μετὰ δὲ Ὀυοκοντίους Ἰκόνιοι καὶ Τρικόριοι καὶ μετʼ αὐτοὺς Μέδουλλοι, οἵπερ τὰς ὑψηλοτάτας ἔχουσι κορυφάς· τὸ γοῦν ὀρθιώτατον αὐτῶν ὕψος σταδίων ἑκατὸν ἔχειν φασὶ τὴν ἀνάβασιν, κἀνθένδε πάλιν τὴν ἐπὶ τοὺς ὅρους τοὺς τῆς Ἰταλίας κατάβασιν. ἄνω δʼ ἔν τισι κοίλοις χωρίοις λίμνη τε συνίσταται μεγάλη καὶ πηγαὶ δύο οὐ πολὺ ἄπωθεν ἀλλήλων, ὧν ἐκ μὲν τῆς ἑτέρας εἶσιν ὁ Δρουεντίας ποταμὸς χαραδρώδης, ὃς ἐπὶ τὸν Ῥοδανὸν καταράττει, καὶ ὁ Δουρίας εἰς τἀναντία· τῷ γὰρ Πάδῳ συμμίσγει κατενεχθεὶς διὰ Σαλασσῶν εἰς τὴν ἐντὸς τῶν Ἄλπεων Κελτικήν· ἐκ δὲ τῆς ἑτέρας πολὺ ταπεινότερος τούτων τῶν χωρίων ἀναδίδωσιν αὐτὸς ὁ Πάδος πολύς τε καὶ ὀξύς, προϊὼν δὲ γίνεται μείζων καὶ πραότερος· ἐκ πολλῶν γὰρ λαμβάνει τὴν αὔξησιν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις ἤδη γενόμενος καὶ πλατύνεται· τῇ οὖν διαχύσει περισπᾷ καὶ ἀμβλύνει τὸν ῥοῦν· εἰς δὲ τὴν Ἀδριατικὴν θάλατταν ἐκπίπτει μέγιστος γενόμενος τῶν κατὰ τὴν Εὐρώπην ποταμῶν πλὴν τοῦ Ἴστρου. ὑπέρκεινται δʼ οἱ Μέδουλλοι μάλιστα τῆς συμβολῆς τοῦ Ἴσαρος πρὸς τὸν Ῥοδανόν.
After the Vocontii, are the Iconii, the Tricorii, and the Medulli; who inhabit the loftiest ridges of the mountains, for they say that some of them have an almost perpendicular ascent of 100 stadia, and a similar descent to the frontiers of Italy. In these high-lands there is a great lake; there are also two springs not far distant from each other; one of these gives rise to the Durance, which flows like a torrent into the Rhone, and to the Durias, which flows in an opposite direction; for it mingles with the Po after having pursued its course through the country of the Salassi into Cisalpine Keltica. From the other source, but much lower down, rises the Po itself, large and rapid, which as it advances becomes still vaster, and at the same time more gentle. As it reaches the plains it increases in breadth, being augmented by numerous [other rivers], and thus it becomes less impetuous in its course, and its current is weakened. Having become the largest river in Europe, with the exception of the Danube, it discharges itself into the Adriatic Sea. The Medulli are situated considerably above the confluence of the Isère and the Rhone.
