μετὰ δὲ τὴν Ἀκυιτανὴν μερίδα καὶ τὴν Ναρβωνῖτιν ἡ ἐφεξῆς ἐστι μέχρι τοῦ Ῥήνου παντὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ Λίγηρος ποταμοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ῥοδανοῦ, καθʼ ὃ συνάπτει πρὸς τὸ Λούγδουνον ἀπὸ τῆς πηγῆς κατενεχθεὶς ὁ Ῥοδανός. ταύτης δὲ τῆς χώρας τὰ μὲν ἄνω μέρη τὰ πρὸς ταῖς πηγαῖς τῶν ποταμῶν, τοῦ τε Ῥήνου καὶ τοῦ Ῥοδανοῦ, μέχρι μέσων σχεδόν τι τῶν πεδίων ὑπὸ τῷ Λουγδούνῳ τέτακται, τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ καὶ παρωκεανιτικὰ ὑπʼ ἄλλῃ τέτακται μερίδι, ἣν ἰδίως Βέλγαις προσνέμουσιν· ἡμεῖς δὲ κοινότερον τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα δηλώσομεν.
NEXT in order after Aquitaine and the Narbonnaise, is that portion [of Gaul] extending as far as the Rhine from the river Loire, and the Rhone, where it passes by Lugdunum: in its descent from its source. The upper regions of this district from the sources of the Rhine and Rhone, nearly to the middle of the plains, pertain to Lugdunum; the remainder, with the regions next the ocean, is comprised in another division which belongs to the Belgae. We will describe the two together.
αὐτὸ μὲν δὴ τὸ Λούγδουνον ἐκτισμένον ὑπὸ λόφῳ κατὰ τὴν συμβολὴν τοῦ τε Ἄραρος τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ῥοδανοῦ κατέχουσι Ῥωμαῖοι. εὐανδρεῖ δὲ μάλιστα τῶν ἄλλων πλὴν Νάρβωνος· καὶ γὰρ ἐμπορίῳ χρῶνται καὶ τὸ νόμισμα χαράττουσιν ἐνταῦθα τό τε ἀργυροῦν καὶ τὸ χρυσοῦν οἱ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμόνες. τό τε ἱερὸν τὸ ἀναδειχθὲν ὑπὸ πάντων κοινῇ τῶν Γαλατῶν Καίσαρι τῷ Σεβαστῷ πρὸ ταύτης ἵδρυται τῆς πόλεως ἐπὶ τῇ συμβολῇ τῶν ποταμῶν· ἔστι δὲ βωμὸς ἀξιόλογος ἐπιγραφὴν ἔχων τῶν ἐθνῶν ἑξήκοντα τὸν ἀριθμὸν καὶ εἰκόνες τούτων ἑκάστου μία καὶ ἄλλος μέγας. προκάθηται δὲ τοῦ ἔθνους τοῦ Σεγοσιανῶν ἡ πόλις αὕτη, κειμένου μεταξὺ τοῦ Ῥοδανοῦ καὶ τοῦ Λίγηρος· τὰ δʼ ἑξῆς ἔθνη τὰ συντείνοντα πρὸς τὸν Ῥῆνον, τὰ μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ Δούβιος ὁρίζεται τὰ δʼ ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἄραρος. οὗτοι μὲν οὖν, ὡς εἴρηται πρότερον, ἀπὸ τῶν Ἄλπεων καὶ αὐτοὶ κατενεχθέντες ἔπειτʼ εἰς ἓν ῥεῖθρον συμπεσόντες εἰς τὸν Ῥοδανὸν καταφέρονται· ἄλλος δʼ ἐστὶν ὁμοίως ἐν ταῖς Ἄλπεσι τὰς πηγὰς ἔχων, Σηκοάνας ὄνομα. ῥεῖ δʼ εἰς τὸν ὠκεανὸν παράλληλος τῷ Ῥήνῳ διὰ ἔθνους ὁμωνύμου, συνάπτοντος τῷ Ῥήνῳ τὰ πρὸς ἕω, τὰ δʼ εἰς τἀναντία τῷ Ἄραρι, ὅθεν αἱ κάλλισται ταριχεῖαι τῶν ὑείων κρεῶν εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην κατακομίζονται. μεταξὺ μὲν οὖν τοῦ Λίγηρος καὶ τοῦ Ἄραρος οἰκεῖ τὸ τῶν Αἰδούων ἔθνος, πόλιν ἔχον Καβυλλῖνον ἐπὶ τῷ Ἄραρι καὶ φρούριον Βίβρακτα. οἱ δὲ Αἴδουοι καὶ συγγενεῖς Ῥωμαίων ὠνομάζοντο καὶ πρῶτοι τῶν ταύτῃ προσῆλθον πρὸς τὴν φιλίαν καὶ συμμαχίαν. πέραν δὲ τοῦ Ἄραρος οἰκοῦσιν οἱ Σηκοανοί, διάφοροι καὶ τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις ἐκ πολλοῦ γεγονότες καὶ τοῖς Αἰδούοις, ὅτι πρὸς Γερμανοὺς προσεχώρουν πολλάκις κατὰ τὰς ἐφόδους αὐτῶν τὰς ἐπὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν, καὶ ἐπεδείκνυντό γε οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν δύναμιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ κοινωνοῦντες αὐτοῖς ἐποίουν μεγάλους καὶ ἀφιστάμενοι μικρούς· πρὸς δὲ τοὺς Αἰδούους καὶ διὰ ταῦτα μέν, ἀλλʼ ἐπέτεινε τὴν ἔχθραν ἡ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἔρις τοῦ διείργοντος αὐτούς, ἑκατέρου τοῦ ἔθνους ἴδιον ἀξιοῦντος εἶναι τὸν Ἄραρα καὶ ἑαυτῷ προσήκειν τὰ διαγωγικὰ τέλη· νυνὶ δʼ ὑπὸ τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις ἅπαντʼ ἐστί.
