μετὰ δὲ τὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἄλπεων Κελτικὴν καὶ τὰ ἔθνη τὰ ἔχοντα τὴν χώραν ταύτην περὶ αὐτῶν τῶν Ἄλπεων λεκτέον καὶ τῶν κατοικούντων αὐτάς, ἔπειτα περὶ τῆς συμπάσης Ἰταλίας, φυλάττουσιν ἐν τῇ γραφῇ τὴν αὐτὴν τάξιν ἥνπερ δίδωσιν ἡ τῆς χώρας φύσις. ἄρχονται μὲν οὖν αἱ Ἄλπεις οὐκ ἀπὸ Μονοίκου λιμένος, ὡς εἰρήκασί τινες, ἀλλʼ ἀπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν χωρίων ἀφʼ ὧνπερ καὶ τὰ Ἀπέννινα ὄρη κατὰ Γένουαν ἐμπόριον Λιγύων καὶ τὰ καλούμενα Σαβάτων ὀυάδα, ὅπερ ἐστὶ τενάγη· τὸ μὲν γὰρ Ἀπέννινον ἀπὸ Γενούας, αἱ δὲ Ἄλπεις ἀπὸ τῶν Σαβάτων ἔχουσι τὴν ἀρχήν· στάδιοι δʼ εἰσὶ μεταξὺ Γενούας καὶ Σαβάτων διακόσιοι πρὸς τοῖς ἑξήκοντα· μετὰ δὲ τριακοσίους πρὸς τοῖς ἑβδομήκοντα Ἀλβίγγαυνόν ἐστι πόλισμα, οἱ δʼ ἐνοικοῦντες Λίγυες Ἴγγαυνοι καλοῦνται· ἐντεῦθεν δʼ εἰς Μονοίκου λιμένα τετρακόσιοι καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα. ἔν τε τῷ μεταξὺ πόλις εὐμεγέθης Ἄλβιον Ἰντεμέλιον καὶ οἱ κατοικοῦντες Ἰντεμέλιοι. καὶ δὴ καὶ σημεῖον τίθενται τοῦ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀπὸ τῶν Σαβάτων εἶναι ταῖς Ἄλπεσιν ἐκ τῶν ὀνομάτων τούτων· τὰ γὰρ Ἄλπεια καλεῖσθαι πρότερον Ἄλβια, καθάπερ καὶ Ἀλπεινά. καὶ γὰρ νῦν ἔτι τὸ ἐν τοῖς Ἰάποσιν ὄρος ὑψηλὸν συνάπτον πως τῇ Ὄκρᾳ καὶ ταῖς Ἄλπεσιν Ἄλβιον λέγεσθαι, ὡς ἂν μέχρι δεῦρο τῶν Ἄλπεων ἐκτεταμένων.
HAVING described Keltica beyond the Alps, and the nations who inhabit the country, we must now speak of the Alps themselves and their inhabitants, and afterwards of the whole of Italy; observing in our description such arrangement as the nature of the country shall point out.
The Alps do not commence at Monoeci Portus, as some have asserted, but from the region whence the Apennines take their rise about Genoa, a mercantile city of the Ligurians, and at the marshes named Sabatorum Vada; for the Apennines take their rise near Genoa, and the Alps near Sabatorum Vada. The distance between Genoa and the Sabatorum Vada is about 260 stadia. About 370 stadia farther on is the little city of Albingaunum, inhabited by Ligurians who are called Ingauni. From thence to the Monoeci Portus is 480 stadia. In the interval between is the very considerable city of Albium Intemelium, inhabited by the Intemelii. These names are sufficient to prove that the Alps commence at the Sabbatorum Vada. For the Alps were formerly called Albia and Alpionia, and at the present day the high mountain in the country of the Iapodes, next to Ocra and the Alps, is named Albius, showing that the Alps extend so far.
