̔εξῆς δὲ τὰ τοῦ Ἐρατοσθένους ἐπανορθοῖ, τὰ μὲν εὖ τὰ δὲ χεῖρον λέγων ἢ ἐκεῖνος. ἐξ Ἰθάκης μὲν γὰρ εἰς Κόρκυραν τριακοσίους εἰπόντος, πλείους φησὶν εἶναι τῶν ἐνακοσίων, ἐξ Ἐπιδάμνου δὲ εἰς Θεσσαλονίκειαν ἐνακοσίους ἀποδόντος, πλείους τῶν δισχιλίων φησί· ταῦτα μὲν εὖ. ἀπὸ δὲ Μασσαλίας ἐπὶ στήλας λέγοντος ἑπτακισχιλίους, ἀπὸ δὲ Πυρήνης ἑξακισχιλίους, αὐτὸς λέγει χεῖρον πλείους ἢ ἐνακισχιλίους τοὺς ἀπὸ Μασσαλίας, ἀπὸ δὲ Πυρήνης μικρὸν ἐλάττους ἢ ὀκτακισχιλίους· ἐγγυτέρω γὰρ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐκεῖνος εἴρηκεν. οἱ γὰρ νῦν ὁμολογοῦσιν, εἴ τις τὰς τῶν ὁδῶν ἀνωμαλίας ὑποτέμνοιτο, μὴ μείζω τῶν ἑξακισχιλίων σταδίων εἶναι τὸ μῆκος τὴν σύμπασαν Ἰβηρίαν ἀπὸ Πυρήνης ἕως τῆς ἑσπερίου πλευρᾶς. ὁ δʼ αὐτὸν τὸν Τάγον ποταμὸν ὀκτακισχιλίων τίθησι τὸ μῆκος ἀπὸ τῆς πηγῆς μέχρι τῶν ἐκβολῶν, οὐ δή που τὸ σὺν τοῖς σκολιώμασιν (οὐ γὰρ γεωγραφικὸν τοῦτο), ἀλλʼ ἐπʼ εὐθείας λέγων, καίτοι γε ἀπὸ Πυρήνης αἱ τοῦ Τάγου πηγαὶ πλέον διέχουσιν ἢ χιλίους σταδίους. πάλιν δὲ τοῦτο μὲν ὀρθῶς ἀποφαίνεται, ὅτι ἀγνοεῖ τὰ Ἰβηρικὰ ὁ Ἐρατοσθένης, καὶ διότι περὶ αὐτῆς ἔσθʼ ὅπου τὰ μαχόμενα ἀποφαίνεται· ὅς γε μέχρι Γαδείρων ὑπὸ Γαλατῶν περιοικεῖσθαι φήσας ἔξωθεν αὐτῆς, εἴ γε τὰ πρὸς δύσιν τῆς Εὐρώπης μέχρι Γαδείρων ἔχουσιν ἐκεῖνοι, τούτων ἐκλαθόμενος κατὰ τὴν τῆς Ἰβηρίας περίοδον τῶν Γαλατῶν οὐδαμοῦ μέμνηται.
After this Polybius proceeds to set right the mistakes of Eratosthenes. In this he is sometimes successful; at others his corrections are for the worse. For example, Eratosthenes gives 300 stadia from Ithaca to Corcyra; Polybius makes it above 900. From Epidamnus to Thessalonica Eratosthenes allows 900 stadia; Polybius says above 2000. In these instances he is correct. But where Eratosthenes states that from Marseilles to the Pillars there are 7000 stadia, and from the Pyrenees [to the same place] 6000, and Polybius alters this to more than 9000 from Marseilles, and little less than 8000 from the Pyrenees, he is quite mistaken, and not so near to the truth as Eratosthenes. For all are now agreed that, barring the indirectness of the roads, the whole length of Iberia is not more than 6000 stadia from the Pyrenees to its western limits; notwithstanding Polybius gives 8000 stadia for the length of the river Tagus, from its source to its outlets, and this in a straight line without any reference to its sinuosities, which in fact never enter into the geographical estimate, although the sources of the Tagus are above 1000 stadia from the Pyrenees. His remark is quite correct, that Eratosthenes knew little about Iberia, and on this account sometimes makes conflicting statements concerning it. He tells us, for example, that the portion of this country situated on the sea-coast as far as Gades is inhabited by Galatae, who possess western Europe as far as Gades; nevertheless, in his account of Iberia he seems quite to have forgotten this, and makes no mention of these Galatae whatever.