Lugdunum itself, situated on a hill, at the confluence of the Saone and the Rhone, belongs to the Romans. It is the most populous city after Narbonne. It carries on a great commerce, and the Roman prefects here coin both gold and silver money. Before this city, at the confluence of the rivers, is situated the temple dedicated by all the Galatae in common to Caesar Augustus. The altar is splendid, and has inscribed on it the names of sixty people, and images of them, one for each, and also another great altar.
This is the principal city of the nation of the Segusiani who lie between the Rhone and the Doubs. The other nations who extend to the Rhine, are bounded in part by the Doubs, and in part by the Saone. These two rivers, as said before, descend from the Alps, and, falling into one stream, flow into the Rhone. There is likewise another river which has its sources in the Alps, and is named the Seine. It flows parallel with the Rhine, through a nation bearing the same name as itself, and so into the ocean. The Sequani are bounded on the east by the Rhine, and on the opposite side by the Saone. It is from them that the Romans procure the finest salted-pork. Between the Doubs and Saone dwells the nation of the Aedui, who possess the city of Cabyllinum, situated on the Saone and the fortress of Bibracte. The Aedui are said to be related to the Romans, and they were the first to enter into friendship and alliance with them. On the other side of the Saone dwell the Sequani, who have for long been at enmity with the Romans and Aedui, having frequently allied themselves with the Germans in their incursions into Italy. It was then that they proved their strength, for united to them the Germans were powerful, but when separated, weak. As for the Aedui, their alliance with the Romans naturally rendered them the enemies of the Sequani, but the enmity was increased by their contests concerning the river which divides them, each nation claiming the Saone exclusively for themselves, and likewise the tolls on vessels passing. However, at the present time, the whole of it is under the dominion of the Romans.
τὴν δʼ ἐπὶ τῷ Ῥήνῳ πρῶτοι τῶν ἁπάντων οἰκοῦσιν Ἐλουήττιοι, παρʼ οἷς εἰσιν αἱ πηγαὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐν τῷ Ἀδούλᾳ ὄρει. τοῦτο δʼ ἐστὶ μέρος τῶν Ἄλπεων, ὅθεν καὶ ὁ Ἀδούας εἰς τἀναντία μέρη ῥεῖ τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἐντὸς Κελτικὴν καὶ πληροῖ τὴν Λάριον λίμνην, πρὸς ᾗ ἔκτισται τὸ Κῶμον, εἶτʼ ἐνθένδε εἰς τὸν Πάδον συμβάλλει, περὶ ὧν ὕστερον ἐροῦμεν. καὶ ὁ Ῥῆνος δὲ εἰς ἕλη μεγάλα καὶ λίμνην ἀναχεῖται μεγάλην, ἧς ἐφάπτονται καὶ Ῥαιτοὶ καὶ Ὀυινδολικοὶ τῶν Ἀλπείων τινὲς καὶ τῶν ὑπεραλπείων. φησὶ δὲ τὸ μῆκος αὐτοῦ σταδίων ἑξακισχιλίων Ἀσίνιος, οὐκ ἔστι δέ· ἀλλʼ ἐπʼ εὐθείας μὲν τοῦ ἡμίσους ὀλίγον ἂν ὑπερβάλλοι, τοῖς δὲ σκολιώμασι καὶ χίλιοι προστεθέντες ἱκανῶς ἂν ἔχοιεν· καὶ γὰρ ὀξύς ἐστι, διὰ τοῦτο δὲ καὶ δυσγεφύρωτος καὶ διὰ πεδίων ὕπτιος φέρεται τὸ λοιπὸν καταβὰς ἀπὸ τῶν ὀρῶν· πῶς οὖν οἷόν τε μένειν ὀξὺν καὶ βίαιον, εἰ τῷ ὑπτιασμῷ προσδοίημεν καὶ σκολιότητας πολλὰς καὶ μακράς; φησὶ δὲ καὶ δίστομον εἶναι μεμψάμενος τοὺς πλείω λέγοντας· ἐγκυκλοῦνται μὲν δή τινα χώραν ταῖς σκολιότησι καὶ οὗτος καὶ ὁ Σηκοάνας, οὐ τοσαύτην . ἀμφότεροι δὲ ῥέουσιν ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρκτους ἀπὸ τῶν νοτίων μερῶν· πρόκειται δʼ αὐτῶν ἡ Βρεττανική, τοῦ μὲν Ῥήνου καὶ ἐγγύθεν ὥστε καθορᾶσθαι τὸ Κάντιον, ὅπερ ἐστὶ τὸ ἑῷον ἄκρον τῆς νήσου, τοῦ δὲ Σηκοάνα μικρὸν ἀπωτέρω· ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ τὸ ναυπήγιον συνεστήσατο Καῖσαρ ὁ θεὸς πλέων εἰς τὴν Βρεττανικήν. τοῦ δὲ Σηκοάνα τὸ πλεόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν ἐκ τοῦ Ἄραρος δεχομένων τὰ φορτία μικρῷ πλέον ἐστὶν ἢ τὸ τοῦ Λίγηρος καὶ τὸ τοῦ Γαρούνα· τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ Λουγδούνου μέχρι τοῦ Σηκοάνα χιλίων σταδίων ἐστίν, ἔλαττον δʼ ἢ διπλάσιον τούτου ἀπὸ τῶν εἰσβολῶν τοῦ Ῥοδανοῦ μέχρι Λουγδούνου. φασὶ δὲ καὶ πολυχρύσους τοὺς Ἐλουηττίους, μηδὲν μέντοι ἧττον ἐπὶ λῃστείαν τραπέσθαι τὰς τῶν Κίμβρων εὐπορίας ἰδόντας· ἀφανισθῆναι δʼ αὐτῶν τὰ δύο φῦλα τριῶν ὄντων κατὰ στρατείας. ὅμως δʼ ἐκ τῶν λοιπῶν τὸ τῶν ἐπιγόνων πλῆθος ἐδήλωσεν ὁ πρὸς Καίσαρα τὸν θεὸν πόλεμος, ἐν ᾧ περὶ τετταράκοντα μυριάδες σωμάτων διεφθάρησαν, τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς σώζεσθαι μεθῆκεν εἰς ὀκτακισχιλίους, ὅπως μὴ τοῖς Γερμανοῖς ὁμόροις οὖσιν ἔρημον τὴν χώραν ἀφῇ.
The first of all the nations dwelling on the Rhine are the Helvetii, amongst whom are the sources of that river in Mount Adula, which forms part of the Alps. From this mountain, but in an opposite direction, likewise proceeds the Adda, which flows towards Cisalpine Gaul, and fills lake Larius, near to which stands [the city of] Como; thence it discharges itself into the Po, of which we shall speak afterwards. The Rhine also flows into vast marshes and a great lake, which borders on the Rhaeti and Vindelici, who dwell partly in the Alps, and partly beyond the Alps. Asinius says that the length of this river is 6000 stadia, but such is not the case, for taken in a straight line it does not much exceed half that length, and 1000 stadia is quite sufficient to allow for its sinuosities. In fact this river is so rapid that it is difficult to throw bridges across it, although after its descent from the mountains it is borne the remainder of the way through level plains; now how could it maintain its rapidity and vehemence, if in addition to this level channel, we suppose it also to have long and frequent tortuosities? Asinius likewise asserts that this river has two mouths, and blames those who say that it has more. This river and the Seine embrace within their tortuosities a certain extent of country, which however is not considerable. They both flow from south to north. Britain lies opposite to them; but nearest to the Rhine, from which you may see Kent, which is the most easterly part of the island. The Seine is a little further. It was here that divus Caesar established a dock-yard when he sailed to Britain. The navigable portion of the Seine, commencing from the point where they receive the merchandise from the Saone, is of greater extent than the [navigable portions] of the Loire and Garonne. From Lugdunum to the Seine is [a distance of] 1000 stadia, and not twice this distance from the outlets of the Rhone to Lugdunum. They say that the Helvetii, though rich in gold, nevertheless devoted themselves to pillage on beholding the wealth of the Cimbri, [accumulated by that means;] and that two out of their three tribes perished entirely in their military expeditions. However, the multitude of descendants who sprang from this remainder was proved in their war with divus Caesar, in which about 400,000 of their number were destroyed; the 8000 who survived the war, being spared by the conqueror, that their country might not be left desert, a prey to the neighbouring Germans.
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