τοὺς δʼ οὖν Λυσιτανούς φασιν ἐνεδρευτικοὺς ἐξερευνητικοὺς ὀξεῖς κούφους εὐεξελίκτους· ἀσπίδιον δʼ αὐτοὺς δίπουν ἔχειν τὴν διάμετρον, κοῖλον εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν, τελαμῶσιν ἐξηρτημένον· οὔτε γὰρ πόρπακας οὔτʼ ἀντιλαβὰς ἔχει […] παραξιφὶς πρὸς τούτοις ἢ κοπίς. λινοθώρακες οἱ πλείους· σπάνιοι δὲ ἁλυσιδωτοῖς χρῶνται καὶ τριλοφίαις, οἱ δʼ ἄλλοι νευρίνοις κράνεσιν· οἱ πεζοὶ δὲ καὶ κνημῖδας ἔχουσιν, ἀκόντια δʼ ἕκαστος πλείω· τινὲς δὲ καὶ δόρατι χρῶνται· ἐπιδορατίδες δὲ χάλκεαι. ἐνίους δὲ τῶν προσοικούντων τῷ Δουρίῳ ποταμῷ λακωνικῶς διάγειν φασίν, ἀλειπτηρίοις χρωμένους δὶς καὶ πυρίαις ἐκ λίθων διαπύρων, ψυχρολουτροῦντας καὶ μονοτροφοῦντας καθαρείως καὶ λιτῶς. θυτικοὶ δʼ εἰσὶ Λυσιτανοὶ τά τε σπλάγχνα ἐπιβλέπουσιν οὐκ ἐκτέμνοντες· προσεπιβλέπουσι δὲ καὶ τὰς ἐν τῇ πλευρᾷ φλέβας, καὶ ψηλαφῶντες δὲ τεκμαίρονται. σπλαγχνεύονται δὲ καὶ διʼ ἀνθρώπων αἰχμαλώτων καλύπτοντες σάγοις· εἶθʼ ὅταν πληγῇ τὰ σπλάγχνα ὑπὸ τοῦ ἱεροσκόπου, μαντεύονται πρῶτον ἐκ τοῦ πτώματος. τῶν δʼ ἁλόντων τὰς χεῖρας ἀποκόπτοντες τὰς δεξιὰς ἀνατιθέασιν.
The Lusitanians are reported to be clever in laying ambushes, sharp, swift of foot, light, and easily disciplined as soldiers. The small shield they make use of is two feet in diameter, its outer surface concave, and suspended by leather thongs; it neither has rings nor handles. They have in addition a poignard or dagger. Their corselets are for the most part made of linen; a few have chain-coats and helmets with triple crests, but the others use helmets composed of sinews. The infantry wear greaves, each man is furnished with a number of javelins; some also use spears pointed with brass. They report that some of those who dwell near to the river Douro imitate the Lacedaemonians in anointing their bodies with oil, using hot air-baths made of heated stones, bathing in cold water, and taking but one tidy and frugal meal a day. The Lusitanians are frequent in the performance of sacrifice; they examine the entrails, but without cutting them out of the body; they also examine the veins of the side, and practise augury by the touch. They likewise divine by the entrails of captive enemies, whom they first cover with a military cloak, and when stricken under the entrails by the haruspex, they draw their first auguries from the fall [of the victim]. They cut off the right hands of their prisoners, and consecrate them to the gods.
