Ἐφεξῆς δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἄλπεων Κελτική. ταύτης δὲ καὶ τὸ σχῆμα ὑπογέγραπται πρότερον τυπωδῶς καὶ τὸ μέγεθος· νυνὶ δὲ λεκτέον τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα. οἱ μὲν δὴ τριχῆ διῄρουν Ἀκυιτανοὺς καὶ Βέλγας καλοῦντες καὶ Κέλτας, τοὺς μὲν Ἀκυιτανοὺς τελέως ἐξηλλαγμένους οὐ τῇ γλώττῃ μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς σώμασιν ἐμφερεῖς Ἴβηρσι μᾶλλον ἢ Γαλάταις, τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς Γαλατικοὺς μὲν τὴν ὄψιν, ὁμογλώττους δʼ οὐ πάντας, ἀλλʼ ἐνίους μικρὸν παραλλάττοντας ταῖς γλώτταις· καὶ πολιτεία δὲ καὶ οἱ βίοι μικρὸν ἐξηλλαγμένοι εἰσίν. Ἀκυιτανοὺς μὲν οὖν καὶ Κέλτας ἔλεγον τοὺς πρὸς τῇ Πυρήνῃ, διωρισμένους τῷ Κεμμένῳ ὄρει. εἴρηται γὰρ ὅτι τὴν Κελτικὴν ταύτην ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς δύσεως ὁρίζει τὰ Πυρηναῖα ὄρη, προσαπτόμενα τῆς ἑκατέρωθεν θαλάττης τῆς τε ἐντὸς καὶ τῆς ἐκτός· ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἀνατολῶν ὁ Ῥῆνος παράλληλος ὢν τῇ Πυρήνῃ· τὰ δʼ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄρκτων καὶ τῆς μεσημβρίας τὰ μὲν ὁ ὠκεανὸς περιείληφεν ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τῶν βορείων ἄκρων τῆς Πυρήνης μέχρι τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ Ῥήνου, τὰ δʼ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἡ κατὰ Μασσαλίαν καὶ Νάρβωνα θάλαττα καὶ αἱ Ἄλπεις ἀπὸ τῆς Λιγυστικῆς ἀρξάμεναι μέχρι τῶν πηγῶν τοῦ Ῥήνου. τῇ δὲ Πυρήνῃ πρὸς ὀρθὰς ἦκται Κέμμενον ὄρος διὰ μέσων τῶν πεδίων, καὶ παύεται κατὰ μέσα πλησίον Λουγδούνου, περὶ δισχιλίους ἐκταθὲν σταδίους. Ἀκυιτανοὺς μὲν τοίνυν ἔλεγον τοὺς τὰ βόρεια τῆς Πυρήνης μέρη κατέχοντας καὶ τῆς Κεμμένης μέχρι πρὸς τὸν ὠκεανὸν τὰ ἐντὸς Γαρούνα ποταμοῦ, Κέλτας δὲ τοὺς ἐπὶ θάτερα μέρη καθήκοντας καὶ τὴν κατὰ Μασσαλίαν καὶ Νάρβωνα θάλατταν, ἁπτομένους δὲ καὶ τῶν Ἀλπεινῶν ὀρῶν ἐνίων, Βέλγας δʼ ἔλεγον τοὺς λοιπούς τε τῶν παρωκεανιτῶν μέχρι τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ Ῥήνου καί τινας τῶν παροικούντων τὸν Ῥῆνον καὶ τὰς Ἄλπεις. οὕτω δὲ καὶ ὁ θεὸς Καῖσαρ ἐν τοῖς ὑπομνήμασιν εἴρηκεν. ὁ δὲ Σεβαστὸς Καῖσαρ τετραχῆ διελὼν τοὺς μὲν Κέλτας τῆς Ναρβωνίτιδος ἐπαρχίας ἀπέφηνεν, Ἀκυιτανοὺς δʼ οὕσπερ κἀκεῖνος, προσέθηκε δὲ τετταρεσκαίδεκα ἔθνη τῶν μεταξὺ τοῦ Γαρούνα καὶ τοῦ Λίγηρος ποταμοῦ νεμομένων· τὴν δὲ λοιπὴν διελὼν δίχα τὴν μὲν Λουγδούνῳ προσώρισε μέχρι τῶν ἄνω μερῶν τοῦ Ῥήνου, τὴν δὲ τοῖς Βέλγαις. ὅσα μὲν οὖν φυσικῶς διώρισται δεῖ λέγειν τὸν γεωγράφον καὶ ὅσα ἐθνικῶς, ὅταν ᾖ καὶ μνήμης ἄξια, ὅσα δʼ οἱ ἡγεμόνες πρὸς τοὺς καιροὺς πολιτευόμενοι διατάττουσι ποικίλως, ἀρκεῖ κἂν ἐν κεφαλαίῳ τις εἴπῃ, τοῦ δʼ ἀκριβοῦς ἄλλοις παραχωρητέον.
