τίνʼ οὖν τοιαύτην εὕροις εὐδαιμονίαν περὶ Βορυσθένη καὶ τὴν Κελτικὴν τὴν παρωκεανῖτιν; ὅπου μηδὲ φύεται ἄμπελος ἢ μὴ τελεσφορεῖ· ἐν δὲ τοῖς νοτιωτέροις τούτων καὶ ἐπιθαλαττιδίοις καὶ τοῖς κατὰ Βόσπορον τελεσφορεῖ, ἐν μικροκαρπίᾳ δέ, καὶ τοῦ χειμῶνος κατορύττεται. οἱ δὲ πάγοι παρʼ αὐτοῖς τοιοῦτοί τινές εἰσιν ἐπὶ τῷ στόματι τῆς λίμνης τῆς Μαιώτιδος, ὥστʼ ἐν χωρίῳ, ἐν ᾧ χειμῶνος ὁ τοῦ Μιθριδάτου στρατηγὸς ἐνίκησε τοὺς βαρβάρους ἱππομαχῶν ἐπὶ τῷ πάγῳ, τοὺς αὐτοὺς καταναυμαχῆσαι θέρους, λυθέντος τοῦ πάγου. ὁ δʼ Ἐρατοσθένης καὶ τοὐπίγραμμα προφέρεται τὸ ἐν τῷ Ἀσκληπιείῳ τῷ Παντικαπαιέων ἐπὶ τῇ ῥαγείσῃ χαλκῇ ὑδρίᾳ διὰ τὸν πάγον εἴ τις ἄρʼ ἀνθρώπων μὴ πείθεται οἷα παρʼ ἡμῖν γίγνεται, εἰς τήνδε γνώτω ἰδὼν ὑδρίαν· ἣν οὐχ ὡς ἀνάθημα θεοῦ καλόν, ἀλλʼ ἐπίδειγμα χειμῶνος μεγάλου θῆχʼ ἱερεὺς Στρατίος. ὅπου οὖν οὐδὲ τοῖς ἐν Βοσπόρῳ συγκριτέον τὰ ἐν τοῖς διαριθμηθεῖσι τόποις, ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ τοῖς ἐν Ἀμισῷ καὶ Σινώπῃ (καὶ γὰρ ἐκείνων εὐκρατοτέρους ἂν εἴποι τις), σχολῇ γʼ ἂν παραβάλλοιντο τοῖς κατὰ Βορυσθένη καὶ τοῖς ἐσχάτοις Κελτοῖς. μόλις γὰρ ἂν ταυτοκλινεῖς εἶεν τοῖς κατʼ Ἀμισὸν καὶ Σινώπην καὶ Βυζάντιον καὶ Μασσαλίαν, οἳ τοῦ Βορυσθένους καὶ τῶν Κελτῶν ὡμολόγηνται νοτιώτεροι σταδίοις τρισχιλίοις καὶ ἑπτακοσίοις.
Can one find any fertility to compare with this near to the Dnieper, or that part of Keltica next the ocean, where the vine either does not grow at all, or attains no maturity. However, in the more southerly portions of these districts, close to the sea, and those next the Bosphorus, the vine brings its fruit to maturity, although the grapes are exceedingly small, and the vines are covered up all the winter. And in the parts near the mouth of the Palus Maeotis, the frost is so strong that a general of Mithridates defeated the barbarians here in a cavalry engagement during the winter, and on the very same spot in a naval fight in summer, when the ice was thawed. Eratosthenes furnishes us with the following inscription, which he found in the temple of Aesculapius at Panticapaeeon, on a brazen vase which had been broken by the frost:—
If any one doubts the intensity of our winter’s cold, let him believe when he sees this vase. The priest Stratius placed it here, not because he considered it a worthy offering to the god, but as a proof of the severity of our winter.
