Ἀποδεδωκόσι δʼ ἡμῖν τὸν πρῶτον τύπον τῆς γεωγραφίας οἰκεῖός ἐστιν ὁ ἐφεξῆς λόγος περὶ τῶν καθʼ ἕκαστα· καὶ γὰρ ὑπεσχόμεθα οὕτως καὶ δοκεῖ μέχρι νῦν ὀρθῶς ἡ πραγματεία μεμερίσθαι. ἀρκτέον δὲ πάλιν ἀπὸ τῆς Εὐρώπης καὶ τῶν μερῶν αὐτῆς τούτων ἀφʼ ὧνπερ καὶ πρότερον κατὰ τὰς αὐτὰς αἰτίας.
HAVING thus given a general view of Geography, it will now be proper to describe each separate country in detail, as we engaged to do. We fancy that the method which we have adopted in the division of our subject, up to this point, has been correct; and we now re-commence with Europe and the various countries into which it is divided, on the same principles as formerly, and induced by the same reasons.
πρῶτον δὲ μέρος αὐτῆς ἐστι τὸ ἑσπέριον, ὡς ἔφαμεν, ἡ Ἰβηρία. ταύτης δὴ τὸ μὲν πλέον οἰκεῖται φαύλως· ὄρη γὰρ καὶ δρυμοὺς καὶ πεδία λεπτὴν ἔχοντα γῆν οὐδὲ ταύτην ὁμαλῶς εὔυδρον οἰκοῦσι τὴν πολλήν· ἡ δὲ πρόσβορρος ψυχρά τέ ἐστι τελέως πρὸς τῇ τραχύτητι καὶ παρωκεανῖτις, προσειληφυῖα τὸ ἄμικτον κἀνεπίπλεκτον τοῖς ἄλλοις, ὥσθʼ ὑπερβάλλει τῇ μοχθηρίᾳ τῆς οἰκήσεως. ταῦτα μὲν δὴ τὰ μέρη τοιαῦτα, ἡ δὲ νότιος πᾶσα εὐδαίμων σχεδόν τι καὶ διαφερόντως ἡ ἔξω στηλῶν· ἔσται δὲ δῆλον ἐν τοῖς καθʼ ἕκαστα ὑπογράψασιν ἡμῖν πρότερον τό τε σχῆμα καὶ τὸ μέγεθος.
The first division of this continent towards the west is Iberia, as we before stated. The greater part of this country is but little fitted for habitation; consisting chiefly of mountains, woods, and plains covered with a light meagre soil, the irrigation of which is likewise uncertain The part next the north, which borders on the ocean, is extremely cold, and besides its rugged character, has no communication or intercourse with other [countries], and thus to dwell there is attended with peculiar hardship. Such is the character of this portion; on the other hand, almost the whole of the south is fertile, especially what is beyond the Pillars [of Hercules]. This however will be shown more in detail, but we must first describe the figure and extent [of the country].
