̔εξῆς δὲ τὰ πρὸς ἕω μέρη τῶν ὀρῶν καὶ τὰ ἐπιστρέφοντα πρὸς νότον Ῥαιτοὶ καὶ Ὀυινδολικοὶ κατέχουσι συνάπτοντες Ἐλουηττίοις καὶ Βοΐοις· ἐπίκεινται γὰρ τοῖς ἐκείνων πεδίοις. οἱ μὲν οὖν Ῥαιτοὶ μέχρι τῆς Ἰταλίας καθήκουσι τῆς ὑπὲρ Οὐήρωνος καὶ Κώμου. καὶ ὅ γε Ῥαιτικὸς οἶνος τῶν ἐν τοῖς Ἰταλικοῖς ἐπαινουμένων οὐκ ἀπολείπεσθαι δοκῶν ἐν ταῖς τούτων ὑπωρείαις γίνεται· διατείνουσι δὲ καὶ μέχρι τῶν χωρίων διʼ ὧν ὁ Ῥῆνος φέρεται· τούτου δʼ εἰσὶ τοῦ φύλου καὶ Ληπόντιοι καὶ Καμοῦνοι. οἱ δὲ Ὀυινδολικοὶ καὶ Νωρικοὶ τὴν ἐκτὸς παρώρειαν κατέχουσι τὸ πλέον μετὰ Βρεύνων καὶ Γεναύνων, ἤδη τούτων Ἰλλυριῶν. ἅπαντες δʼ οὗτοι καὶ τῆς Ἰταλίας τὰ γειτονεύοντα μέρη κατέτρεχον ἀεὶ καὶ τῆς Ἐλουηττίων καὶ Σηκοανῶν καὶ Βοΐων καὶ Γερμανῶν. ἰταμώτατοι δὲ τῶν μὲν Ὀυινδολικῶν ἐξητάζοντο Λικάττιοι καὶ Κλαυτηνάτιοι καὶ Ὀυέννωνες, τῶν δὲ Ῥαιτῶν Ῥουκάντιοι καὶ Κωτουάντιοι. καὶ οἱ Ἐστίωνες δὲ τῶν Ὀυινδολικῶν εἰσὶ καὶ Βριγάντιοι, καὶ πόλεις αὐτῶν Βριγάντιον καὶ Καμβόδουνον καὶ ἡ τῶν Λικαττίων ὥσπερ ἀκρόπολις Δαμασία. τῆς δὲ πρὸς τοὺς Ἰταλιώτας τῶν λῃστῶν τούτων χαλεπότητος λέγεταί τι τοιοῦτον ὡς, ἐπειδὰν ἕλωσι κώμην ἢ πόλιν οὐ μόνον ἡβηδὸν ἀνδροφονοῦντας, ἀλλὰ καὶ μέχρι τῶν νηπίων προϊόντας τῶν ἀρρένων, καὶ μηδʼ ἐνταῦθα παυομένους, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς ἐγκύους γυναῖκας κτείνοντας ὅσας φαῖεν οἱ μάντεις ἀρρενοκυεῖν.
Beyond, both the eastern parts of the mountains, and those likewise inclining to the south, are possessed by the Rhaeti and Vindelici, who adjoin the Helvetii and Boii, and press upon their plains. The Rhaeti extend as far as Italy above Verona and Como. The Rhaetian wine, which is esteemed not inferior to the finest wines of Italy, is produced [from vines which grow] at the foot of the mountains. These people extend also as far as the districts through which the Rhine flows. The Lepontii and Camuni are of their nation. The Vindelici and Norici possess, for the most part, the opposite side of the mountains together with the Breuni and Genauni, who form part of the Illyrians. All these people were continually making incursions both into the neighbouring parts of Italy, and into [the countries] of the Helvetii, the Sequani, the Boii, and the Germans. But the Licattii, the Clautinatii, and the Vennones proved the boldest amongst the Vindelici; and the Rucantii and Cotuantii amongst the Rhaeti. Both the Estiones and Brigantii belong to the Vindelici; their cities are Brigantium, Campodunum, and Damasia, which may be looked upon as the Acropolis of the Licattii. It is narrated, as an instance of the extreme brutality of these robbers towards the people of Italy, that when they have taken any village or city, they not only put to death all the men capable of bearing arms, but likewise all the male children, and do not even stop here, but murder every pregnant woman who, their diviners say, will bring forth a male infant.