τό μῆκος τῆς Εὐρώπης ὅτι ἔλαττόν ἐστι τοῦ συνάμφω τῆς τε Λιβύης καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας ἐκθείς, οὐκ ὀρθῶς τὴν σύγκρισιν ποιεῖται· τὸ μὲν γὰρ στόμα τὸ κατὰ στήλας φησὶν ὅτι κατὰ τὴν ἰσημερινὴν δύσιν ἐστίν, ὁ δὲ Τάναϊς ῥεῖ ἀπὸ θερινῆς ἀνατολῆς· ἐλαττοῦται δὴ τοῦ συνάμφω μήκους τῷ μεταξὺ τῆς θερινῆς ἀνατολῆς καὶ τῆς ἰσημερινῆς· τοῦτο γὰρ ἡ Ἀσία προλαμβάνει πρὸς τὴν ἰσημερινὴν ἀνατολὴν τοῦ πρὸς τὰς ἄρκτους ἡμικυκλίου. χωρὶς γὰρ τοῦ περισκελοῦς ἐν πράγμασιν εὐαποδότοις καὶ ψεῦδός ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ θερινῆς ἀνατολῆς τὸν Τάναϊν ῥεῖν· ἅπαντες γὰρ οἱ ἔμπειροι τῶν τόπων ἀπὸ τῶν ἄρκτων ῥεῖν φασιν εἰς τὴν Μαιῶτιν, ὥστε τὰ στόματα τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ τὸ τῆς Μαιώτιδος καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν ποταμόν, ἐφʼ ὅσον γνώριμός ἐστιν, ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ μεσημβρινοῦ κεῖσθαι.
Again, however, Polybius makes an incorrect assertion, in stating that the whole length of Europe is unequal to that of Africa and Asia taken together. He tells us “that the entrance at the Pillars corresponds in direction to the equinoctial west, and that the Don flows from the summer rising, consequently the length of Europe is less than that of Asia and Africa taken together by the space between the summer rising and the equinoctial rising, since Asia occupies the eastern portion of the northern semicircle. Now, in addition to the obscurity which Polybius throws over subjects which might have been simply stated, it is false that the river Don flows from the summer rising. For all who are acquainted with these localities inform us that this river flows from the north into the Maeotis, so that the mouth of the river lies under the same meridian as that of the Maeotis; and so in fact does the whole river as far as is known.
οὐκ ἄξιοι δὲ λόγου τινὲς οἱ μὲν εἶπον ἀπὸ τῶν κατὰ τὸν Ἴστρον τόπων αὐτὸν τὰς ἀρχὰς ἔχειν καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἑσπέρας, οὐκ ἐνθυμηθέντες ὡς μεταξὺ ὁ Τύρας καὶ Βορυσθένης καὶ Ὕπανις μεγάλοι ποταμοὶ ῥέουσιν εἰς τὸν Πόντον, ὁ μὲν τῷ Ἴστρῳ παράλληλος οἱ δὲ τῷ Τανάιδι· οὔτε δὲ τοῦ Τύρα τῶν πηγῶν κατωπτευμένων οὔτε τοῦ Βορυσθένους οὔτε τοῦ Ὑπάνιος, πολὺ ἂν εἴη ἀγνωστότερα τὰ ἐκείνων ἀρκτικώτερα· ὥσθʼ ὁ διʼ ἐκείνων ἄγων ἐπὶ τὴν Μαιῶτιν τὸν Τάναϊν, εἶτʼ ἐπιστρέφων ἐπʼ αὐτήν (αἱ γὰρ ἐκβολαὶ φανερῶς ἐν τοῖς προσαρκτίοις μέρεσι τῆς λίμνης δείκνυνται καὶ τούτοις τοῖς ἑωθινωτάτοις), πλαστὸς ἄν τις εἴη καὶ ἀπέραντος λόγος. ὡς δʼ αὕτως ἀπέραντος καὶ ὁ διὰ τοῦ Καυκάσου πρὸς ἄρκτον φήσας ῥεῖν, εἶτʼ ἐπιστρέφειν εἰς τὴν Μαιῶτιν· εἴρηται γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο. ἀπὸ μέντοι τῆς ἀνατολῆς οὐδεὶς εἴρηκε τὴν ῥύσιν· καὶ γὰρ εἰ ἔρρει οὕτως, οὐκ ἂν ὑπεναντίως τῷ Νείλῳ καὶ τρόπον τινὰ κατὰ διάμετρον ῥεῖν αὐτὸν ἀπεφαίνοντο οἱ χαριέστεροι, ὡς ἂν ἐπὶ ταὐτοῦ μεσημβρινοῦ ἢ παρακειμένου τινὸς τῆς ῥύσεως οὔσης ἑκατέρῳ ποταμῷ.
