[…] εἰ γὰρ ὁ διὰ Ῥόδου καὶ Βυζαντίου μεσημβρινὸς ὀρθῶς εἴληπται, καὶ ὁ διὰ τῆς Κιλικίας καὶ Ἀμισοῦ ὀρθῶς ἂν εἴη εἰλημμένος· φαίνεται γὰρ τὸ παράλληλον ἐκ πολλῶν, ὅταν μηδετέρως ἡ σύμπτωσις ἀπελέγχηται.
If the meridian of Rhodes and Byzantium has been rightly determined to be the same, then that of Cilicia and Amisus has likewise been rightly determined; many observations having proved that the lines are parallel, and that they never impinge on each other.
̔́ο τε ἐξ Ἀμισοῦ πλοῦς ἐπὶ τὴν Κολχίδα ὅτι ἐστὶν ἐπὶ ἰσημερινὴν ἀνατολήν, καὶ τοῖς ἀνέμοις ἐλέγχεται καὶ ὥραις καὶ καρποῖς καὶ ταῖς ἀνατολαῖς αὐταῖς· ὡς δʼ αὕτως καὶ ἡ ἐπὶ τὴν Κασπίαν ὑπέρβασις καὶ ἡ ἐφεξῆς ὁδὸς μέχρι Βάκτρων. πολλαχοῦ γὰρ ἡ ἐνάργεια καὶ τὸ ἐκ πάντων συμφωνούμενον ὀργάνου πιστότερόν ἐστιν, ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Ἵππαρχος τὴν ἀπὸ στηλῶν μέχρι τῆς Κιλικίας γραμμήν, ὅτι ἐστὶν ἐπʼ εὐθείας καὶ ὅτι ἐπὶ ἰσημερινὴν ἀνατολήν, οὐ πᾶσαν ὀργανικῶς καὶ γεωμετρικῶς ἔλαβεν, ἀλλʼ ὅλην τὴν ἀπὸ στηλῶν μέχρι πορθμοῦ τοῖς πλέουσιν ἐπίστευσεν. ὥστʼ οὐδʼ ἐκεῖνο εὖ λέγει τό ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἔχομεν λέγειν οὔθʼ ἡμέρας μεγίστης πρὸς τὴν βραχυτάτην λόγον οὔτε γνώμονος πρὸς σκιὰν ἐπὶ τῇ παρωρείᾳ τῇ ἀπὸ Κιλικίας μέχρι Ἰνδῶν, οὐδʼ εἰ ἐπὶ παραλλήλου γραμμῆς ἐστιν ἡ λόξωσις ἔχομεν εἰπεῖν, ἀλλʼ ἐᾶν ἀδιόρθωτον, λοξὴν φυλάξαντες, ὡς οἱ ἀρχαῖοι πίνακες παρέχουσι. πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν εἰπεῖν ταὐτόν ἐστι τῷ ἐπέχειν, ὁ δʼ ἐπέχων οὐδετέρωσε ῥέπει, ἐᾶν δὲ κελεύων, ὡς οἱ ἀρχαῖοι, ἐκεῖσε ῥέπει. μᾶλλον δʼ ἂν τἀκόλουθον ἐφύλαττεν, εἰ συνεβούλευε μηδὲ γεωγραφεῖν ὅλως· οὐδὲ γὰρ τῶν ἄλλων ὀρῶν τὰς θέσεις, οἷον Ἄλπεων καὶ τῶν Πυρηναίων καὶ τῶν Θρᾳκίων καὶ Ἰλλυρικῶν καὶ Γερμανικῶν, οὕτως ἔχομεν εἰπεῖν. τίς δʼ ἂν ἡγήσαιτο πιστοτέρους τῶν ὑστέρων τοὺς παλαιοὺς τοσαῦτα πλημμελήσαντας περὶ τὴν πινακογραφίαν, ὅσα εὖ διαβέβληκεν Ἐρατοσθένης, ὧν οὐδενὶ ἀντείρηκεν Ἵππαρχος;
In like manner, that the voyage from Amisus to Colchis, and the route to the Caspian, and thence on to Bactra, are both due east, is proved by the winds, the seasons, the fruits, and even the sun-risings. Frequently evidence such as this, and general agreement, are more to be relied on than the measurement taken by means of instruments. Hipparchus himself was not wholly indebted to instruments and geometrical calculations for his statement that the Pillars and Cilicia lie in a direct line due east. For that part of it included between the Pillars and the Strait of Sicily he rests entirely on the assertion of sailors. It is therefore incorrect to say that, because we cannot exactly determine the duration of the longest and shortest days, nor the degree of shadow of the gnomon throughout the mountainous region between Cilicia and India, that therefore we are unable to decide whether the line traced obliquely on the ancient charts should