Since therefore the provinces we have just enumerated [are so superior in climate, that they] cannot be compared with the countries surrounding the Bosphorus, nor even the regions of Amisus and Sinope, (for every one will admit that they are much superior to these latter,) it would be idle to compare them with the districts near the Borysthenes and the north of Keltica; for we have shown that their temperature is not so low as Amisus, Sinope, Byzantium, and Marseilles, which are universally acknowledged to be 3700 stadia south of the Dnieper and Keltica.
οἱ δέ γε περὶ Δηίμαχον τοῖς τρισμυρίοις ἐὰν προσλάβωσι τὸ ἐπὶ τὴν Ταπροβάνην καὶ τοὺς ὅρους τῆς διακεκαυμένης, οὓς οὐκ ἐλάττους τῶν τετρακισχιλίων θετέον, ἐκτοπιοῦσι τά τε Βάκτρα καὶ τὴν Ἀρίαν εἰς τοὺς ἀπέχοντας τόπους τῆς διακεκαυμένης σταδίους τρισμυρίους καὶ τετρακισχιλίους, ὅσους ἀπὸ τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ ἐπὶ Βορυσθένη φησὶν εἶναι ὁ Ἵππαρχος. ἐκπεσοῦνται ἄρα εἰς τοὺς βορειοτέρους τοῦ Βορυσθένους καὶ τῆς Κελτικῆς σταδίοις ὀκτακισχιλίοις καὶ ὀκτακοσίοις, ὅσοις νοτιώτερός ἐστιν ὁ ἰσημερινὸς τοῦ ὁρίζοντος κύκλου τὴν διακεκαυμένην καὶ τὴν εὔκρατον, ὅν φαμεν διὰ τῆς Κινναμωμοφόρου μάλιστα γράφεσθαι. ἡμεῖς δέ γε ἐπεδείκνυμεν μέχρι τῆς Ἰέρνης μόλις οἰκήσιμα ὄντα τὰ ὑπὲρ τὴν Κελτικήν, ἅπερ οὐ πλείω τῶν πεντακισχιλίων ἐστίν. οὗτος δʼ ἀποφαίνει ὁ λόγος τῆς Ἰέρνης ἔτι βορειότερον εἶναί τινα κύκλον οἰκήσιμον σταδίοις τρισχιλίοις ὀκτακοσίοις. ἔσται δὲ Βάκτρα καὶ τοῦ στόματος τῆς Κασπίας θαλάττης εἴτε Ὑρκανίας πάμπολύ τι ἀρκτικώτερα, ὅπερ τοῦ μυχοῦ τῆς Κασπίας καὶ τῶν Ἀρμενιακῶν καὶ Μηδικῶν ὀρῶν διέχει περὶ ἑξακισχιλίους σταδίους, καὶ δοκεῖ αὐτῆς τῆς παραλίας μέχρι τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἀρκτικώτερον εἶναι σημεῖον καὶ περίπλουν ἔχειν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς δυνατόν, ὥς φησιν ὁ τῶν τόπων ἡγησάμενος τούτων Πατροκλῆς. ἔτι τοίνυν ἡ Βακτριανὴ χίλια στάδια ἐπὶ τὴν ἄρκτον ἐκτείνεται· τὰ δὲ τῶν Σκυθῶν πολὺ μείζω ταύτης ἐπέκεινα χώραν νέμεται, καὶ τελευτᾷ πρὸς τὴν βόρειον θάλατταν, νομαδικῶς μὲν ζῶντα δʼ ὅμως. πῶς οὖν, εἴπερ καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ Βάκτρα ἤδη τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐκπίπτει; εἴη ἂν τὸ διάστημα τοῦτο ἀπὸ τοῦ Καυκάσου μέχρι τῆς βορείας θαλάττης τῇ διὰ Βάκτρων ὀλίγῳ πλειόνων ἢ τετρακισχιλίων. ταῦτα δὴ προστεθέντα τῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰέρνης ἐπὶ τὰ βόρεια σταδιασμῷ ποιεῖ τὸ πᾶν διὰ τῆς ἀοικήτου διάστημα ἐπὶ τοῦ διὰ τῆς Ἰέρνης σταδιασμοῦ σταδίων ἑπτακισχιλίων καὶ ὀκτακοσίων· εἰ δὲ ἐάσειέ τις τοὺς τετρακισχιλίους σταδίους, αὐτά γε τὰ πρὸς τῷ Καυκάσῳ μέρη τῆς Βακτριανῆς ἔσται βορειότερα τῆς Ἰέρνης σταδίοις τρισχιλίοις καὶ ὀκτακοσίοις, τῆς δὲ Κελτικῆς καὶ τοῦ Βορυσθένους ὀκτακισχιλίοις καὶ ὀκτακοσίοις.
