήσεις αὐάσεις οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι. τοιαύτη δὲ οὖσα ἔχει τινὰς ἄλλας διαφορὰς τριχῆ διαιρουμένας· τῆς μὲν γὰρ καθʼ ἡμᾶς παραλίας εὐδαίμων ἐστὶν ἡ πλείστη σφόδρα, καὶ μάλιστα ἡ Κυρηναία καὶ ἡ περὶ Καρχηδόνα Μαυρουσίων καὶ τῶν Ἡρακλείων στηλῶν· οἰκεῖται δὲ μετρίως καὶ ἡ παρωκεανῖτις, ἡ δὲ μέση φαύλως ἡ τὸ σίλφιον φέρουσα, ἔρημος ἡ πλείστη καὶ τραχεῖα καὶ ἀμμώδης. τὸ δʼ αὐτὸ πέπονθε καὶ ἡ ἐπʼ εὐθείας ταύτῃ διά τε τῆς Αἰθιοπίας διήκουσα τῆς τε Τρωγλοδυτικῆς καὶ τῆς Ἀραβίας καὶ τῆς Γεδρωσίας τῆς τῶν Ἰχθυοφάγων. νέμεται δʼ ἔθνη τὴν Λιβύην τὰ πλεῖστα ἄγνωστα· οὐ πολλὴν γὰρ ἐφοδεύεσθαι συμβαίνει στρατοπέδοις οὐδʼ ἀλλοφύλοις ἀνδράσιν, οἱ δʼ ἐπιχώριοι καὶ ὀλίγοι παρʼ ἡμᾶς ἀφικνοῦνται πόρρωθεν, καὶ οὐ πιστὰ οὐδὲ πάντα λέγουσιν· ὅμως δʼ οὖν τὰ λεγόμενα τοιαῦτά ἐστι. τοὺς μὲν μεσημβρινωτάτους Αἰθίοπας προσαγορεύουσι, τοὺς δʼ ὑπὸ τούτοις τοὺς πλείστους Γαράμαντας καὶ Φαρουσίους καὶ Νιγρίτας, τοὺς δʼ ἔτι ὑπὸ τούτοις Γαιτούλους, τοὺς δὲ τῆς θαλάττης ἐγγὺς ἢ καὶ ἁπτομένους αὐτῆς πρὸς Αἰγύπτῳ μὲν Μαρμαρίδας μέχρι τῆς Κυρηναίας, ὑπὲρ δὲ ταύτης καὶ τῶν Σύρτεων Ψύλλους καὶ Νασαμῶνας καὶ τῶν Γαιτούλων τινάς, εἶτʼ Ἀσβύστας καὶ Βυζακίους μέχρι τῆς Καρχηδονίας. πολλὴ δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ Καρχηδονία· συνάπτουσι δʼ οἱ νομάδες αὐτῇ· τούτων δὲ τοὺς γνωριμωτάτους τοὺς μὲν Μασυλιεῖς τοὺς δὲ Μασαισυλίους προσαγορεύουσιν· ὕστατοι δʼ εἰσὶ Μαυρούσιοι. πᾶσα δʼ ἡ ἀπὸ Καρχηδόνος μέχρι στηλῶν ἐστιν εὐδαίμων, θηριοτρόφος δέ, ὥσπερ καὶ ἡ μεσόγαια πᾶσα. οὐκ ἀπεικὸς δὲ καὶ νομάδας λεχθῆναί τινας αὐτῶν, οὐ δυναμένους γεωργεῖν διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν θηρίων τὸ παλαιόν· οἱ δὲ νῦν ἅμα τῇ ἐμπειρίᾳ τῆς θήρας διαφέροντες, καὶ τῶν Ῥωμαίων προσλαμβανόντων πρὸς τοῦτο διὰ τὴν σπουδὴν τὴν περὶ τὰς θηριομαχίας, ἀμφοτέρων περιγίνονται καὶ τῶν θηρίων καὶ τῆς γεωργίας. τοσαῦτα καὶ περὶ τῶν ἠπείρων λέγομεν.
After Asia comes Libya, which adjoins Egypt and Ethiopia. The coast next us, from Alexandria almost to the Pillars, is in a straight line, with the exception of the Syrtes, the sinuosities of some moderately sized bays, and the projection of the promontories by which they are formed. The side next the ocean from Ethiopia up to a certain point is almost parallel to the former; but after this the southern portions become narrowed into a sharp peak, extending a little beyond the Pillars of Hercules, and giving to the country something the figure of a trapezium. Its appearance, both by the accounts of other writers, and also the description given to ourselves by Cnaeus Piso, who was governor of this province, is that of a panther’s skin, being dotted over with habitations surrounded by parched and desert land: these habitations the Egyptians call Auases. This continent offers besides several other peculiarities, which may be said to divide it into three distinct portions. Most of the coast next us is very fertile, more especially about the Cyrenaic and the parts about Carthage, as far as Maurusia and the Pillars of Hercules. Next the ocean it is likewise tolerably fitted for the habitation of man; but not so the centre of the country, which produces silphium; this for the most part is barren, rugged, and sandy; and the same is the case with regard to the whole of Asia lying under the same right line which traverses Ethiopia, the Troglodytic, Arabia, and the part of Gedrosia occupied by the Ichthyophagi. The people inhabiting Libya are for the most part unknown to us, as it has rarely been entered, either by armies or adventurers. But few of its inhabitants from the farther parts come amongst us, and their accounts are both incomplete and not to be relied on. The sum of what they say is as follows. Those which are most southern are called Ethiopians. North of these the principal nations are the Garamantes, the Pharusians, and the Nigritae. Still farther north are the Gaetuli. Close to the sea, and adjoining it next Egypt, and as far as the Cyrenaic, dwell the Marmaridae. Above the Cyrenaic and the Syrtes are the Psylli and Nasamones, and certain of the Gaetuli; and after them the Asbystae and Byzacii, as far as Carthage. Carthage is vast. Adjoining it are the Numidae ;of these people the tribes best known to us are called the Masylies and the Masuaesylii. The most westerly are the Maurusians. The whole land, from Carthage to the Pillars of Hercules, is fertile. Nevertheless it abounds in wild beasts no less than the interior; and it does not seem improbable that the cause why the name of Nomades, or Wanderers, was bestowed on certain of these people originated in their not being able anciently to devote themselves to husbandry on account of the wild beasts. At the present day, when they are well skilled in hunting, and are besides assisted by the Romans in their rage for the spectacle of fights with beasts, they are both masters of the beasts and of husbandry. This finishes what we have to say on the continents.
Cite This Text