ἔοικε γὰρ βύρσῃ τεταμένῃ κατὰ μῆκος μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ἑσπέρας ἐπὶ τὴν ἕω τὰ πρόσθια ἐχούσῃ μέρη πρὸς τῇ ἕῳ, κατὰ πλάτος δʼ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄρκτων πρὸς νότον. ἔχει δὲ σταδίων ἑξακισχιλίων ὁμοῦ τὸ μῆκος, πλάτος δὲ πεντακισχιλίων τὸ μέγιστον, ἔστι δʼ ὅπου πολὺ ἔλαττον τῶν τρισχιλίων καὶ μάλιστα πρὸς τῇ Πυρήνῃ τῇ ποιούσῃ τὴν ἑῴαν πλευράν· ὄρος γὰρ διηνεκὲς ἀπὸ νότου πρὸς βορρᾶν τεταμένον ὁρίζει τὴν Κελτικὴν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰβηρίας. οὔσης δὲ καὶ τῆς Κελτικῆς ἀνωμάλου τὸ πλάτος καὶ τῆς Ἰβηρίας, τὸ στενώτατον τοῦ πλάτους ἑκατέρας ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμετέρας θαλάττης ἐπὶ τὸν ὠκεανόν ἐστι τὸ τῇ Πυρήνῃ πλησιάζον μάλιστα ἐφʼ ἑκάτερον αὐτῆς τὸ μέρος καὶ ποιοῦν κόλπους τοὺς μὲν ἐπὶ τῷ ὠκεανῷ τοὺς δὲ ἐπὶ τῇ καθʼ ἡμᾶς θαλάττῃ· μείζους δὲ τοὺς Κελτικούς, οὓς δὴ καὶ Γαλατικοὺς καλοῦσι, στενώτερον τὸν ἰσθμὸν ποιοῦντας παρὰ τὸν Ἰβηρικόν. καὶ δὴ τὸ μὲν ἑῷον πλευρὸν τῆς Ἰβηρίας ἡ Πυρήνη ποιεῖ, τὸ δὲ νότιον ἥ τε καθʼ ἡμᾶς θάλαττα ἀπὸ τῆς Πυρήνης μέχρι στηλῶν καὶ ἡ ἐκτὸς τὸ ἑξῆς μέχρι τοῦ ἱεροῦ καλουμένου ἀκρωτηρίου· τρίτον ἐστὶ τὸ ἑσπέριον πλευρὸν παράλληλόν πως τῇ Πυρήνῃ, τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱεροῦ ἀκρωτηρίου μέχρι τῆς πρὸς Ἀρτάβροις ἄκρας ἣν καλοῦσι Νέριον· τέταρτον δὲ τὸ ἐνθένδε μέχρι τῶν βορείων ἄκρων τῆς Πυρήνης.
In shape it resembles a hide stretched out in length from west to east, the forepart towards the east, its breadth being from north to south. Its length is about 6000 stadia; the greatest breadth is 5000; while there are parts considerably less
CAS. 137. than 3000, particularly in the vicinity of the Pyrenees, which form the eastern side. This chain of mountains stretches without interruption from north to south, and divides Keltica from Iberia. The breadth both of Keltica and Iberia is irregular, the narrowest part in both of them from the Mediterranean to the [Atlantic] Ocean being near the Pyrenees, particularly on either side of that chain; this gives rise to gulfs both on the side of the Ocean, and also of the Mediterranean; the largest of these are denominated the Keltic or Galatic Gulfs, and they render the [Keltic] Isthmus narrower than that of Iberia. The Pyrenees form the eastern side of Iberia, and the Mediterranean the southern from the Pyrenees to the Pillars of Hercules, thence the exterior [ocean] as far as the Sacred Promontory. The third or western side runs nearly parallel to the Pyrenees from the Sacred Promontory to the promontory of the Artabri, called [Cape] Nerium. The fourth side extends hence to the northern extremity of the Pyrenees.