or should not be parallel, and consequently must leave it unreformed, keeping it oblique as the ancient charts have it. For in the first place, not to determine any thing is to leave it undetermined; and to leave a thing undetermined, is neither to take one view of the matter nor the other: but to agree to leave it as the ancients have, that is to take a view of the case. It would have been more consistent with his reasoning, if he had told us to leave Geography alone altogether, since we are similarly unable to determine the position of the Alps, the Pyrenees, and the mountains of Thrace, Illyria, and Germany. Wherefore should we give more credit to the ancient writers than to the modern, when we call to mind the numerous errors of their charts which have been pointed out by Eratosthenes, and which Hipparchus has not attempted to defend.
καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς δὲ πλήρη μεγάλων ἀποριῶν ἐστιν. ὅρα γάρ, εἰ τοῦτο μὲν μὴ κινοίη τις τὸ τὰ ἄκρα τῆς Ἰνδικῆς τὰ μεσημβρινὰ ἀνταίρειν τοῖς κατὰ Μερόην, μηδὲ τὸ διάστημα τὸ ἀπὸ Μερόης ἐπὶ τὸ στόμα τὸ κατὰ τὸ Βυζάντιον, ὅτι ἐστὶ περὶ μυρίους σταδίους καὶ ὀκτακισχιλίους, ποιοίη δὲ τρισμυρίων τὸ ἀπὸ τῶν μεσημβρινῶν Ἰνδῶν μέχρι τῶν ὀρῶν, ὅσα ἂν συμβαίη ἄτοπα. τὸ πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ εἴπερ ὁ αὐτός ἐστι παράλληλος ὁ διὰ Βυζαντίου τῷ διὰ Μασσαλίας, καθάπερ εἴρηκεν Ἵππαρχος πιστεύσας Πυθέᾳ, ὁ δʼ αὐτὸς καὶ μεσημβρινός ἐστιν ὁ διὰ Βυζαντίου τῷ διὰ Βορυσθένους, ὅπερ καὶ αὐτὸ δοκιμάζει ὁ Ἵππαρχος, δοκιμάζει δὲ καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ Βυζαντίου διάστημα ἐπὶ τὸν Βορυσθένη σταδίους εἶναι τρισχιλίους ἑπτακοσίους, τοσοῦτοι ἂν εἶεν καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ Μασσαλίας ἐπὶ τὸν διὰ Βορυσθένους παράλληλον, ὅς γε διὰ τῆς Κελτικῆς παρωκεανίτιδος ἂν εἴη· τοσούτους γάρ πως διελθόντες συνάπτουσι τῷ ὠκεανῷ.
But the system of Hipparchus altogether teems with difficulties. Reflect for an instant on the following absurdity; after admitting that the southern extremity of India is under the same degree of latitude as Meroe, and that the distance from Meroe to the Strait of Byzantium is about 18,000 stadia, lie then makes the distance from the southern extremity of India to the mountains 30,000 stadia. Since Byzantium and Marseilles are under the same parallel of latitude, as Hipparchus tells us they are, on the authority of Pytheas, and since Byzantium and the Dnieper have also the same meridian, as Hipparchus equally assures us, if we take his assertion that there is a distance of 3700 stadia between Byzantium and the Dnieper, there will of course be a like difference between the latitude of Marseilles and the Dnieper. This would make the latitude of the Dnieper identical with that of Keltica next the Ocean; for on proceeding 3700 stadia [north of Marseilles], we reach the ocean.