If the followers of Deimachus add to the 30.000 stadia the distance to Taprobane and the boundaries of the torrid zone, which cannot be reckoned less than 4000 stadia, they will then remove Bactria and Aria from their actual localities and place them 34,000 stadia from the torrid zone, a distance equal to that which Hipparchus states to be between the equator and [the mouth of] the Dnieper, and the two countries will therefore be removed 8800 stadia north of [the mouth of] the Dnieper and Keltica; for there are reckoned to be 8800 stadia from the equator to the parallel of latitude which separates the temperate from the torrid zone, and which crosses the Cinnamon Country. We have proved that the regions not more than 5000 stadia north of Keltica, as far as Ierne, are scarcely habitable, but their reasoning leads to the conclusion that there is another circle fitted for the habitation of man, although 3800 stadia north of Ierne. And that Bactra is still farther north than the mouth of the Caspian or Hyrcanian Sea, which is distant about 6000 stadia from the recess of the Caspian and the mountains of Armenia and Media, and which appears to be the most northerly point of the whole coast as far as India, with a sea navigable to India all the way, as Patrocles, who had the government of these regions, affirms. Now Bactriana stretches 1000 stadia farther north. Beyond this the Scythians occupy a much larger territory, bounded by the Northern Ocean: here they dwell, though to be sure theirs is a nomade life. But we ask how they could exist here at all, supposing even Bactra to be beyond the limits of the habitable globe. The distance from the Caucasus to the Northern Sea through Bactra would be rather more than 4000 stadia. This being added to the number of stadia north of Ierne above-mentioned, will give us the whole amount of uninhabitable land from Ierne northward 7800 stadia, and even omitting the 4000 stadia altogether, those parts of Bactriana next the Caucasus will still be 3800 stadia farther north than Ierne, and 8800 farther north than Keltica, and [the mouth] of the Dnieper.
φησὶ δὲ ὁ Ἵππαρχος κατὰ τὸν Βορυσθένη καὶ τὴν Κελτικὴν ἐν ὅλαις ταῖς θεριναῖς νυξὶ παραυγάζεσθαι τὸ φῶς τοῦ ἡλίου περιιστάμενον ἀπὸ τῆς δύσεως ἐπὶ τὴν ἀνατολήν, ταῖς δὲ χειμεριναῖς τροπαῖς πλεῖστον μετεωρίζεσθαι τὸν ἥλιον ἐπὶ πήχεις ἐννέα, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἀπέχουσι τῆς Μασσαλίας ἑξακισχιλίοις καὶ τριακοσίοις (οὓς ἐκεῖνος μὲν ἔτι Κελτοὺς ὑπολαμβάνει, ἐγὼ δʼ οἶμαι Βρεττανοὺς εἶναι, βορειοτέρους τῆς Κελτικῆς σταδίοις δισχιλίοις πεντακοσίοις) πολὺ μᾶλλον τοῦτο συμβαίνειν. ἐν δὲ ταῖς χειμεριναῖς ἡμέραις ὁ ἥλιος μετεωρίζεται πήχεις ἕξ, τέτταρας δʼ ἐν τοῖς ἀπέχουσι Μασσαλίας ἐνακισχιλίους σταδίους καὶ ἑκατόν, ἐλάττους δὲ τῶν τριῶν ἐν τοῖς ἐπέκεινα, οἳ κατὰ τὸν ἡμέτερον λόγον πολὺ ἂν εἶεν ἀρκτικώτεροι τῆς Ἰέρνης. οὗτος δὲ Πυθέᾳ πιστεύων κατὰ τὰ ἀρκτικώτερα τῆς Βρεττανικῆς τὴν οἴκησιν ταύτην τίθησι, καί φησιν εἶναι τὴν μακροτάτην ἐνταῦθα ἡμέραν ὡρῶν ἰσημερινῶν δέκα ἐννέα, ὀκτωκαίδεκα δὲ ὅπου τέτταρας ὁ ἥλιος μετεωρίζεται πήχεις· οὕς φησιν ἀπέχειν τῆς Μασσαλίας ἐνακισχιλίους καὶ ἑκατὸν σταδίους, ὥσθʼ οἱ νοτιώτατοι τῶν Βρεττανῶν βορειότεροι τούτων εἰσίν. ἤτοι οὖν ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ παραλλήλου εἰσὶ τοῖς πρὸς τῷ Καυκάσῳ Βακτρίοις ἢ ἐπί τινος πλησιάζοντος· εἴρηται γὰρ ὅτι κατὰ τοὺς περὶ Δηίμαχον συμβήσεται βορειοτέρους εἶναι τῆς Ἰέρνης τοὺς πρὸς τῷ Καυκάσῳ Βακτρίους σταδίοις τρισχιλίοις ὀκτακοσίοις· προστεθέντων δὲ τούτων τοῖς ἀπὸ Μασσαλίας εἰς Ἰέρνην, γίνονται μύριοι δισχίλιοι πεντακόσιοι. τίς οὖν ἱστόρηκεν ἐν τοῖς ἐκεῖ τόποις (λέγω δὲ τοῖς περὶ Βάκτρα) τοῦτο τὸ μῆκος τῶν μεγίστων ἡμερῶν ἢ τὸ ἔξαρμα τοῦ ἡλίου τὸ κατὰ τὰς μεσουρανήσεις ἐν ταῖς χειμεριναῖς τροπαῖς; ὀφθαλμοφανῆ γὰρ πάντα ταῦτα ἰδιώτῃ καὶ οὐ δεόμενα μαθηματικῆς σημειώσεως, ὥστε συνέγραψαν ἂν πολλοὶ καὶ τῶν παλαιῶν τῶν τὰ Περσικὰ ἱστορούντων καὶ τῶν ὕστερον μέχρι καὶ εἰς ἡμᾶς. πῶς δʼ ἂν ἡ λεχθεῖσα εὐδαιμονία τῶν τόπων ὡμολόγητο τοῖς τοιούτοις ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ φαινομένοις; ἐκ δὲ τῶν εἰρημένων δῆλον ὡς καὶ σοφῶς ἀντιλέγει πρὸς τὴν ἀπόδειξιν, ὡς ἰσοδυναμούντων τῶν ζητουμένων λαμβάνοντος πρὸς τὸ ἀποδεῖξαι τὸ ζητούμενον.
Hipparchus narrates that at the Dnieper and [the north of] Keltica, during the whole of the summer nights there is one continued twilight from sun-set to sun-rise, but at the winter solstice the sun never rises more than nine cubits above the horizon. He adds that this phenomenon is yet more remarkable in regions 6300 stadia north of Marseilles, (these regions he supposes to be peopled by Kelts, but I believe are inhabited by Britons, and 2500 stadia north of Keltica,) where the sun at the winter solstice rises only six cubits above the horizon. That at 9100 stadia north of Marseilles it only rises four cubits, and not so much as three in the countries beyond, and which I consider much farther north than Ierne. However, Hipparchus, on the authority of Pytheas, places them south of Britain, and says that the longest day there consists only of 19 hours; while in countries where the sun rises but four cubits above the horizon, and which are situated 9100 stadia north of Marseilles, the day has 18 hours. Consequently [according to his hypothesis] the most southerly parts of Britain must be north of these regions. They must therefore be under the same parallel, or almost the same, as the parts of Bactriana next to the Caucasus, which I have shown are, according to the followers of Deimachus, 3800 stadia farther north than Ierne. Now if we add this to the number between Marseilles and Ierne, we shall get 12,500 stadia. But who ever made known to us that, in those parts, I mean, in the vicinity of Bactra, this was the duration of the longest day, or the height which the sun attains in the meridian at the winter solstice? All these things are patent to the eyes of every man, and require no mathematical investigation; therefore they certainly would have been mentioned by numerous writers both amongst the ancients who have left us histories of Persia, and by the later writers too, who have carried them down to our own time. How, too, would their fertility, which I have described above, harmonize with such a latitude? The facts here advanced are sufficient to give an idea of the learned manner in which Hipparchus attempts to controvert the reasoning of Eratosthenes by mere petitiones principii.