Equally unworthy of credit is the statement of those who tell us, that the Don rises in the vicinity of the Danube, and flows from the west; they do not remember that between these are the Dniester, the Dnieper, and the Bog, all great rivers, which flow [into the Euxine Sea]; one runs parallel to the Danube, the other two to the Don. Now if at the present day we are ignorant of the sources both of the Dniester, and also of the Dnieper and Bog, the regions farther north must certainly be still less known. It is therefore a fictitious and idle assertion, that the Don crosses these rivers, and then turns northward on its way to discharge itself into the Maebtis, it being well known that the outlets to this river are in the most northern and eastern portions of the lake.
No less idle is the statement which has also been advanced. that the Don, after crossing the Caucasus, flows northward and then turns towards the Maeotis. No one, however, [with the exception of Polybius,] made this river flow from the east If such were its course, our best geographers would never have told us that its direction was contrary to that of the Nile, and, so to speak, diametrically opposite thereto, as if the course of both rivers lay under the same meridian.
̔́η τε τοῦ μήκους τῆς οἰκουμένης μέτρησις κατὰ παραλλήλου τῷ ἰσημερινῷ ἐστιν, ἐπειδὴ καὶ αὐτὴ ἐπὶ μῆκος οὕτως ἐκτέταται ὥστε καὶ τῶν ἠπείρων ἑκάστης οὕτω δεῖ λαμβάνειν τὸ μῆκος μεταξὺ μεσημβρινῶν δυεῖν κείμενον. τά τε μέτρα τῶν μηκῶν σταδιασμοί εἰσιν, οὓς θηρεύομεν, ἢ διʼ αὐτῶν ἐκείνων ἰόντες ἢ τῶν παραλλήλων ὁδῶν ἢ πόρων. ὁ δὲ τοῦτον ἀφεὶς τὸν τρόπον καινὸν εἰσάγει τὸ μεταξὺ τῆς τε θερινῆς ἀνατολῆς καὶ τῆς ἰσημερινῆς τμῆμά τι τοῦ ἀρκτικοῦ ἡμικυκλίου. πρὸς δὲ τὰ ἀμετάπτωτα οὐδεὶς κανόσι καὶ μέτροις χρῆται τοῖς μεταπτώτοις οὐδὲ τοῖς κατʼ ἄλλην καὶ ἄλλην σχέσιν λεγομένοις πρὸς τὰ καθʼ αὑτὰ καὶ * διαφοράν. τὸ μὲν οὖν μῆκος ἀμετάπτωτον καὶ καθʼ αὑτὸ λέγεται, ἀνατολὴ δʼ ἰσημερινὴ καὶ δύσις, ὡς δʼ αὕτως θερινή τε καὶ χειμερινή, οὐ καθʼ αὑτὴν ἀλλὰ πρὸς ἡμᾶς· ἡμῶν δʼ ἄλλοτʼ ἄλλῃ μεταχωρούντων, ἄλλοτʼ ἄλλοι τόποι καὶ δύσεών εἰσι καὶ ἀνατολῶν ἰσημερινῶν τε καὶ τροπικῶν, τὸ δὲ μῆκος μένει ταὐτὸν τῆς ἠπείρου. Τάναϊν μὲν οὖν καὶ Νεῖλον οὐκ ἄτοπον πέρας ποιεῖσθαι, θερινὴν δʼ ἀνατολὴν ἢ ἰσημερινὴν καινόν.
Further, the length of the inhabited earth is measured on a line parallel with the equator, as it is in this direction that its greatest length lies: in the same way with respect to each of the continents, we must take their length as it lies between two meridians. The measure of these lengths consists of a certain number of stadia, which we obtain either by going over the places themselves, or roads or ways parallel thereto. Polybius abandons this method, and adopts the new way of taking the segment of the northern semicircle comprised between the summer rising and the equinoctial rising. But no one ought to calculate by variable rules or measures in determining the length of fixed distances: nor yet should he make use of the phenomena of the heavens, which appear different when observed from different points, for distances which have their length determined by themselves and remain unchanged. The length of a country never varies, but depends upon itself; whereas, the equinoctial rising and setting, and the summer and winter rising and setting, depend not on themselves, but on our position [with respect to them]. As we shift from place to place, the equinoctial rising and setting, and the winter and summer rising and setting, shift with us; but the length of a continent always remains the same. To make the Don and the Nile the bounds of -these continents, is nothing out of the way, but it is something strange to employ for this purpose the equinoctial rising and the summer rising.