Ἐπὶ δὲ θάτερα μέρη τὰ πρὸς τὴν Ἰταλίαν κεκλιμένα τῆς λεχθείσης ὀρεινῆς Ταυρῖνοί τε οἰκοῦσι Λιγυστικὸν ἔθνος καὶ ἄλλοι Λίγυες. τούτων δʼ ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ τοῦ Δόννου λεγομένη γῆ καὶ ἡ τοῦ Κοττίου. μετὰ δὲ τούτους καὶ τὸν Πάδον Σαλασσοί· ὑπὲρ δὲ τούτων ἐν ταῖς κορυφαῖς Κέντρωνες καὶ Κατόριγες καὶ Ὀυάραγροι καὶ Ναντουᾶται καὶ ἡ Λημέννα λίμνη, διʼ ἧς ὁ Ῥοδανὸς φέρεται, καὶ ἡ πηγὴ τοῦ ποταμοῦ. οὐκ ἄπωθεν δὲ τούτων οὐδὲ τοῦ Ῥήνου αἱ πηγαί, οὐδʼ ὁ Ἀδούλας τὸ ὄρος, ἐξ οὗ ῥεῖ καὶ ὁ Ῥῆνος ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρκτους καὶ ὁ Ἀδούας εἰς τἀναντία ἐμβάλλων εἰς τὴν Λάριον λίμνην τὴν πρὸς τῷ Κώμῳ. ὑπέρκεινται δὲ τοῦ Κώμου πρὸς τῇ ῥίζῃ τῶν Ἄλπεων ἱδρυμένου τῇ μὲν Ῥαιτοὶ καὶ Ὀυέννωνες ἐπὶ τὴν ἕω κεκλιμένοι, τῇ δὲ Ληπόντιοι καὶ Τριδεντῖνοι καὶ Στόνοι καὶ ἄλλα πλείω μικρὰ ἔθνη κατέχοντα τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν χρόνοις λῃστρικὰ καὶ ἄπορα· νυνὶ δὲ τὰ μὲν ἐξέφθαρται τὰ δʼ ἡμέρωται τελέως, ὥστε τὰς διʼ αὐτῶν ὑπερβολὰς τοῦ ὄρους πρότερον οὔσας ὀλίγας καὶ δυσπεράτους νυνὶ πολλαχόθεν εἶναι καὶ ἀσφαλεῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ εὐβάτους, ὡς ἔνεστι, διὰ τὴν κατασκευήν. προσέθηκε γὰρ ὁ Σεβαστὸς Καῖσαρ τῇ καταλύσει τῶν λῃστῶν τὴν κατασκευὴν τῶν ὁδῶν ὅσην οἷόν τʼ ἦν· οὐ γὰρ δυνατὸν πανταχοῦ βιάσασθαι τὴν φύσιν διὰ πετρῶν καὶ κρημνῶν ἐξαισίων, τῶν μὲν ὑπερκειμένων τῆς ὁδοῦ τῶν δʼ ὑποπιπτόντων, ὥστε καὶ μικρὸν ἐκβᾶσιν ἄφυκτον εἶναι τὸν κίνδυνον, εἰς φάραγγας ἀβύσσους τοῦ πτώματος ὄντος. οὕτω δέ ἐστι στενὴ κατά τι αὐτοῦ ἡ ὁδὸς ὥστʼ ἴλιγγον φέρειν τοῖς πεζῇ βαδίζουσι καὶ αὐτοῖς καὶ ὑποζυγίοις τοῖς ἀήθεσι· τὰ δʼ ἐπιχώρια κομίζει τοὺς φόρτους ἀσφαλῶς. οὔτʼ οὖν ταῦτα ἰάσιμα οὔθʼ αἱ κατολισθάνουσαι πλάκες τῶν κρυστάλλων ἄνωθεν ἐξαίσιοι, συνοδίαν ὅλην ἀπολαμβάνειν δυνάμεναι καὶ συνεξωθεῖν εἰς τὰς ὑποπιπτούσας φάραγγας. πολλαὶ γὰρ ἀλλήλαις ἐπίκεινται πλάκες, πάγων ἐπὶ πάγοις γενομένων τῆς χιόνος κρυσταλλωδῶν καὶ τῶν ἐπιπολῆς ἀεὶ ῥᾳδίως ἀπολυομένων ἀπὸ τῶν ἐντὸς πρὶν διαλυθῆναι τελέως ἐν τοῖς ἡλίοις.
On the opposite side of the mountains, sloping towards Italy, dwell the Taurini, a Ligurian nation, together with certain other Ligurians. What is called the land of Ideonnus and Cottius belongs to these Ligurians. Beyond them and the Po are the Salassi; above whom in the summits [of the Alps] are the Kentrones, the Catoriges, the Veragri, the Nantuatae, Lake Leman, traversed by the Rhone, and the sources of that river. Not far from these are the sources of the Rhine, and Mount Adulas, from whence the Rhine flows towards the north; likewise the Adda, which flows in an opposite direction, and discharges itself into Lake Larius, near to Como. Lying above Como, which is situated at the roots of the Alps, on one side are the Rhaeti and Vennones towards the east, and on the other the Lepontii, the Tridentini, the Stoni, and numerous other small nations, poor and addicted to robbery, who in former times possessed Italy. At the present time some of them have been destroyed, and the others at length civilized, so that the passes over the mountains through their territories, which were formerly few and difficult, now run in every direction, secure from any danger of these people, and as accessible as art can make them. For Augustus Caesar not only destroyed the robbers, but improved the character of the roads as far as practicable, although he could not every where overcome nature, on account of the rocks and immense precipices; some of which tower above the road, while others yawn beneath; so that departing ever so little [from the path], the traveller is in inevitable danger of falling down bottomless chasms. In some places the road is so narrow as to make both the foot traveller and his beasts of burden, who are unaccustomed to it, dizzy; but the animals of the district will carry their burdens quite securely. These things however are beyond remedy, as well as the violent descent of vast masses of congealed snow from above, capable of overwhelming a whole company at a time, and sweeping them into the chasms beneath. Numerous masses lie one upon the other, one hill of congealed snow being formed upon another, so that the uppermost mass is easily detached at any time from that below it, before being perfectly melted by the sun.