πάλιν δʼ ἐπεὶ τὴν Κινναμωμοφόρον ἐσχάτην ἴσμεν οἰκουμένην πρὸς μεσημβρίαν, καὶ καθʼ Ἵππαρχον αὐτὸν ὁ διʼ αὐτῆς παράλληλος ἀρχὴ τῆς εὐκράτου καὶ τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐστί, καὶ διέχει τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ περὶ ὀκτακισχιλίους καὶ ὀκτακοσίους σταδίους· ἐπεὶ οὖν φησὶν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ τὸν διὰ Βορυσθένους διέχειν τρισμυρίους καὶ τετρακισχιλίους σταδίους, εἶεν ἂν λοιποὶ οἱ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὁρίζοντος τὴν διακεκαυμένην καὶ τὴν εὔκρατον εἰς τὸν διὰ Βορυσθένους καὶ τῆς Κελτικῆς παρωκεανίτιδος στάδιοι δισμύριοι πεντακισχίλιοι διακόσιοι. ὁ δέ γε ἀπὸ τῆς Κελτικῆς πρὸς ἄρκτον πλοῦς ἔσχατος λέγεται παρὰ τοῖς νῦν ὁ ἐπὶ τὴν Ἰέρνην, ἐπέκεινα μὲν οὖσαν τῆς Βρεττανικῆς, ἀθλίως δὲ διὰ ψῦχος οἰκουμένην, ὥστε τὰ ἐπέκεινα νομίζειν ἀοίκητα. οὐ πλέον δὲ τῆς Κελτικῆς τὴν Ἰέρνην διέχειν φασὶ τῶν πεντακισχιλίων, ὥστε περὶ τρισμυρίους εἶεν ἂν ἢ μικρῷ πλείους οἱ πάντες οἱ τὸ πλάτος τῆς οἰκουμένης ἀφορίζοντες.
Again, we know that the Cinnamon Country is the most southerly point of the habitable earth. According to Hipparchus’s own statement, the latitude of this country, which marks the commencement of the temperate zone, and likewise of the habitable earth, is distant from the equator about 8800 stadia. And since he likewise says that from the equator to the parallel of the Dnieper there are 34,000 stadia, there will remain a distance of 25,200 stadia between the parallel of the Dnieper (which is the same as that which passes over the side of Keltica next the Ocean) to that which separates the torrid from the temperate zone. It is said that the farthest voyages now made north of Keltica are to Ierne, which lies beyond Britain, and, on account of its extreme cold, barely sustains life; beyond this it is thought to be uninhabitable. Now the distance between Keltica and Ierne is estimated at not more than 5000 stadia; so that on this view they must have estimated the whole breadth of the habitable earth at 30,000 stadia, or just above.