̔́απαντες δʼ οἱ ὄρειοι λιτοὶ ὑδροπόται χαμαιεῦναι βαθεῖαν κατακεχυμένοι τὴν κόμην γυναικῶν δίκην· μιτρωσάμενοι δὲ τὰ μέτωπα μάχονται. τραγοφαγοῦσι δὲ μάλιστα, καὶ τῷ Ἄρει τράγον θύουσι καὶ τοὺς αἰχμαλώτους καὶ ἵππους· ποιοῦσι δὲ καὶ ἑκατόμβας ἑκάστου γένους ἑλληνικῶς. τελοῦσι δὲ καὶ ἀγῶνας γυμνικοὺς καὶ ὁπλιτικοὺς καὶ ἱππικούς, πυγμῇ καὶ δρόμῳ καὶ ἀκροβολισμῷ καὶ τῇ σπειρηδὸν μάχῃ. οἱ δʼ ὄρειοι τὰ δύο μέρη τοῦ ἔτους δρυοβαλάνῳ χρῶνται ξηράναντες καὶ κόψαντες, εἶτα ἀλέσαντες καὶ ἀρτοποιησάμενοι ὥστʼ ἀποτίθεσθαι εἰς χρόνον. χρῶνται δὲ καὶ ζύθει· οἴνῳ δὲ σπανίζονται, τὸν δὲ γινόμενον ταχὺ ἀναλίσκουσι κατευωχούμενοι μετὰ τῶν συγγενῶν· ἀντʼ ἐλαίου δὲ βουτύρῳ χρῶνται. καθήμενοί τε δειπνοῦσι περὶ τοὺς τοίχους καθέδρας οἰκοδομητὰς ἔχοντες, προκάθηνται δὲ καθʼ ἡλικίαν καὶ τιμήν· περιφορητὸν δὲ τὸ δεῖπνον. ξυλίνοις δὲ ἀγγείοις χρῶνται, καθάπερ καὶ οἱ Κελτοί. καὶ παρὰ πότον ὀρχοῦνται πρὸς αὐλὸν καὶ σάλπιγγα χορεύοντες, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀναλλόμενοι καὶ ὀκλάζοντες· ἐν Βαστητανίᾳ δὲ καὶ γυναῖκες ἀναμὶξ ἀνδράσιν ἀντιλαμβανόμεναι τῶν χειρῶν. μελανείμονες ἅπαντες τὸ πλέον ἐν σάγοις, ἐν οἷσπερ καὶ στιβαδοκοιτοῦσι, αἱ γυναῖκες δʼ ἐν ἐνδύμασι καὶ ἀνθίναις ἐσθήσεσι διάγουσιν. ἀντὶ δὲ νομίσματος οἱ λίαν ἐν βάθει φορτίων ἀμοιβῇ χρῶνται ἢ τοῦ ἀργυροῦ ἐλάσματος ἀποτέμνοντες διδόασι. τοὺς δὲ θανατουμένους καταπετροῦσι, τοὺς δὲ πατραλοίας ἔξω τῶν ὅρων καταλεύουσι. γαμοῦσι δʼ ὥσπερ οἱ Ἕλληνες. τοὺς δὲ ἀρρώστους, ὥσπερ οἱ Ἀσσύριοι τὸ παλαιόν, προτιθέασιν εἰς τὰς ὁδοὺς τοῖς πεπειραμένοις τοῦ πάθους ὑποθήκης χάριν. διφθερίνοις τε πλοίοις ἐχρῶντο ἕως ἐπὶ Βρούτου διὰ τὰς πλημμυρίδας καὶ τὰ τενάγη, νυνὶ δὲ καὶ τὰ μονόξυλα ἤδη σπάνια. ἅλες πορφυροῖ, τριφθέντες δὲ λευκοί. ἔστι δὲ τῶν ὀρείων ὁ βίος οὗτος, ὧνπερ ἔφην, λέγω δὲ τοὺς τὴν βόρειον πλευρὰν ἀφορίζοντας τῆς Ἰβηρίας, Καλλαϊκοὺς καὶ Ἄστουρας καὶ Καντάβρους μέχρι Ὀυασκώνων καὶ τῆς Πυρήνης· ὁμοειδεῖς γὰρ ἁπάντων οἱ βίοι. ὀκνῶ δὲ τοῖς ὀνόμασι πλεονάζειν φεύγων τὸ ἀηδὲς τῆς γραφῆς, εἰ μή τινι πρὸς ἡδονῆς ἐστιν ἀκούειν Πλευταύρους καὶ Βαρδυήτας καὶ Ἀλλότριγας καὶ ἄλλα χείρω καὶ ἀσημότερα τούτων ὀνόματα.
All the mountaineers are frugal, their beverage is water, they sleep on the ground, and wear a profuse quantity of long hair after the fashion of women, which they bind around the forehead when they go to battle. They subsist principally on the flesh of the goat, which animal they sacrifice to Mars, as also prisoners taken in war, and horses. They likewise offer hecatombs of each kind after the manner of the Greeks, described by Pindar, To sacrifice a hundred of every [species]. / They practise gymnastic exercises, both as heavy-armed soldiers, and cavalry, also boxing, running, skirmishing, and fighting in bands. For two-thirds of the year the mountaineers feed on the acorn, which they dry, bruise, and afterwards grind and make into a kind of bread, which may be stored up for a long period. They also use beer; wine is very scarce, and what is made they speedily consume in feasting with their relatives. In place of oil they use butter. Their meals they take sitting, on seats put up round the walls, and they take place on these according to their age and rank. The supper is carried round, and whilst drinking they dance to the sound of the flute and trumpet, springing up and sinking upon the knees.