NEXT in order [after Iberia] comes Keltica beyond the Alps, the configuration and size of which has been already mentioned in a general manner; we are now to describe it more particularly. Some divide it into the three nations of the Aquitani, Belge, and Kelte. Of these the Aquitani differ completely from the other nations, not only in their language but in their figure, which resembles more that of the Iberians than the Galatae. The others are Galatae in countenance, although they do not all speak the same language, but some make a slight difference in their speech; neither is their polity and mode of life exactly the same. These writers give the name of Aquitani and Keltae to the dwellers near the Pyrenees, which are bounded by the Cevennes. For it has been stated that this Keltica is bounded on the west by the mountains of the Pyrenees, which extend to either sea, both the Mediterranean and the ocean; on the east by the Rhine, which is parallel to the Pyrenees; on the north by the ocean, from the northern extremities of the Pyrenees to the mouths of the Rhine; on the south by the sea of Marseilles, and Narbonne, and by the Alps from Liguria to the sources of the Rhine. The Cevennes lie at right angles to the Pyrenees, and traverse the plains for about 2000 stadia, terminating in the middle near Lugdunum. They call those people Aquitani who inhabit the northern portions of the Pyrenees, and the Cevennes extending as far as the ocean, and bounded by the river Garonne; and Keltae, those who dwell on the other side of the Garonne, towards the sea of Marseilles and Narbonne, and touching a portion of the Alpine chain. This is the division adopted by divus Caesar in his Commentaries. But Augustus Caesar, when dividing the country into four parts, united the Keltae to the Narbonnaise; the Aquitani he preserved the same as Julius Caesar, but added thereto fourteen other nations of those who dwelt between the Garonne and the river Loire, and dividing the rest into two parts, the one extending to the upper districts of the Rhine he made dependent upon Lugdunum, the other [he assigned] to the Belgae. However, it is the duty of the Geographer to describe the physical divisions of each country, and those which result from diversity of nations, when they seem worthy of notice; as to the limits which princes, induced by a policy which circumstances dictate, have variously imposed, it will be sufficient for him to notice them summarily, leaving others to furnish particular details.
̔́απασα μὲν οὖν ἐστιν αὕτη ποταμοῖς κατάρρυτος ἡ χώρα, τοῖς μὲν ἐκ τῶν Ἄλπεων καταφερομένοις τοῖς δʼ ἐκ τοῦ Κεμμένου καὶ τῆς Πυρήνης, καὶ τοῖς μὲν εἰς τὸν ὠκεανὸν ἐκβάλλουσι τοῖς δὲ εἰς τὴν ἡμετέραν θάλατταν. διʼ ὧν δὲ φέρονται χωρίων, πεδία ἐστὶ τὰ πλεῖστα καὶ γεωλοφίαι διάρρους ἔχουσαι πλωτούς. οὕτως δʼ εὐφυῶς ἴσχει τὰ ῥεῖθρα πρὸς ἄλληλα ὥστʼ ἐξ ἑκατέρας τῆς θαλάττης εἰς ἑκατέραν κατακομίζεσθαι, πορευομένων τῶν φορτίων ἐπʼ ὀλίγον καὶ διὰ πεδίων εὐμαρῶς, τὸ δὲ πλέον τοῖς ποταμοῖς, τοῖς μὲν ἀναγομένων τοῖς δὲ καταγομένων. ἔχει δέ τι πλεονέκτημα πρὸς τοῦτο ὁ Ῥοδανός· καὶ γὰρ πολλαχόθεν ἐστὶ σύρρους, καὶ συνάπτει πρὸς τὴν ἡμετέραν θάλατταν κρείττω τῆς ἐκτὸς οὖσαν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, καὶ διὰ χώρας διέξεισι τῆς εὐδαιμονεστάτης τῶν ταύτῃ. τοὺς γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἐκφέρει καρποὺς ἡ Ναρβωνῖτις ἅπασα ὥσπερ ἡ Ἰταλία. προϊόντι δʼ ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρκτους καὶ τὸ Κέμμενον ὄρος ἡ μὲν ἐλαιόφυτος καὶ συκοφόρος ἐκλείπει, τἆλλα δὲ φύεται. καὶ ἡ ἄμπελος δὲ προϊοῦσιν οὐ ῥᾳδίως τελεσφορεῖ· ἡ δʼ ἄλλη πᾶσα σῖτον φέρει πολὺν καὶ κέγχρον καὶ βάλανον καὶ βοσκήματα παντοῖα, ἀργὸν δʼ αὐτῆς οὐδὲν πλὴν εἴ τι ἕλεσι κεκώλυται καὶ δρυμοῖς· καίτοι καὶ τοῦτο συνοικεῖται πολυανθρωπίᾳ μᾶλλον ἢ ἐπιμελείᾳ. καὶ γὰρ τοκάδες αἱ γυναῖκες καὶ τρέφειν ἀγαθαί, οἱ δʼ ἄνδρες μαχηταὶ μᾶλλον ἢ γεωργοί· νῦν δʼ ἀναγκάζονται γεωργεῖν καταθέμενοι τὰ ὅπλα. κοινῇ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα λέγομεν περὶ πάσης τῆς ἐκτὸς Κελτικῆς, περὶ δὲ τῶν τεταρτημορίων ἑκάστου διαλαβόντες λέγωμεν νυνὶ μεμνημένοι τυπωδῶς, καὶ πρῶτον περὶ τῆς Ναρβωνίτιδος.