μετὰ δὲ τούτους οἱ ἐγγὺς ἤδη τοῦ Ἀδριατικοῦ μυχοῦ καὶ τῶν κατὰ Ἀκυληίαν τόπων οἰκοῦσι, Νωρικῶν τέ τινες καὶ Κάρνοι· τῶν δὲ Νωρικῶν εἰσι καὶ οἱ Ταυρίσκοι. πάντας δʼ ἔπαυσε τῶν ἀνέδην καταδρομῶν Τιβέριος καὶ ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ Δροῦσος θερείᾳ μιᾷ, ὥστʼ ἤδη τρίτον καὶ τριακοστὸν ἔτος ἐστὶν ἐξ οὗ καθʼ ἡσυχίαν ὄντες ἀπευτακτοῦσι τοὺς φόρους. κατὰ πᾶσαν δὲ τὴν τῶν Ἄλπεων ὀρεινὴν ἔστι μὲν καὶ γεώλοφα χωρία καλῶς γεωργεῖσθαι δυνάμενα καὶ αὐλῶνες εὖ συνεκτισμένοι, τὸ μέντοι πλέον καὶ μάλιστα περὶ τὰς κορυφάς, περὶ ὃ δὴ καὶ συνίσταντο οἱ λῃσταί, λυπρὸν καὶ ἄκαρπον διά τε τὰς πάχνας καὶ τὴν τραχύτητα τῆς γῆς. κατὰ σπάνιν οὖν τροφῆς τε καὶ ἄλλων ἐφείδοντο ἔσθʼ ὅτε τῶν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις, ἵνʼ ἔχοιεν χορηγούς· ἀντεδίδοσαν δὲ ῥητίνην πίτταν δᾷδα κηρὸν τυρὸν μέλι· τούτων γὰρ εὐπόρουν. ὑπέρκειται δὲ τῶν Κάρνων τὸ Ἀπέννινον ὄρος, λίμνην ἔχον ἐξιεῖσαν εἰς τὸν Ἀτησῖνον ποταμόν, ὃς παραλαβὼν Ἄταγιν ἄλλον ποταμὸν εἰς τὸν Ἀδρίαν ἐκβάλλει. ἐκ δὲ τῆς αὐτῆς λίμνης καὶ ἄλλος ποταμὸς εἰς τὸν Ἴστρον ῥεῖ, καλούμενος Ἰσάρας. καὶ γὰρ ὁ Ἴστρος τὰς ἀρχὰς ἀπὸ τούτων λαμβάνει τῶν ὀρῶν πολυσχιδῶν ὄντων καὶ πολυκεφάλων. μέχρι μὲν γὰρ δεῦρο ἀπὸ τῆς Λιγυστικῆς συνεχῆ τὰ ὑψηλὰ τῶν Ἄλπεων διέτεινε καὶ ἑνὸς ὄρους φαντασίαν παρεῖχεν, εἶτʼ ἀνεθέντα καὶ ταπεινωθέντα ἐξαίρεται πάλιν εἰς πλείω μέρη καὶ πλείους κορυφάς. πρώτη δʼ ἐστὶ τούτων ἡ τοῦ Ῥήνου πέραν καὶ τῆς λίμνης κεκλιμένη πρὸς ἕω ῥάχις μετρίως ὑψηλή, ὅπου αἱ τοῦ Ἴστρου πηγαὶ πλησίον Σοήβων καὶ τοῦ Ἑρκυνίου δρυμοῦ· ἄλλαι δʼ εἰσὶν ἐπιστρέφουσαι πρὸς τὴν Ἰλλυρίδα καὶ τὸν Ἀδρίαν, ὧν ἐστι τό τε Ἀπέννινον ὄρος τὸ λεχθὲν καὶ τὸ Τοῦλλον καὶ Φλιγαδία, τὰ ὑπερκείμενα τῶν Ὀυινδολικῶν, ἐξ ὧν ὁ Δούρας καὶ Κλάνις καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους χαραδρώδεις ποταμοὶ συμβάλλουσιν εἰς τὸ τοῦ Ἴστρου ῥεῖθρον.
After these come certain of the Norici, and the Carni, who inhabit the country about the Adriatic Gulf and Aquileia. The Taurisci belong to the Norici. Tiberius and his brother Drusus in one summer put a stop to their lawless incursions, so that now for three and thirty years they have lived quietly and paid their tribute regularly. Throughout the whole region of the Alps there are hilly districts capable of excellent cultivation, and well situated valleys; but the greater part, especially the summits of the mountains inhabited by the robbers, are barren and unfruitful, both on account of the frost and the ruggedness of the land. On account of the want of food and other necessaries the mountaineers have sometimes been obliged to spare the inhabitants of the plains, that they might have some people to supply them; for these they have given them in exchange, resin, pitch, torches, wax, cheese, and honey, of which they have plenty. In the Mount Apennine which lies above the Carni there is a lake which runs out into the Isar, which river, after receiving another river, the Aude, discharges itself into the Adriatic. From this lake there is also another river, the Atesinus, which flows into the Danube. The Danube itself rises in the mountains which are split into many branches and numerous summits. For from Liguria to here the summits of the Alps stretch along continuously, presenting the appearance of one mountain; but after this they rise and fall in turns, forming numerous ridges and peaks. The first of these is beyond the Rhine and the lake inclining towards the east, its ridge moderately elevated; here are the sources of the Danube near to the Suevi and the forest of Hercynia. The other branches extend towards Illyria and the Adriatic, such are the Mount Apennine, already mentioned, Tullum and Phligadia, the mountains lying above the Vindelici from whence proceed the Duras, the Clanis, and many other rivers which discharge themselves like torrents into the current of the Danube.