πάλιν δʼ ἐκείνου τὸν Δηίμαχον ἰδιώτην ἐνδείξασθαι βουλομένου καὶ ἄπειρον τῶν τοιούτων· οἴεσθαι γὰρ τὴν Ἰνδικὴν μεταξὺ κεῖσθαι τῆς τε φθινοπωρινῆς ἰσημερίας καὶ τῶν τροπῶν τῶν χειμερινῶν, Μεγασθένει τε ἀντιλέγειν φήσαντι ἐν τοῖς νοτίοις μέρεσι τῆς Ἰνδικῆς τάς τε ἄρκτους ἀποκρύπτεσθαι καὶ τὰς σκιὰς ἀντιπίπτειν· μηδέτερον γὰρ τούτων μηδαμοῦ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς συμβαίνειν· ταῦτα δὴ φάσκοντος ἀμαθῶς λέγεσθαι· τό τε γὰρ τὴν φθινοπωρινὴν τῆς ἐαρινῆς διαφέρειν οἴεσθαι κατὰ τὴν διάστασιν τὴν πρὸς τὰς τροπὰς ἀμαθές, τοῦ τε κύκλου τοῦ αὐτοῦ ὄντος καὶ τῆς ἀνατολῆς· τοῦ τε διαστήματος τοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς τροπικοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ, ὧν μεταξὺ τίθησι τὴν Ἰνδικὴν ἐκεῖνος, δειχθέντος ἐν τῇ ἀναμετρήσει πολὺ ἐλάττονος τῶν δισμυρίων σταδίων, συμβῆναι ἂν καὶ κατʼ αὐτὸν ἐκεῖνον, ὅπερ αὐτὸς νομίζει, οὐχ ὃ ἐκεῖνος· δυεῖν μὲν γὰρ ἢ καὶ τριῶν μυριάδων οὖσαν τὴν Ἰνδικὴν οὐδὲ πεσεῖν μεταξὺ τοσούτου διαστήματος, ὅσων δʼ αὐτὸς εἴρηκε, πεσεῖν ἄν· τῆς δʼ αὐτῆς ἀγνοίας εἶναι καὶ τὸ μηδαμοῦ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἀποκρύπτεσθαι φάσκειν τὰς ἄρκτους μηδὲ τὰς σκιὰς ἀντιπίπτειν, ὅτε γε καὶ πεντακισχιλίους προελθόντι ἀπʼ Ἀλεξανδρείας εὐθὺς συμβαίνειν ἄρχεται· ταῦτα δὴ εἰπόντος, εὐθύνει πάλιν οὐκ εὖ ὁ Ἵππαρχος, πρῶτον ἀντὶ τοῦ χειμερινοῦ τροπικοῦ τὸν θερινὸν δεξάμενος, εἶτʼ οὐκ οἰόμενος δεῖν μάρτυρι χρῆσθαι τῶν μαθηματικῶν ἀναστρολογήτῳ ἀνθρώπῳ, ὥσπερ τοῦ Ἐρατοσθένους προηγουμένως τὴν ἐκείνου μαρτυρίαν ἐγκρίνοντος, ἀλλʼ οὐ κοινῷ τινι ἔθει χρωμένου πρὸς τοὺς ματαιολογοῦντας. εἷς γάρ τις τῶν πρὸς τοὺς ματαίως ἀντιλέγοντας ἐλέγχων ἐστίν, ὅταν αὐτὴν τὴν ἐκείνων ἀπόφασιν, ὁποία ποτέ ἐστι, δείξωμεν ἡμῖν συνηγοροῦσαν.