Ἀναλαβόντες δὲ λέγωμεν τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱεροῦ ἀκρωτηρίου ἀρξάμενοι. τοῦτο δέ ἐστι τὸ δυτικώτατον οὐ τῆς Εὐρώπης μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς οἰκουμένης ἁπάσης σημεῖον. περατοῦται μὲν γὰρ ὑπὸ τῶν δυεῖν ἠπείρων ἡ οἰκουμένη πρὸς δύσιν, τοῖς τε τῆς Εὐρώπης ἄκροις καὶ τοῖς πρώτοις τῆς Λιβύης, ὧν τὰ μὲν Ἴβηρες ἔχουσι τὰ δὲ Μαυρούσιοι. προὔχει δὲ τὰ Ἰβηρικὰ ὅσον χιλίοις καὶ πεντακοσίοις σταδίοις κατὰ τὸ λεχθὲν ἀκρωτήριον. καὶ δὴ καὶ τὴν προσεχῆ τούτῳ χώραν τῇ Λατίνῃ φωνῇ καλοῦσι Κούνεον, σφῆνα σημαίνειν βουλόμενοι. αὐτὸ δὲ τὸ ἄκρον καὶ προπεπτωκὸς εἰς τὴν θάλατταν Ἀρτεμίδωρος εἰκάζει πλοίῳ, γενόμενος, φησίν, ἐν τῷ τόπῳ, προσλαμβάνειν δὲ τῷ σχήματι νησίδια τρία, τὸ μὲν ἐμβόλου τάξιν ἔχον τὰ δὲ ἐπωτίδων, ὑφόρμους ἔχοντα μετρίους. Ἡρακλέους δʼ οὔθʼ ἱερὸν ἐνταῦθα δείκνυσθαι (ψεύσασθαι δὲ τοῦτο Ἔφορον) οὔτε βωμόν, οὐδʼ ἄλλου τῶν θεῶν, ἀλλὰ λίθους συγκεῖσθαι τρεῖς ἢ τέτταρας κατὰ πολλοὺς τόπους, οὓς ὑπὸ τῶν ἀφικνουμένων στρέφεσθαι κατά τι πάτριον καὶ μεταφέρεσθαι σπονδοποιησαμένων· θύειν δʼ οὐκ εἶναι νόμιμον, οὐδὲ νύκτωρ ἐπιβαίνειν τοῦ τόπου, θεοὺς φασκόντων κατέχειν αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ τότε χρόνῳ, ἀλλὰ τοὺς ἐπὶ θέαν ἥκοντας ἐν κώμῃ πλησίον νυκτερεύειν, εἶτʼ ἐπιβάλλειν ἡμέρας ὕδωρ ἐπιφερομένους διὰ τὴν ἀνυδρίαν.
We will now commence our detailed account, beginning from the Sacred Promontory. This is the most western point not only of Europe, but of the whole habitable earth. For the habitable earth is bounded to the west by two continents, namely, the extremities of Europe and Libya, which are inhabited respectively by the Iberians and the Maurusians. But the Iberian extremity, at the promontory we have mentioned, juts out beyond the other as much as 1500 stadia. The region adjacent to this cape they call in the Latin tongue Cu- neum, which signifies a wedge. The promontory which projects into the sea, Artemidorus (who states that he has himself been at the place) compares to a ship; three little islands, [he says,] each having a small harbour, contribute to give it this form; the former island resembling the beak of the ship, and the two latter the beams on each side of the ship’s bows. [He adds] that there is no temple of Hercules shown there, as Ephorus falsely states, nor yet any altar [to him] nor to any other divinity; but in many parts there are three or four stones placed together, which are turned by all travellers who arrive there, in accordance with a certain local custom, and are changed in position by such as turn them incorrectly. It is not lawful to offer sacrifice there, nor yet to approach the place during the night, for it is said that then the gods take up their abode at the place. Those who go thither to view it stay at a neighbouring village over-night, and proceed to the place on the morrow, carrying water with them, as there is none to be procured there.