φέρε δὴ ἐπὶ τὴν ἀνταίρουσαν τῇ Κινναμωμοφόρῳ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ παραλλήλου πρὸς ἕω κειμένην ὑποβῶμεν. αὕτη δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ περὶ τὴν Ταπροβάνην· ἡ δὲ Ταπροβάνη πεπίστευται σφόδρα ὅτι τῆς Ἰνδικῆς πρόκειται πελαγία μεγάλη νῆσος πρὸς νότον, μηκύνεται δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν πλέον ἢ πεντακισχιλίους σταδίους, ὥς φασιν, ἐξ ἧς καὶ ἐλέφαντα κομίζεσθαι πολὺν εἰς τὰ τῶν Ἰνδῶν ἐμπόρια καὶ χελώνεια καὶ ἄλλον φόρτον. ταύτῃ δὴ τῇ νήσῳ πλάτος προστεθὲν τὸ ἀνάλογον τῷ μήκει καὶ δίαρμα τὸ ἐπʼ αὐτὴν ἐκ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς τῶν μὲν τρισχιλίων σταδίων οὐκ ἂν ἔλαττον ποιήσειε διάστημα, ὅσον ἦν τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὅρου τῆς οἰκουμένης εἰς Μερόην, εἴπερ μέλλει τὰ ἄκρα τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἀνταίρειν τῇ Μερόῃ· πιθανώτερον δʼ ἐστὶ καὶ πλείους τῶν τρισχιλίων τιθέναι. εἰ δὴ τοῦτο προσθείη τις τοῖς τρισμυρίοις, οἷς φησιν ὁ Δηίμαχος μέχρι τῆς εἰς Βακτρίους καὶ Σογδιανοὺς ὑπερθέσεως, ἐκπέσοι ἂν πάντα ταῦτα τὰ ἔθνη τῆς οἰκουμένης καὶ τῆς εὐκράτου. τίς ἂν οὖν θαρρήσειε ταῦτα λέγειν, ἀκούων καὶ τῶν πάλαι καὶ τῶν νῦν τὴν εὐκρασίαν καὶ τὴν εὐκαρπίαν λεγόντων πρῶτον μὲν τὴν τῶν προσβόρρων Ἰνδῶν, ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ τὴν ἐν τῇ Ὑρκανίᾳ καὶ τῇ Ἀρίᾳ καὶ ἐφεξῆς τῇ τε Μαργιανῇ καὶ τῇ Βακτριανῇ; ἅπασαι γὰρ αὗται προσεχεῖς μέν εἰσι τῇ βορείῳ πλευρᾷ τοῦ Ταύρου, καὶ ἥ γε Βακτριανὴ καὶ πλησιάζει τῇ εἰς Ἰνδοὺς ὑπερθέσει, τοσαύτῃ δʼ εὐδαιμονίᾳ κέχρηνται ὥστε πάμπολύ τι ἀπέχειν τῆς ἀοικήτου. ἐν μέν γε τῇ Ὑρκανίᾳ τὴν ἄμπελον μετρητὴν οἴνου φέρειν φασί, τὴν δὲ συκῆν μεδίμνους ἑξήκοντα, τὸν δὲ σῖτον ἐκ τοῦ ἐκπεσόντος καρποῦ τῆς καλάμης πάλιν φύεσθαι, ἐν δὲ τοῖς δένδρεσι σμηνουργεῖσθαι καὶ τῶν φύλλων ἀπορρεῖν μέλι, ὅπερ γίνεσθαι μὲν καὶ τῆς Μηδίας ἐν τῇ Ματιανῇ καὶ τῆς Ἀρμενίας ἐν τῇ Σακασηνῇ καὶ τῇ Ἀραξηνῇ· ἀλλʼ ἐνταῦθα μὲν οὐκ ἐπʼ ἴσης θαυμαστόν, εἴπερ εἰσὶ νοτιώτεραι τῆς Ὑρκανίας καὶ εὐκρασίᾳ διαφέρουσαι τῆς ἄλλης χώρας· ἐκεῖ δὲ μᾶλλον. ἐν δὲ τῇ Μαργιανῇ τὸν πυθμένα φασὶν εὑρίσκεσθαι τῆς ἀμπέλου πολλάκις δυεῖν ἀνδρῶν ὀργυιαῖς περιληπτόν, τὸν δὲ βότρυν δίπηχυν. παραπλησίαν δὲ λέγουσι καὶ τὴν Ἀρίαν, εὐοινίᾳ δὲ καὶ ὑπερβάλλειν, ἐν ᾗ γε καὶ εἰς τριγένειαν παραμένειν ἐν ἀπιττώτοις ἄγγεσι τὸν οἶνον· πάμφορον δʼ εἶναι καὶ τὴν Βακτριανὴν πλὴν ἐλαίου, πλησίον τῇ Ἀρίᾳ παρακειμένην.