The whole of this country is irrigated by rivers descending from the Alps, the Cevennes, and the Pyrenees, some of which discharge themselves into the ocean, others into the Mediterranean. The districts through which they flow are mostly plains interspersed with hills, and having navigable streams. The course of these rivers is so happily disposed in relation to each other, that you may traffic from one sea to the other, carrying the merchandise only a small distance, and that easily, across the plains; but for the most part by the rivers, ascending some, and descending others. The Rhone is pre-eminent in this respect, both because it communicates with many other rivers, and also because it flows into the Mediterranean, which, as we have said, is superior to the ocean, and likewise passes through the richest provinces of Gaul. The whole of the Narbonnaise produces the same fruits as Italy. As we advance towards the north, and the mountains of the Cevennes, the plantations of the olive and fig disappear, but the others remain. Likewise the vine, as you proceed northward, does not easily mature its fruit. The entire of the remaining country produces in abundance corn, millet, acorns, and mast of all kinds. No part of it lies waste except that which is taken up in marshes and woods, and even this is inhabited. The cause of this, however, is rather a dense population than the industry of the inhabitants. For the women there are both very prolific and excellent nurses, while the men devote themselves rather to war than husbandry. However, their arms being now laid aside, they are compelled to engage in agriculture. These remarks apply generally to the whole of Transalpine Keltica. We must now describe particularly each of the four divisions, which hitherto we have only mentioned in a summary manner. And, first, of the Narbonnaise.
ταύτης δὲ τὸ σχῆμα παραλληλόγραμμόν πώς ἐστιν, ἐκ μὲν τῆς ἑσπέρας γραφόμενον τῇ Πυρήνῃ πρὸς δὲ τὰς ἄρκτους τῷ Κεμμένῳ· τὰς δὲ λοιπὰς τὴν μὲν νότιον ἡ θάλαττα ποιεῖ μεταξὺ Πυρήνης καὶ Μασσαλίας, τὴν δʼ ἑωθινὴν αἱ Ἄλπεις ἐκ μέρους καὶ τὸ μεταξὺ διάστημα τῶν Ἄλπεων ἐπʼ εὐθείας αὐταῖς ληφθὲν καὶ τῶν ὑπωρειῶν τοῦ Κεμμένου τῶν καθηκουσῶν ἐπὶ τὸν Ῥοδανὸν καὶ ποιουσῶν ὀρθὴν γωνίαν πρὸς τὴν λεχθεῖσαν ἀπὸ τῶν Ἄλπεων εὐθεῖαν. τῷ δὲ νοτίῳ πρόσκειται παρὰ τὸ λεχθὲν σχῆμα ἡ ἐφεξῆς παραλία, ἣν ἔχουσιν οἵ τε Μασσαλιῶται καὶ οἱ Σάλυες μέχρι Λιγύων ἐπὶ τὰ πρὸς Ἰταλίαν μέρη καὶ τὸν Ὀυᾶρον ποταμόν. οὗτος δʼ ἐστίν, ὡς εἶπον πρότερον, ὅριον τῆς Ναρβωνίτιδος καὶ τῆς Ἰταλίας· ὑπάρχει δὲ θέρους μὲν μικρός, χειμῶνος δὲ καὶ μέχρι ἑπτὰ σταδίων πλατυνόμενος. ἐντεῦθεν μὲν οὖν ἡ παραλία παρατείνει μέχρι τοῦ ἱεροῦ τῆς Πυρηναίας Ἀφροδίτης· τοῦτο δʼ ἐστὶν ὅριον ταύτης τε τῆς ἐπαρχίας καὶ τῆς Ἰβηρικῆς· ἔνιοι δὲ τὸν τόπον ἐν ᾧ ἐστι τὰ Πομπηίου τρόπαια ὅριον Ἰβηρίας ἀποφαίνουσι καὶ τῆς Κελτικῆς. ἔστι δʼ ἔνθεν μὲν εἰς Νάρβωνα μίλια ἑξήκοντα τρία, ἐκεῖθεν δὲ εἰς Νέμαυσον ὀγδοήκοντα ὀκτώ, ἐκ Νεμαύσου δὲ διὰ Οὐγέρνου καὶ Ταρούσκωνος εἰς τὰ θερμὰ ὕδατα τὰ Σέξτια καλούμενα, ἅπερ πλησίον Μασσαλίας ἐστί, πεντήκοντα τρία, ἐντεῦθεν δὲ εἰς Ἀντίπολιν καὶ τὸν Ὀυᾶρον ποταμὸν ἑβδομήκοντα τρία, ὥστε τὰ σύμπαντα γίνεται μίλια διακόσια ἑβδομήκοντα ἑπτά. ἔνιοι δʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀφροδισίου μέχρι τοῦ Ὀυάρου σταδίους ἀνέγραψαν δισχιλίους ἑξακοσίους, οἱ δὲ καὶ διακοσίους προστιθέασιν· οὐ γὰρ ὁμολογεῖται περὶ τῶν διαστημάτων. κατὰ δὲ τὴν ἑτέραν ὁδὸν τὴν διὰ Ὀυοκοντίων καὶ τῆς Κοττίου μέχρι μὲν Οὐγέρνου καὶ Ταρούσκωνος κοινὴ ὁδὸς ἡ ἀπὸ Νεμαύσου, ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἐπὶ μὲν τοὺς Ὀυοκοντίων ὅρους καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς ἀναβάσεως τῶν Ἄλπεων διὰ Δρουεντία καὶ Καβαλλίωνος μίλια ἑξήκοντα τρία· πάλιν δʼ ἐντεῦθεν ἐπὶ τοὺς ἑτέρους ὅρους τῶν Ὀυοκοντίων πρὸς τὴν Κοττίου μίλια ἑκατὸν ἑνὸς δέοντα ἐπʼ Ἐβρόδουνον κώμην· εἶτʼ ἄλλα τοσαῦτα διὰ Βριγαντίου κώμης καὶ Σκιγγομάγου καὶ τῆς τῶν Ἄλπεων ὑπερθέσεως ἐπὶ Ὤκελον, τὸ πέρας τῆς Κοττίου γῆς· ἡ ἀπὸ Σκιγγομάγου δὲ ἤδη Ἰταλία λέγεται· ἔστι δὲ ἐνθένδε ἐπὶ Ὤκελον μίλια εἰκοσιοκτώ.
The configuration of this country resembles a parallelogram, the western side of which is traced by the Pyrenees, the north by the Cevennes; as for the other two sides, the south is bounded by the sea between the Pyrenees and Marseilles, and the east partly by the Alps, and partly by a line drawn perpendicularly from these mountains to the foot of the Cevennes, which extend towards the Rhone, and form a right angle with the aforesaid perpendicular drawn from the Alps. To the southern side of this parallelogram we must add the sea-coast inhabited by the Massilienses and Salyes, as far as the country of the Ligurians, the confines of Italy, and the river Var. This river, as we have said before, is the boundary of the Narbonnaise and Italy. It is but small in summer, but in winter swells to a breadth of seven stadia. From thence the coast extends to the temple of the Pyrenaean Venus, which is the boundary between this province and Iberia. Some, however, assert that the spot where the Trophies of Pompey stand is the boundary between Iberia and Keltica. From thence to Narbonne is 63 miles; from Narbonne to Nemausus, 88; from Nemausus through Ugernum and Tarusco, to the hot waters called Sextiae near Marseilles, 53; from thence to Antipolis and the river Var, 73; making in the total 277 miles. Some set down the distance from the temple of Venus to the Var at 2600 stadia; while others increase this number by 200 stadia; for there are different opinions as to these distances. As for the other road, which traverses the [countries of the] Vocontii and Cottius, from Nemausus to Ugernum and Tarusco, the route is common; from thence [it branches off in two directions], one through Druentia and Caballio, to the frontiers of the Vocontii and the commencement of the ascent of the Alps, which is 63 miles; the other is reckoned at 99 miles from the same point to the other extremity of the Vocontii, bordering on the state of Cottius, as far as the village of Ebrodunum. The distance is said to be the same by the route through the village of Brigantium, Scingomagus, and the passage of the Alps to Ocelum, which is the limit of the country of Cottius. However, it is considered to be Italy from Scingomagus. And Ocelum is 28 miles beyond this.
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