ταῦτα μὲν οὖν οὕτως ἔχειν ἐγχωρεῖ καὶ δεῖ πιστεύειν· ἃ δὲ τοῖς πολλοῖς καὶ χυδαίοις ὁμοίως εἴρηκεν, οὐ πάνυ. λέγειν γὰρ δή φησι Ποσειδώνιος τοὺς πολλοὺς μείζω δύνειν τὸν ἥλιον ἐν τῇ παρωκεανίτιδι μετὰ ψόφου παραπλησίως ὡσανεὶ σίζοντος τοῦ πελάγους κατὰ σβέσιν αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸ ἐμπίπτειν εἰς τὸν βυθόν. ψεῦδος δʼ εἶναι καὶ τοῦτο καὶ τὸ παραχρῆμα νύκτα ἀκολουθεῖν μετὰ τὴν δύσιν· οὐ γὰρ παραχρῆμα, μικρὸν δʼ ὕστερον, καθάπερ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις πελάγεσι τοῖς μεγάλοις. ὅπου μὲν γὰρ εἰς ὄρη δύεται, πλείω τὸν μετὰ δύσιν χρόνον τῆς ἡμέρας συμβαίνειν ἐκ τοῦ παραφωτισμοῦ, ἐκεῖ δὲ πλείω μὲν οὐκ ἐπακολουθεῖν, μὴ μέντοι μηδὲ παραχρῆμα συνάπτειν τὸ σκότος, καθάπερ καὶ ἐν τοῖς μεγάλοις πεδίοις. τὴν δὲ τοῦ μεγέθους φαντασίαν αὔξεσθαι μὲν ὁμοίως κατά τε τὰς δύσεις καὶ τὰς ἀνατολὰς ἐν τοῖς πελάγεσι διὰ τὸ τὰς ἀναθυμιάσεις πλείους ἐκ τῶν ὑγρῶν ἀναφέρεσθαι· διὰ δὲ τούτων ὡς διʼ ὑάλων κλωμένην τὴν ὄψιν πλατυτέρας δέχεσθαι τὰς φαντασίας, καθάπερ καὶ διὰ νέφους ξηροῦ καὶ λεπτοῦ βλέπουσαν δυόμενον ἢ ἀνατέλλοντα τὸν ἥλιον ἢ τὴν σελήνην, ἡνίκα καὶ ἐνερευθὲς φαίνεσθαι τὸ ἄστρον. τὸ δὲ ψεῦδος ἐλέγξαι φησὶ τριάκονθʼ ἡμέρας διατρίψας ἐν Γαδείροις καὶ τηρήσας τὰς δύσεις. ὁ δέ γε Ἀρτεμίδωρος ἑκατονταπλασίονά φησι δύεσθαι τὸν ἥλιον καὶ αὐτίκα νύκτα καταλαμβάνειν. ὡς μὲν οὖν αὐτὸς εἶδε τοῦτο ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ ἀκρωτηρίῳ, οὐχ ὑποληπτέον προσέχοντας τῇ ἀποφάσει αὐτοῦ· ἔφη γὰρ νύκτωρ μηδένα ἐπιβαίνειν, ὥστʼ οὐδὲ δυομένου ἡλίου οὐδεὶς ἂν ἐπιβαίνοι, εἴπερ εὐθὺς ἡ νὺξ καταλαμβάνει. ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ἐν ἄλλῳ τόπῳ τῆς παρωκεανίτιδος· καὶ γὰρ τὰ Γάδειρα ἐπὶ τῷ ὠκεανῷ, καὶ ὁ Ποσειδώνιος ἀντιμαρτυρεῖ καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους.
It is quite possible that these things are so, and we ought not to disbelieve them. Not so however with regard to the other common and vulgar reports; for Posidonius tells us the common people say that in the countries next the ocean the sun appears larger as he sets, and makes a noise resembling the sound of hot metal in cold water, as though the sea were hissing as the sun was submerged in its depths. The statement [of Artemidorus] is also false, that night follows immediately on the setting of the sun: it does not follow immediately, although certainly the interval is short, as in other great seas. For when he sets behind mountains the agency of the false light continues the day for a long period; over the sea the twilight is shorter, still darkness does not immediately supervene. The same thing may be remarked in large plains. The image of the sun is enlarged on the seas at its rising as well as at its setting, because at these times a larger mass of exhalations rises from the humid element; and the eye looking through these exhalations, sees images refracted into larger forms, as observed through tubes. The same thing happens when the setting sun or moon is seen through a dry and thin cloud, when those bodies likewise appear reddish. Posidonius tells us that, having himself passed thirty days at Gades, during which time he carefully observed the setting of the sun, he is convinced of the falsity of Artemidorus’s account. This latter writer tells us, that at the time of its setting the sun appears a hundred times larger than its ordinary size, and that night immediately succeeds. If we attend to his account, we cannot believe that he himself remarked this phenomenon at the Sacred Promontory, for he tells us that no one can approach during the night; therefore they cannot approach at sunset, since night immediately supervenes thereupon. Neither did he observe it from any other part of the coast washed by the ocean, for Gades is upon the ocean, and both Posidonius and many others testify that there such is not the case.
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