In Bastetania the women dance promiscuously with the men, each holding the other’s hand. They all dress in black, the majority of them in cloaks called saga, in which they sleep on beds of straw. They make use of wooden vessels like the Kelts. The women wear dresses and embroidered garments. Instead of money, those who dwell far in the interior exchange merchandise, or give pieces of silver cut off from plates of that metal. Those condemned to death are executed by stoning; parricides are put to death without the frontiers or the cities. They marry according to the customs of the Greeks. Their sick they expose upon the highways, in the same way as the Egyptians did anciently, in the hope that some one who has experienced the malady may be able to give them advice. Up to the time of [the expedition of] Brutus they made use of vessels constructed of skins for crossing the lagoons formed by the tides; they now have them formed out of the single trunk of a tree, but these are scarce. Their salt is purple, but becomes white by pounding. The life of the mountaineers is such as I have described, I mean those bordering the northern side of Iberia, the Gallicians, the Asturians, and the Cantabrians, as far as the Vascons and the Pyrenees. The mode of life amongst all these is similar. But I am reluctant to fill my page with their names, and would fain escape the disagreeable task of writing them, unless perchance the Pleutauri, the Bardyetae, the Allotriges, and other names still worse and more out of the way than these might be grateful to the ear of some one.
τὸ δὲ δυσήμερον καὶ ἀγριῶδες οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ πολεμεῖν συμβέβηκε μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τὸν ἐκτοπισμόν· καὶ γὰρ ὁ πλοῦς ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς μακρὸς καὶ αἱ ὁδοί, δυσεπίμικτοι δʼ ὄντες ἀποβεβλήκασι τὸ κοινωνικὸν καὶ τὸ φιλάνθρωπον. ἧττον δὲ νῦν τοῦτο πάσχουσι διὰ τὴν εἰρήνην καὶ τὴν τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἐπιδημίαν· ὅσοις δʼ ἧττον τοῦτο συμβαίνει, χαλεπώτεροί εἰσι καὶ θηριωδέστεροι. τοιαύτης δʼ οὔσης καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν τόπων λυπρότητος ἐνίοις καὶ τῶν ὀρῶν, εἰκὸς ἐπιτείνεσθαι τὴν τοιαύτην ἀτοπίαν. ἀλλὰ νῦν, ὡς εἶπον, πέπαυται πολεμοῦντα πάντα· τούς τε γὰρ συνέχοντας ἔτι νῦν μάλιστα τὰ λῃστήρια Καντάβρους καὶ τοὺς γειτονεύοντας αὐτοῖς κατέλυσεν ὁ Σεβαστὸς Καῖσαρ, καὶ ἀντὶ τοῦ πορθεῖν τοὺς τῶν Ῥωμαίων συμμάχους στρατεύουσι νῦν ὑπὲρ τῶν Ῥωμαίων οἵ τε Κωνιακοὶ καὶ οἱ πρὸς ταῖς πηγαῖς τοῦ Ἴβηρος οἰκοῦντες Πληντουίσοι. ὅ τʼ ἐκεῖνον διαδεξάμενος Τιβέριος τριῶν ταγμάτων στρατιωτικὸν ἐπιστήσας τοῖς τόποις, τὸ ἀποδειχθὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ Σεβαστοῦ Καίσαρος, οὐ μόνον εἰρηνικοὺς ἀλλὰ καὶ πολιτικοὺς ἤδη τινὰς αὐτῶν ἀπεργασάμενος τυγχάνει.
The rough and savage manners of these people is not alone owing to their wars, but likewise to their isolated position, it being a long distance to reach them, whether by sea or land. Thus the difficulty of communication has deprived them both of generosity of manners and of courtesy. At the present time, however, they suffer less from this both on account of their being at peace and the intermixture of Romans. Wherever these [influences] are not so much experienced people are harsher and more savage. It is probable that this ruggedness of character is increased by the barrenness of the mountains and some of the places which they inhabit. At the present day, as I have remarked, all warfare is put an end to, Augustus Caesar having subdued the Cantabrians and the neighbouring nations, amongst whom the system of pillage was mainly carried on in our day. So that at the present time, instead of plundering the allies of the Romans, the Coniaci and those who dwell by the sources of the Ebro, with the exception of the Tuisi, bear arms for the Romans. Tiberius, who succeeded Augustus Caesar, carried out his intention of placing a military force of three legions in these parts, by which means he has not only preserved peace, but introduced amongst some of them a civil polity.
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