προπεπτωκυίας δὲ τῆς Εὐρώπης ἄκραις πλείοσι, βέλτιον μὲν οὗτος εἴρηκεν περὶ αὐτῶν Ἐρατοσθένους, οὔπω δὲ ἱκανῶς· ἐκεῖνος μὲν γὰρ τρεῖς ἔφη, τὴν ἐπὶ τὰς στήλας καθήκουσαν, ἐφʼ ἧς ἡ Ἰβηρία, καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τὸν πορθμόν, ἐφʼ ἧς ἡ Ἰταλία, καὶ τρίτην τὴν κατὰ Μαλέας, ἐφʼ ἧς τὰ μεταξὺ τοῦ Ἀδρίου καὶ τοῦ Εὐξείνου πάντʼ ἔθνη καὶ τοῦ Τανάιδος. οὗτος δὲ τὰς μὲν δύο τὰς πρώτας ὁμοίως ἐκτίθεται, τρίτην δὲ τὴν κατὰ Μαλέας καὶ Σούνιον, ἐφʼ ἧς ἡ Ἑλλὰς πᾶσα καὶ ἡ Ἰλλυρὶς καὶ τῆς Θρᾴκης τινά, τετάρτην δὲ τὴν κατὰ τὴν Θρᾳκίαν χερρόνησον, ἐφʼ ἧς τὰ κατὰ Σηστὸν καὶ Ἄβυδον στενά (ἔχουσι δʼ αὐτὴν Θρᾷκες), πέμπτην δὲ τὴν κατὰ τὸν Κιμμερικὸν Βόσπορον καὶ τὸ στόμα τῆς Μαιώτιδος. τὰς μὲν οὖν δύο τὰς πρώτας δοτέον· ἁπλοῖς γάρ τισι περιλαμβάνονται κόλποις, ἡ μὲν τῷ μεταξὺ τῆς Κάλπης καὶ τοῦ ἱεροῦ ἀκρωτηρίου, ἐν ᾧ τὰ Γάδειρα, καὶ τῷ μεταξὺ στηλῶν καὶ τῆς Σικελίας πελάγει· ἡ δὲ τούτῳ τε καὶ τῷ Ἀδρίᾳ, καίτοι ἥ γε τῶν Ἰαπύγων ἄκρα παρεμπίπτουσα καὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν δικόρυφον ποιοῦσα ἔχει τινὰ ἀντέμφασιν· αἱ λοιπαὶ δʼ ἔτι ἐναργέστερον ποικίλαι καὶ πολυμερεῖς οὖσαι ζητοῦσιν ἄλλην διαίρεσιν. ὡς δʼ αὕτως ἔχει καὶ ἡ εἰς ἓξ διαίρεσις τὴν ὁμοίαν ἔνστασιν ἀκολούθως ταῖς ἄκραις διειλημμένη. ποιησόμεθα δʼ ἡμεῖς ἐν τοῖς καθʼ ἕκαστα τὴν προσήκουσαν ἐπανόρθωσιν καὶ τούτων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ὅσα ἔν τε τῇ Εὐρώπῃ διημάρτηται καὶ ἐν τῇ τῆς Λιβύης περιοδείᾳ. νῦν δʼ ἀρκέσει ταῦτα λεχθέντα πρὸς τοὺς πρὸ ἡμῶν, ὅσους ᾠήθημεν ἱκανοὺς εἶναι παρατεθέντας ἐκμαρτυρεῖν ἡμῖν, ὅτι δικαίως προειλόμεθα καὶ αὐτοὶ τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἔργον τοσαύτης ἐπανορθώσεως καὶ προσθήκης δεόμενον.
Of the many promontories formed by Europe, a better description is given by Polybius than by Eratosthenes; but even his is not sufficient. Eratosthenes only names three; one at the Pillars of Hercules, where Iberia is situated; a second at the Strait of Sicily, and containing Italy; the third terminated by the Cape of Malea, comprising all the countries situated between the Adriatic, the Euxine, and the Don. The two former of these Polybius describes in the same manner as Eratosthenes, but the third, which is equally terminated by the Cape of Malea and Cape Sunium, [he makes to] comprehend the whole of Greece, Illyria, and some portion of Thrace. [He supposes] a fourth, containing the Thracian Chersonesus and the countries contiguous to the Strait, betwixt Sestos and Abydos. This is occupied by the Thracians. Also a fifth, about the Kimmerian Bosphorus and the mouth of the Maeotis. Let us allow [to Polybius] his two former [promontories], they are clearly distinguished by unmistakeable bays; the first by the bay between Calpé and the Sacred Promontory where Gades is situated, as also by the sea between the Pillars and Sicily; the second by the latter sea and the Adriatic, although it may be objected that the extremity of Iapygia, being a promontory in itself, causes Italy to have a double cape. But as for the remaining [promontories of Polybius], they are plainly much more irregular, and composed of many parts, and require some other division. So likewise his plan of dividing [Europe] into six parts, similar to that of the promontories, is liable to objection.
However, we will set to rights each of these errors separately, as we meet with them, as well as the other blunders into which he has fallen in his description of Europe, and the journey round Africa. For the present we think that we have sufficiently dwelt on those of our predecessors whom we have thought proper to introduce as testimonies in our behalf, that both in the matter of correction and addition we had ample cause to undertake the present work.
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