̔η δὲ τῶν Σαλασσῶν πολλὴ μέν ἐστιν ἐν αὐλῶνι βαθεῖ τῶν ὀρῶν ἀμφοτέρωθεν κλειόντων τὸ χωρίον, μέρος δέ τι αὐτῶν ἀνατείνει καὶ πρὸς τὰς ὑπερκειμένας κορυφάς. τοῖς οὖν ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας ὑπερτιθεῖσι τὰ ὄρη διὰ τοῦ λεχθέντος αὐλῶνός ἐστιν ἡ ὁδός. εἶτα σχίζεται δίχα· καὶ ἡ μὲν διὰ τοῦ Ποινίνου λεγομένου φέρεται ζεύγεσιν οὐ βατὴ κατὰ τὰ ἄκρα τῶν Ἄλπεων, ἡ δὲ διὰ Κεντρώνων δυσμικωτέρα. ἔχει δὲ καὶ χρυσεῖα ἡ τῶν Σαλασσῶν, ἃ κατεῖχον ἰσχύοντες οἱ Σαλασσοὶ πρότερον, καθάπερ καὶ τῶν παρόδων ἦσαν κύριοι. προσελάμβανε δὲ πλεῖστον εἰς τὴν μεταλλείαν αὐτοῖς ὁ Δουρίας ποταμὸς εἰς τὰ χρυσοπλύσια, διόπερ ἐπὶ πολλοὺς τόπους σχίζοντες εἰς τὰς ἐξοχετείας τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ κοινὸν ῥεῖθρον ἐξεκένουν. τοῦτο δʼ ἐκείνοις μὲν συνέφερε πρὸς τὴν τοῦ χρυσοῦ θήραν, τοὺς δὲ γεωργοῦντας τὰ ὑπʼ αὐτοῖς πεδία τῆς ἀρδείας στερομένους ἐλύπει, τοῦ ποταμοῦ δυναμένου ποτίζειν τὴν χώραν διὰ τὸ ὑπερδέξιον ἔχειν τὸ ῥεῖθρον. ἐκ δὲ ταύτης τῆς αἰτίας πόλεμοι συνεχεῖς ἦσαν πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀμφοτέροις τοῖς ἔθνεσι. κρατησάντων δὲ Ῥωμαίων τῶν μὲν χρυσουργείων ἐξέπεσον καὶ τῆς χώρας οἱ Σαλασσοί, τὰ δʼ ὄρη κατέχοντες ἀκμὴν τὸ ὕδωρ ἐπώλουν τοῖς δημοσιώναις τοῖς ἐργολαβήσασι τὰ χρυσεῖα· καὶ πρὸς τούτους δʼ ἦσαν ἀεὶ διαφοραὶ διὰ τὴν πλεονεξίαν τῶν δημοσιωνῶν. οὕτω δὲ συνέβαινε τοὺς στρατηγιῶντας ἀεὶ τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ πεμπομένους ἐπὶ τοὺς τόπους εὐπορεῖν προφάσεων ἀφʼ ὧν πολεμήσουσι. μέχρι μὲν δὴ τῶν νεωστὶ χρόνων τοτὲ μὲν πολεμούμενοι τοτὲ δὲ καταλυόμενοι τὸν πρὸς τοὺς Ῥωμαίους πόλεμον ἴσχυον ὅμως, καὶ πολλὰ κατέβλαπτον τοὺς διʼ αὐτῶν ὑπερβάλλοντας τὰ ὄρη κατὰ τὸ λῃστρικὸν ἔθος· οἵ γε καὶ Δέκιμον Βροῦτον φυγόντα ἐκ Μουτίνης ἐπράξαντο δραχμὴν κατʼ ἄνδρα· Μεσσάλας δὲ πλησίον αὐτῶν χειμαδεύων τιμὴν ξύλων κατέβαλε τῶν τε καυσίμων καὶ τῶν πτελεΐνων ἀκοντισμάτων τῶν γυμναστικῶν. ἐσύλησαν δέ ποτε καὶ χρήματα Καίσαρος οἱ ἄνδρες οὗτοι καὶ ἐπέβαλον κρημνοὺς στρατοπέδοις, πρόφασιν ὡς ὁδοποιοῦντες ἢ γεφυροῦντες ποταμούς. ὕστερον μέντοι κατεστρέψατο αὐτοὺς ἄρδην ὁ Σεβαστὸς καὶ πάντας ἐλαφυροπώλησε, κομισθέντας εἰς Ἐπορεδίαν Ῥωμαίων ἀποικίαν, ἣν συνῴκισαν μὲν φρουρὰν εἶναι βουλόμενοι τοῖς Σαλασσοῖς, ὀλίγον δʼ ἀντέχειν ἐδύναντο οἱ αὐτόθι, ἕως ἠφανίσθη τὸ ἔθνος. τῶν μὲν οὖν ἄλλων σωμάτων τρεῖς μυριάδες ἐξητάσθησαν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἑξακισχιλίοις, τῶν δὲ μαχίμων ἀνδρῶν ὀκτακισχίλιοι· πάντας δʼ ἐπώλησε Τερέντιος Ὀυάρρων ὑπὸ δόρυ καταστρεψάμενος αὐτοὺς στρατηγός· τρισχιλίους δὲ Ῥωμαίων πέμψας ᾤκισε τὴν πόλιν Αὐγοῦσταν ὁ Καῖσαρ, ἐν ᾧ ἐστρατοπέδευσε χωρίῳ ὁ Ὀυάρρων, καὶ νῦν εἰρήνην ἄγει πᾶσα ἡ πλησιόχωρος μέχρι τῶν ἄκρων ὑπερβολῶν τοῦ ὄρους.