τῶν οὖν Λιγύων τῶν μὲν ὄντων Ἰγγαύνων τῶν δὲ Ἰντεμελίων, εἰκότως τὰς ἐποικίας αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ τὴν μὲν ὀνομάζεσθαι Ἄλβιον Ἰντεμέλιον οἷον Ἄλπειον, τὴν δὲ ἐπιτετμημένως μᾶλλον Ἀλβίγγαυνον. Πολύβιος δὲ προστίθησι τοῖς δυσὶ φύλοις τῶν Λιγύων τοῖς λεχθεῖσι τό τε τῶν Ὀξυβίων καὶ τὸ τῶν Δεκιητῶν. ὅλως δὲ ἡ παραλία αὕτη πᾶσα μέχρι Τυρρηνίας ἐκ Μονοίκου λιμένος προσεχής τέ ἐστι καὶ ἀλίμενος πλὴν βραχέων ὅρμων καὶ ἀγκυροβολίων. ὑπέρκεινται δὲ οἱ τῶν ὀρῶν ἐξαίσιοι κρημνοὶ στενὴν ἀπολείποντες πρὸς θαλάττῃ πάροδον. κατοικοῦσι δὲ Λίγυες ζῶντες ἀπὸ θρεμμάτων τὸ πλέον καὶ γάλακτος καὶ κριθίνου πόματος, νεμόμενοι τά τε πρὸς θαλάττῃ χωρία καὶ τὸ πλέον τὰ ὄρη. ἔχουσι δʼ ὕλην ἐνταῦθα παμπόλλην ναυπηγήσιμον καὶ μεγαλόδενδρον, ὥστʼ ἐνίων τοῦ πάχους τὴν διάμετρον ὀκτὼ ποδῶν εὑρίσκεσθαι· πολλὰ δὲ καὶ τῇ ποικιλίᾳ τῶν θυΐνων οὐκ ἔστι χείρω πρὸς τὰς τραπεζοποιίας. ταῦτά τε δὴ κατάγουσιν εἰς τὸ ἐμπόριον τὴν Γένουαν καὶ θρέμματα καὶ δέρματα καὶ μέλι, ἀντιφορτίζονται δὲ ἔλαιον καὶ οἶνον τὸν ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας· ὁ δὲ παρʼ αὐτοῖς ὀλίγος ἐστί, πιττίτης αὐστηρός. ἐντεῦθεν δέ εἰσιν οἱ γίννοι λεγόμενοι ἵπποι τε καὶ ἡμίονοι, καὶ οἱ λιγυστῖνοί τε χιτῶνες καὶ σάγοι· πλεονάζει δὲ καὶ τὸ λιγγούριον παρʼ αὐτοῖς, ὅ τινες ἤλεκτρον προσαγορεύουσι. στρατεύονται δʼ ἱππεῖς μὲν οὐ πάνυ, ὁπλῖται δὲ ἀγαθοὶ καὶ ἀκροβολισταί· ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ χαλκάσπιδας εἶναι τεκμαίρονταί τινες Ἕλληνας αὐτοὺς εἶναι.
Now since the Ligurians were divided into Ingauri and Intemelii, it was natural that their maritime colonies should be distinguished, one by the name of Albium Intemelium, Alpine as it were, and the other by the more concise form Albingaunum. To these two tribes of Ligurians already mentioned, Polybius adds those of the Oxybii and Deciates. The whole coast from Monoeci Portus to Tyrrhenia is continuous, and without harbours excepting some small roads and anchorages. Above it rise the rugged precipices of the Alpine range, leaving but a narrow passage along the sea. This district, but particularly the mountains, is inhabited by Ligurians, principally subsisting on the produce of their herds, and milk, and a drink made of barley. There is plenty of wood here for the construction of ships; the trees grow to a vast size, some of them having been found eight feet in diameter. Much of the wood is veined, and not inferior to cedar-wood for cabinet work. This wood, together with the produce of their cattle, hides, and honey, they transport to the mart of Genoa, receiving in exchange for them the oil and wine of Italy; for the little [wine] which their country produces is harsh and tastes of pitch. Here are bred the horses and mules known as ginni, and here too are wrought the Ligurian tunics and saga. In their country likewise there is plenty of lingurium, called by some electrum. They use but few cavalry in war; their infantry are good, and excellent slingers. Some have thought that their brazen shields prove these people to be of Grecian origin.