Again, Eratosthenes wished to show the ignorance of Deimachus, and his want of information concerning such matters, as proved by his assertion that India lies between the autumnal equinox and winter tropic. Also in his blaming Megasthenes, where he says that in the southern parts of India the Greater and Lesser Bear are seen to set, and the shadows to fall both ways; assuring us that such is not the case in India. These assertions, says Eratosthenes, arise from the ignorance of Deimachus. For it is nothing else than ignorance to suppose that the autumnal equinox is not equally distant from the tropics with the vernal; since in both equinoxes the sun rises at the same point, and performs a similar revolution. Further, [he continues,] the distance from the terrestrial tropic to the equator, between which, according to Deimachus himself, India is situated, has been proved by measurement to be much less than 20,000 stadia, consequently his own statements prove that my assertion is correct, and not his. For supposing India to be twenty or thirty thousand stadia [in breadth] it could not be contained in the given space, but if my estimate be taken it is simple enough. It is another evidence of his want of information, to say that the two Bears are not seen to set, or the shadows to fall both ways, in any part of India, since 5000 stadia south of Alexandria both of these phenomena are observable. Thus reasons Eratosthenes; whom Hipparchus again criticises in the same mistaken way. First he substitutes [in the text of Deimachus] the summer in place of the winter tropic; then he says that the evidence of a man ignorant of astronomy ought not to be received in a mathematical question; as if Eratosthenes in the main had actually been guided by the authority of Deimachus. Could he not see that Eratosthenes had followed the general custom in regard to idle reasoners, one means of refuting whom is to show that their arguments, whatever they may be, go only to confirm our views.
νυνὶ μὲν οὖν ὑποθέμενοι τὰ νοτιώτατα τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἀνταίρειν τοῖς κατὰ Μερόην, ὅπερ εἰρήκασι πολλοὶ καὶ πεπιστεύκασιν, ἐπεδείξαμεν τὰ συμβαίνοντα ἄτοπα. ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ Ἵππαρχος οὐδὲν ἀντειπὼν τῇ ὑποθέσει ταύτῃ νυνὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ ὑπομνήματι οὐ συγχωρεῖ, σκεπτέον καὶ τοῦτον τὸν λόγον. φησὶ τοίνυν ἀνταιρόντων ἀλλήλοις ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ παραλλήλου κειμένων, ἐπειδὰν τὸ μεταξὺ ᾖ μέγα διάστημα, μὴ δύνασθαι γνωσθῆναι αὐτὸ τοῦτο ὅτι εἰσὶν ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ παραλλήλου οἱ τόποι, ἄνευ τῆς τῶν κλιμάτων συγκρίσεως τῆς κατὰ θάτερον τὸν τόπον. τὸ μὲν οὖν κατὰ Μερόην κλίμα Φίλωνά τε τὸν συγγράψαντα τὸν εἰς Αἰθιοπίαν πλοῦν ἱστορεῖν, ὅτι πρὸ πέντε καὶ τετταράκοντα ἡμερῶν τῆς θερινῆς τροπῆς κατὰ κορυφὴν γίνεται ὁ ἥλιος, λέγειν δὲ καὶ τοὺς λόγους τοῦ γνώμονος πρός τε τὰς τροπικὰς σκιὰς καὶ τὰς ἰσημερινάς, αὐτόν τε Ἐρατοσθένη συμφωνεῖν ἔγγιστα τῷ Φίλωνι, τὸ δʼ ἐν τῇ Ἰνδικῇ κλίμα μηδένα ἱστορεῖν, μηδʼ αὐτὸν Ἐρατοσθένη. εἰ δὲ δὴ καὶ αἱ ἄρκτοι ἐκεῖ ἀμφότεραι, ὡς οἴεται, ἀποκρύπτονται, πιστεύων τοῖς