καὶ οἱ Ἰάποδες δὲ ἤδη τοῦτο ἐπίμικτον Ἰλλυριοῖς καὶ Κελτοῖς ἔθνος περὶ τούτους οἰκοῦσι τοὺς τόπους, καὶ ἡ Ὄκρα πλησίον τούτων ἐστίν. οἱ μὲν οὖν Ἰάποδες πρότερον εὐανδροῦντες καὶ τοῦ ὄρους ἐφʼ ἑκάτερον τὴν οἴκησιν ἔχοντες καὶ τοῖς λῃστηρίοις ἐπικρατοῦντες, ἐκπεπόνηνται τελέως ὑπὸ τοῦ Σεβαστοῦ Καίσαρος καταπολεμηθέντες. πόλεις δʼ αὐτῶν Μέτουλον Ἀρουπῖνοι Μονήτιον Ὀυένδων. μεθʼ οὓς ἡ Σεγεστικὴ πόλις ἐν πεδίῳ, παρʼ ἣν ὁ Σάος παραρρεῖ ποταμὸς ἐκδιδοὺς εἰς τὸν Ἴστρον. κεῖται δὲ ἡ πόλις εὐφυῶς πρὸς τὸν κατὰ τῶν Δακῶν πόλεμον· ἡ δʼ Ὄκρα τὸ ταπεινότατον μέρος τῶν Ἄλπεών ἐστι καθʼ ὃ συνάπτουσι τοῖς Κάρνοις, καὶ διʼ οὗ τὰ ἐκ τῆς Ἀκυληίας φορτία κομίζουσιν ἁρμαμάξαις εἰς τὸν καλούμενον Ναύπορτον, σταδίων ὁδὸν οὐ πολὺ πλειόνων ἢ τετρακοσίων· ἐκεῖθεν δὲ τοῖς ποταμοῖς κατάγεται μέχρι τοῦ Ἴστρου καὶ τῶν ταύτῃ χωρίων. παραρρεῖ γὰρ δὴ τὸν Ναύπορτον ποταμὸς ἐκ τῆς Ἰλλυρίδος φερόμενος πλωτός, ἐκβάλλει δʼ εἰς τὸν Σάον, ὥστʼ εὐμαρῶς εἰς τὴν Σεγεστικὴν κατάγεται καὶ τοὺς Παννονίους καὶ Ταυρίσκους. συμβάλλει δʼ εἰς τὸν Σάον κατὰ τὴν πόλιν καὶ ὁ Κόλαπις· ἀμφότεροι δʼ εἰσὶ πλωτοί, ῥέουσι δʼ ἀπὸ τῶν Ἄλπεων. ἔχουσι δʼ αἱ Ἄλπεις καὶ ἵππους ἀγρίους καὶ βόας. φησὶ δὲ Πολύβιος καὶ ἰδιόμορφόν τι γεννᾶσθαι ζῷον ἐν αὐταῖς ἐλαφοειδὲς τὸ σχῆμα πλὴν αὐχένος καὶ τριχώματος, ταῦτα δʼ ἐοικέναι κάπρῳ, ὑπὸ δὲ τῷ γενείῳ πυρῆνα ἴσχειν ὅσον σπιθαμιαῖον ἀκρόκομον, πωλικῆς κέρκου τὸ πάχος.
Near to these regions dwell the Iapodes, (a nation now mixed with the Illyrians, and Kelts,) close to them is [the Mount] Ocra. Formerly the Iapodes were numerous, inhabiting either side of the mountain, and were notorious for their predatory habits, but they have been entirely reduced and brought to subjection by Augustus Caesar. Their cities are Metulum, Arupenum, Monetium, and Vendon. After these is the city of Segesta, [situated] in a plain. Near to it flows the river Save, which discharges itself into the Danube. This city lies in an advantageous position for carrying on war against the Dacians. Ocra forms the lowest portion of the Alps, where they approach the territory of the Carni, and through which they convey the merchandise of Aquileia in waggons to Pamportus. This route is not more than 400 stadia. From thence they convey it by the rivers as far as the Danube and surrounding districts, for a navigable river which flows out of Illyria, passes by Pamportus, and discharges itself into the Save, so that the merchandise may easily be carried down both to Segesta, and to the Pannonians, and Taurisci. It is near this city, that the Kulp falls into the Save. Both of these rivers are navigable, and flow down from the Alps. The Alps contain wild horses and cattle, and Polybius asserts that an animal of a singular form is found there; it resembles a stag except in the neck and hair, which are similar to those of a wild boar; under its chin it has a tuft of hair about a span long, and the thickness of the tail of a young horse.
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