A great part of the country of the Salassi lies in a deep valley, formed by a chain of mountains which encloses the district on either side; a part of them however inhabit the overhanging ridges. The route of those who are desirous of passing from Italy over these mountains, lies through the aforesaid valley. Beyond this the road separates into two. The one which passes through the mountain peaks, known as the Pennine Alps, cannot be traversed by carriages; the other, which runs through the country of the Centrones, lies more to the west. The country of the Salassi contains gold mines, of which formerly, in the days of their power, they were masters, as well as of the passes. The river Doria Baltea afforded them great facility in obtaining the metal by [supplying them with water] for washing the gold, and they have emptied the main bed by the numerous trenches cut for drawing the water to different places. This operation, though advantageous in gold hunting, was injurious to the agriculturists below, as it deprived them of the irrigation of a river, which, by the height of its position, was capable of watering their plains. This gave rise to frequent wars between the two nations; when the Romans gained the dominion, the Salassi lost both their gold works and their country, but as they still possessed the mountains, they continued to sell water to the public contractors of the gold mines; with whom there were continual disputes on account of the avarice of the contractors, and thus the Roman generals sent into the country were ever able to find a pretext for commencing war. And, until very recently, the Salassi at one time waging war against the Romans, and at another making peace, took occasion to inflict numerous damages upon those who crossed over their mountains, by their system of plundering; and even exacted from Decimus Brutus, on his flight from Mutina, a drachm per man. Messala, likewise, having taken up his winter quarters in their vicinity, was obliged to pay them, both for his fire-wood, and for the elm-wood for making javelins for the exercise of his troops. In one instance they plundered the treasures of Caesar, and rolled down huge masses of rock upon the soldiers under pretence of making roads, or building bridges over the rivers. Afterwards Augustus completely overthrew them, and carried them to Eporedia, a Roman colony which had been planted as a bulwark against the Salassi, although the inhabitants were able to do but little against them until the nation was destroyed; their numbers amounted to 36,000 persons, besides 8000 men capable of bearing arms. Terentius Varro, the general who defeated them, sold them all by public auction, as enemies taken in war. Three thousand Romans sent out by Augustus founded the city of Augusta, on the spot where Varro had encamped, and now the whole surrounding country, even to the summits of the mountains, is at peace.
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