περὶ Νέαρχον, μὴ δυνατὸν εἶναι ἐπὶ ταὐτοῦ παραλλήλου κεῖσθαι τήν τε Μερόην καὶ τὰ ἄκρα τῆς Ἰνδικῆς. εἰ μὲν τοίνυν περὶ τῶν ἄρκτων ἀμφοτέρων ὅτι ἀποκρύπτονται συναποφαίνεται τοῖς εἰποῦσιν Ἐρατοσθένης, πῶς περὶ τοῦ ἐν τῇ Ἰνδικῇ κλίματος οὐδεὶς ἀποφαίνεται, οὐδʼ αὐτὸς Ἐρατοσθένης; οὗτος γὰρ ὁ λόγος περὶ τοῦ κλίματός ἐστιν. εἰ δʼ οὐ συναποφαίνεται, ἀπηλλάχθω τῆς αἰτίας. οὐ συναποφαίνεται δέ γε, ἀλλὰ τοῦ Δηιμάχου φήσαντος μηδαμοῦ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς μήτʼ ἀποκρύπτεσθαι τὰς ἄρκτους μήτʼ ἀντιπίπτειν τὰς σκιάς, ἅπερ ὑπείληφεν ὁ Μεγασθένης, ἀπειρίαν αὐτοῦ καταγιγνώσκει, τὸ συμπεπλεγμένον νομίζων ψεῦδος, ἐν ᾧ ὁμολογουμένως καὶ κατʼ αὐτὸν τὸν Ἵππαρχον τό γε μὴ ἀντιπίπτειν τὰς σκιὰς ψεῦδος ἐμπέπλεκται. καὶ γὰρ εἰ μὴ τῇ Μερόῃ ἀνταίρει, τῆς γε Συήνης νοτιώτερα εἶναι τὰ ἄκρα τῆς Ἰνδικῆς συγχωρῶν φαίνεται.
It is by assuming as a fact that the southern extremity of India is under the same parallel as Meroe, a thing affirmed and believed by most writers, that we shall be best able to show the absurdities of the system of Hipparchus. In the first book of his Commentaries he does not object to this hypothesis, but in the second book he no longer admits it; we must examine his reasons for this. He says, when two countries are situated under the same parallel, but separated by a great distance, you cannot be certain that they are exactly under the same parallel, unless the climata of both the places are found to be similar. Now Philo, in his account of a voyage by sea to Ethiopia, has given us the clima of Meroe. He says that at that place the sun is vertical forty-five days before the summer solstice, he also informs us of the proportion of shadow thrown by the gnomon both at the equinoxes and solstices. Eratosthenes agrees almost exactly with Philo. But not a single writer, not even Eratosthenes, has informed us of the clima of India; but if it is the case, as many are inclined to believe on the authority of Nearchus, that the two Bears are seen to set in that country, then certainly Meroe and the southern extremity of India cannot be under the same parallel. [Such is the reasoning of Hipparchus, but we reply,] If Eratosthenes confirms the statement of those authors who tell us that in India the two Bears are observed to set, how can it be said that not a single person, not even Eratosthenes, has informed us of any thing concerning the clima of India? This is itself information on that point. If, however, he has not confirmed this statement, let him be exonerated from the error. Certain it is he never did confirm the statement. Only when Deimachus affirmed that there was no place in India from which the two Bears might be seen to set, or the shadows fall both ways, as Megasthenes had asserted, Eratosthenes thereupon taxed him with ignorance, regarding as absolutely false this two-fold assertion, one half of which, namely, that concerning the shadows not falling both ways, Hipparchus himself acknowledged to be false; for if the southern extremity of India were not under the same parallel as Meroe, still Hipparchus appears to have considered it south of Syene.
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