Let us then transport ourselves to the land opposite the Cinnamon Country, and lying to the east under the same parallel of latitude; we shall there find the country named Taprobane. This Taprobane is universally believed to be a large island situated in the high seas, and lying to the south opposite India. Its length in the direction of Ethiopia is above 5000 stadia, as they say. There are brought from thence to the Indian markets, ivory, tortoise-shells, and other wares in large quantities. Now if this island is broad in proportion to its length, we cannot suppose that the whole distance, inclusive of the space which separates it from India, is less than 3000 stadia, which is equal to the distance of the southern extremity of the habitable earth from Meroe, since the [southern] extremities of India and Meroe are under the same parallel. It is likely there are more than 3000 stadia, but taking this number, if we add thereto the 30,000 stadia, which Deimachus states there are between [the southern extremity of India] and the country of the Bactrians and Sogdians, we shall find both of these nations lie beyond the temperate zone and habitable earth. Who will venture to affirm such to be the case, hearing, as they must, the statement made both by ancients and moderns of the genial climate and fertility of northern India, Hyrcania, Aria, Margiana, and Bactriana also? These countries are all equally close to the northern side of the Taurus, Bactriana being contiguous to that part of the chain which forms the boundary of India. A country blessed with such advantages must be very far from uninhabitable. It is said that in Hyrcania each vine produces a metrete of wine, and each fig tree 60 medimni of fruit. That the grains of wheat which fall from the husk on to the earth spring up the year following; that bee-hives are in the trees, and the leaves flow with honey. The same may be met with in the part of Media called Matiana, and also in Sacasena and Araxena, countries of Armenia. In these three it is not so much to be wondered at, since they lie more to the south than Hyrcania, and surpass the rest of the country in the beauty of their climate; but in Hyrcania it is more remarkable. It is said that in Margiana you may frequently meet with a vine whose stock would require two men with outstretched arms to clasp it, and clusters of grapes two cubits long. Aria is described as similarly fertile, the wine being still richer, and keeping perfectly for three generations in unpitched casks. Bactriana, which adjoins Aria, abounds in the same productions, if we except olives.
εἰ δὲ καὶ ψυχρὰ μέρη τῶν τόπων τούτων ἐστίν, ὅσα ὑψηλὰ καὶ ὀρεινά, οὐδὲν δεῖ θαυμάζειν· καὶ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς μεσημβρινοῖς κλίμασι τὰ ὄρη ψυχρά ἐστι, καὶ καθόλου τὰ μετέωρα ἐδάφη, κἂν πεδία ᾖ. τῆς γοῦν Καππαδοκίας τὰ πρὸς τῷ Εὐξείνῳ πολὺ βορειότερά ἐστι τῶν πρὸς τῷ Ταύρῳ· ἀλλʼ ἡ μὲν Βαγαδανία, πεδίον ἐξαίσιον μεταξὺ πῖπτον τοῦ τε Ἀργαίου ὄρους καὶ τοῦ Ταύρου, σπάνιον εἴ πού τι τῶν καρπίμων δένδρων φύοι, καίπερ νοτιώτερον τῆς Ποντικῆς θαλάττης σταδίοις τρισχιλίοις, τὰ δὲ τῆς Σινώπης προάστεια καὶ τῆς Ἀμισοῦ καὶ τῆς Φαναροίας τὸ πλέον ἐλαιόφυτά ἐστι. καὶ τὸν Ὦξον δὲ τὸν ὁρίζοντα τὴν Βακτριανὴν ἀπὸ τῆς Σογδιανῆς οὕτω φασὶν εὔπλουν εἶναι ὥστε τὸν Ἰνδικὸν φόρτον ὑπερκομισθέντα εἰς αὐτὸν ῥᾳδίως εἰς τὴν Ὑρκανίαν κατάγεσθαι καὶ τοὺς ἐφεξῆς τόπους μέχρι τοῦ Πόντου διὰ τῶν ποταμῶν.
That there are cold regions in the high and mountainous parts of these countries is not to be wondered at; since in the [more] southern climates the mountains, and even the tablelands, are cold. The districts next the Euxine, in Cappadocia, are much farther north than those adjoining the Taurus. Bagadania, a vast plain, situated between the mountains of Argaeus and Taurus, hardly produces any fruit trees, although south of the Euxine Sea by 3000 stadia; while the territory round Sinope, Amisus, and Phanaroea abounds in olives.
The Oxus, which divides Bactriana from Sogdiana, is said to be of such easy navigation that the wares of India are brought up it into the sea of Hyrcania, and thence successively by various other rivers to the districts near the Euxine.
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