̔ο δὲ τοῦ Μονοίκου λιμὴν ὅρμος ἐστὶν οὐ μεγάλαις οὐδὲ πολλαῖς ναυσίν, ἔχων ἱερὸν Ἡρακλέους Μονοίκου καλουμένου· ἔοικε δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὀνόματος καὶ μέχρι δεῦρο διατείνειν ὁ Μασσαλιωτικὸς παράπλους· διέχει δʼ Ἀντιπόλεως μικρῷ πλείους ἢ διακοσίους σταδίους. τοὐντεῦθεν δʼ ἤδη μέχρι Μασσαλίας καὶ μικρὸν προσωτέρω τὸ τῶν Σαλύων ἔθνος οἰκεῖ τὰς Ἄλπεις τὰς ὑπερκειμένας καί τινα τῆς αὐτῆς παραλίας ἀναμὶξ τοῖς Ἕλλησι. καλοῦσι δὲ τοὺς Σάλυας οἱ μὲν παλαιοὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων Λίγυας καὶ τὴν χώραν, ἣν ἔχουσιν οἱ Μασσαλιῶται, Λιγυστικήν, οἱ δʼ ὕστερον Κελτολίγυας ὀνομάζουσι, καὶ τὴν μέχρι Αὐενίωνος καὶ τοῦ Ῥοδανοῦ πεδιάδα τούτοις προσνέμουσιν, ἀφʼ ἧς οὐ πεζὴν μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ ἱππικὴν ἔστελλον στρατιάν, εἰς δέκα μέρη διῃρημένοι. πρώτους δʼ ἐχειρώσαντο Ῥωμαῖοι τούτους τῶν ὑπεραλπείων Κελτῶν, πολὺν χρόνον πολεμήσαντες καὶ τούτοις καὶ τοῖς Λίγυσιν, ἀποκεκλεικόσι τὰς εἰς τὴν Ἰβηρίαν παρόδους τὰς διὰ τῆς παραλίας. καὶ γὰρ καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν ἐλῄζοντο καὶ τοσοῦτον ἴσχυον ὥστε μόλις στρατοπέδοις μεγάλοις πορευτὴν εἶναι τὴν ὁδόν. ὀγδοηκοστὸν δʼ ἔτος πολεμοῦντες διεπράξαντο μόλις ὥστʼ ἐπὶ δώδεκα σταδίους τὸ πλάτος ἀνεῖσθαι τὴν ὁδὸν τοῖς ὁδεύουσι δημοσίᾳ. μετὰ ταῦτα μέντοι κατέλυσαν ἅπαντας καὶ διέταξαν αὐτοὶ τὰς πολιτείας, ἐπιστήσαντες φόβον.
The Monoeci Portus is merely a roadstead, not capable of containing either many or large vessels. Here is a temple dedicated to Hercules Monoecus. The name seems to show it probable that the Massilian voyages along the coast extended as far as here. Monoeci Portus is distant from Antipolis rather more than 200 stadia. The Salyes occupy the region from thence to Marseilles, or a little farther; they inhabit the Alps which lie above that city, and a portion of the sea-coast, where they intermingle with the Greeks. The ancient Greeks gave to the Salyes the name of Ligyes, and to the country which was in the possession of the Marseillese, that of Ligystica. The later Greeks named them Kelto-Ligyes, and assigned to them the whole of the plains extending as far as Luerion and the Rhone. They are divided into ten cantons, and are capable of raising troops not only of infantry, but of cavalry also. These people were the first of the Transalpine Kelts whom the Romans subdued after maintaining a lengthened war against them and the Ligurians. They closed [against the Romans] all the roads into Iberia along the sea-coast, and carried on a system of pillage both by sea and land. Their strength so increased that large armies were scarcely able to force a passage. And after a war of eighty years, the Romans were hardly able to obtain a breadth of twelve stadia for the purpose of making a public road. After this, however, the Romans subdued the whole of them, and established among them a regular form of government, and imposed a tribute.
μετὰ δὲ τοὺς Σάλυας Ἀλβιεῖς καὶ Ἀλβίοικοι καὶ Ὀυοκόντιοι νέμονται τὰ προσάρκτια μέρη τῶν ὀρῶν. παρατείνουσι δὲ οἱ Ὀυοκόντιοι μέχρι Ἀλλοβρίγων, ἔχοντες αὐλῶνας ἐν βάθει τῆς ὀρεινῆς ἀξιολόγους καὶ οὐ χείρους ὧν ἔχουσιν ἐκεῖνοι. Ἀλλόβριγες μὲν οὖν καὶ Λίγυες ὑπὸ τοῖς στρατηγοῖς τάττονται τοῖς ἀφικνουμένοις εἰς τὴν Ναρβωνῖτιν, Ὀυοκόντιοι δέ, καθάπερ τοὺς Ὀυόλκας ἔφαμεν τοὺς περὶ Νέμαυσον, τάττονται καθʼ αὑτούς. τῶν δὲ μεταξὺ τοῦ Ὀυάρου καὶ τῆς Γενούας Λιγύων οἱ μὲν ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ τοῖς Ἰταλιώταις εἰσὶν οἱ αὐτοί, ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς ὀρεινοὺς πέμπεταί τις ὕπαρχος τῶν ἱππικῶν ἀνδρῶν, καθάπερ καὶ ἐπʼ ἄλλους τῶν τελέως βαρβάρων.
After the Salyes, the Albienses, the Albioeci, and the Vocontii inhabit the northern portion of the mountains. The Vocontii extend as far as the Allobriges, and occupy vast valleys in the depths of the mountains, not inferior to those inhabited by the Allobriges. Both the Allobriges and Ligurians are subject to the pretors sent into the Narbonnaise, but the Vocontii are governed by their own laws, as we have said of the Volcae of Nemausus. Of the Ligurians between the Var and Genoa, those along the sea are considered Italians; while the mountaineers are governed by a prefect of the equestrian order, as is the case in regard to other nations wholly barbarous.
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