μηνύει δὲ καὶ Ἔφορος τὴν παλαιὰν περὶ τῆς Αἰθιοπίας δόξαν, ὅς φησιν ἐν τῷ περὶ τῆς Εὐρώπης λόγῳ, τῶν περὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν τόπων εἰς τέτταρα μέρη διῃρημένων, τὸ πρὸς τὸν ἀπηλιώτην Ἰνδοὺς ἔχειν, πρὸς νότον δὲ Αἰθίοπας, πρὸς δύσιν δὲ Κελτούς, πρὸς δὲ βορρᾶν ἄνεμον Σκύθας. προστίθησι δʼ ὅτι μείζων ἡ Αἰθιοπία καὶ ἡ Σκυθία· δοκεῖ γάρ, φησί, τὸ τῶν Αἰθιόπων ἔθνος παρατείνειν ἀπʼ ἀνατολῶν χειμερινῶν μέχρι δυσμῶν, ἡ Σκυθία δʼ ἀντίκειται τούτῳ. ὅτι δʼ ὁ ποιητὴς ὁμόλογος τούτοις, καὶ ἐκ τῶνδε δῆλον ὅτι ἡ μὲν Ἰθάκη κεῖται πρὸς ζόφον (ὅπερ ἐστὶ πρὸς ἄρκτον), αἱ δέ τʼ ἄνευθε πρὸς ἠῶ τʼ ἠέλιόν τε. ὅλον τὸ νότιον πλευρὸν οὕτω λέγων. καὶ ἔτι, ὅταν φῇ· εἴτʼ ἐπὶ δέξιʼ ἴωσι πρὸς ἠῶ τʼ ἠέλιόν τε, εἴτʼ ἐπʼ ἀριστερὰ τοί γε ποτὶ ζόφον ἠερόεντα. καὶ πάλιν ὦ φίλοι, οὐ γάρ τʼ ἴδμεν, ὅπῃ ζόφος, οὐδʼ ὅπῃ ἠώς, οὐδʼ ὅπῃ ἠέλιος φαεσίμβροτος εἶσʼ ὑπὸ γαῖαν, οὐδʼ ὅπῃ ἀννεῖται. περὶ ὧν λέγεται καὶ ἐν τοῖς περὶ τῆς Ἰθάκης λόγοις σαφέστερον. ὅταν οὖν φῇ Ζεὺς γὰρ ἐς ὠκεανὸν μετʼ ἀμύμονας Αἰθιοπῆας χθιζὸς ἔβη, κοινότερον δεκτέον καὶ τὸν ὠκεανὸν τὸν καθʼ ὅλον τὸ μεσημβρινὸν κλίμα τεταμένον καὶ τοὺς Αἰθίοπας· ᾧ γὰρ ἂν τόπῳ τοῦδε τοῦ κλίματος προσβάλῃς τὴν διάνοιαν, καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ ὠκεανῷ ἔσῃ καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ Αἰθιοπίᾳ. οὕτω δὲ λέγει καὶ τὸ τὸν δʼ ἐξ Αἰθιόπων ἀνιὼν τηλόθεν ἐκ Σολύμων ὀρέων ἴδεν, ἴσον τῷ ἀπὸ μεσημβρινῶν τόπων, Σολύμους λέγων οὐ τοὺς ἐν τῇ Πισιδίᾳ, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἔφην πρότερον πλάσαι τινὰς ὁμωνύμους, τοὺς ἀναλόγως ἔχοντας πρός τε τὸν πλέοντα ἐν τῇ σχεδίᾳ καὶ τοὺς ἐκεῖ μεσημβρινούς, ὡς ἂν Αἰθίοπας, ὡς οἱ Πισιδικοὶ πρός τε τὸν Πόντον καὶ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῆς Αἰγύπτου Αἰθίοπας. οὕτω δὲ καὶ τὸν περὶ τῶν γεράνων λόγον κοινὸν ποιούμενός φησιν αἵ τʼ ἐπεὶ οὖν χειμῶνα φύγον καὶ ἀθέσφατον ὄμβρον, κλαγγῇ ταί γε πέτονται ἐπʼ ὠκεανοῖο ῥοάων, ἀνδράσι Πυγμαίοισι φόνον καὶ κῆρα φέρουσαι. οὐ γὰρ ἐν μὲν τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Ἑλλάδα τόποις ὁρᾶται φερομένη ἡ γέρανος ἐπὶ τὴν μεσημβρίαν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἢ Ἰβηρίαν οὐδαμῶς ἢ τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Κασπίαν καὶ Βακτριανήν. κατὰ πᾶσαν οὖν τὴν μεσημβρινὴν παραλίαν τοῦ ὠκεανοῦ παρατείνοντος, ἐφʼ ἅπασαν δὲ καὶ χειμοφυγούντων, δέχεσθαι δεῖ καὶ τοὺς Πυγμαίους μεμυθευμένους κατὰ πᾶσαν. εἰ δʼ οἱ ὕστερον τοὺς Αἰθίοπας ἐπὶ τοὺς κατʼ Αἴγυπτον μόνους μετήγαγον καὶ τὸν περὶ τῶν Πυγμαίων λόγον, οὐδὲν ἂν εἴη πρὸς τὰ πάλαι. καὶ γὰρ Ἀχαιοὺς καὶ Ἀργείους οὐ πάντας μὲν νῦν φαμεν τοὺς στρατεύσαντας ἐπὶ Ἴλιον, Ὅμηρος δὲ καλεῖ πάντας. παραπλήσιον δέ ἐστιν ὃ λέγω καὶ περὶ τῶν δίχα διῃρημένων Αἰθιόπων, ὅτι δεῖ δέχεσθαι τοὺς παρʼ ὅλην διατείνοντας τὴν ὠκεανῖτιν ἀφʼ ἡλίου ἀνιόντος μέχρι ἡλίου δυομένου. οἱ γὰρ οὕτω λεγόμενοι Αἰθίοπες δίχα διῄρηνται φυσικῶς τῷ Ἀραβίῳ κόλπῳ, ὡς ἂν μεσημβρινοῦ κύκλου τμήματι ἀξιολόγῳ, ποταμοῦ δίκην ἐν μήκει σχεδόν τι καὶ πεντακισχιλίων σταδίων ἐπὶ τοῖς μυρίοις, πλάτει δʼ οὐ πολὺ τῶν χιλίων μείζονι τῷ μεγίστῳ· πρόσεστι δὲ τῷ μήκει καὶ τὸ τὸν μυχὸν τοῦδε τοῦ κόλπου διέχειν τῆς κατὰ Πηλούσιον θαλάττης τριῶν ἢ τεττάρων ἡμερῶν , ἣν ἐπέχει ὁ ἰσθμός. καθάπερ οὖν οἱ χαριέστεροι τῶν διαιρούντων τὴν Ἀσίαν ἀπὸ τῆς Λιβύης ὅρον εὐφυέστερον ἡγοῦνται τοῦτον τῶν ἠπείρων ἀμφοῖν τὸν κόλπον ἢ τὸν Νεῖλον· τὸν μὲν γὰρ διήκειν παρʼ ὀλίγον παντελῶς ἀπὸ θαλάττης ἐπὶ θάλατταν, τὸν δὲ Νεῖλον πολλαπλάσιον ἀπὸ τοῦ ὠκεανοῦ διέχειν, ὥστε μὴ διαιρεῖν τὴν Ἀσίαν πᾶσαν ἀπὸ τῆς Λιβύης· τοῦτον ὑπολαμβάνω τὸν τρόπον κἀγὼ τὰ μεσημβρινὰ μέρη πάντα καθʼ ὅλην τὴν οἰκουμένην δίχα διῃρῆσθαι νομίσαι τὸν ποιητὴν τῷ κόλπῳ τούτῳ. πῶς οὖν ἠγνόει τὸν ἰσθμόν, ὃν οὗτος ποιεῖ πρὸς τὸ Αἰγύπτιον πέλαγος;
Ephorus likewise shows us the opinion of the ancients respecting Ethiopia, in his Treatise on Europe. He says, If the whole celestial and terrestrial globe were divided into four parts, the Indians would possess that towards the east, the Ethiopians towards the south, the Kelts towards the west, and the Scythians towards the north. He adds that Ethiopia is larger than Scythia; for, says he, it appears that the country of the Ethiopians extends from the rising to the setting of the sun in winter; and Scythia is opposite to it. It is evident this was the opinion of Homer, since he places Ithaca Towards the gloomy region, / that is, towards the north, but the others apart, Towards the morning and the sun, / by which he means the whole southern hemisphere: and again when he says, speed they their course / With right-hand flight towards the ruddy east, / Or leftward down into the shades of eve. / And again, Alas! my friends, for neither west / Know we, nor east, where rises or where sets / The all-enlightening sun. / Which we shall explain more fully when we come to speak of Ithaca.
When therefore he says, For to the banks of the Oceanus, / Where Ethiopia holds a feast to Jove, / He journey’d yesterday, / we should take this in a general sense, and understand by it the whole of the ocean which washes Ethiopia and the southern region, for to whatever part of this region you direct your attention, you will there find both the ocean and Ethiopia. It is in a similar style he says, But Neptune, traversing in his return / From Ethiopia’s sons the mountain heights / Of Solymè, descried him from afar. / which is equal to saying, in his return from the southern regions, meaning by the Solymi, as I remarked before, not those of Pisidia, but certain others merely imaginary, having the same name, and bearing the like relation to the navigators in [Ulysses’] ship, and the southern inhabitants there called Ethiopians, as those of Pisidia do in regard to Pontus and the inhabitants of Egyptian Ethiopia. What he says about the cranes must likewise be understood in a general sense. Such clang is heard / Along the skies, when from incessant showers / Escaping, and from winter’s cold, the cranes / Take wing, and over ocean speed away. / Woe to the land of dwarfs! prepared they fly / For slaughter of the small Pygmaean race. / For it is not in Greece alone that the crane is observed to emigrate to more southern regions, but likewise from Italy and Iberia, from [the shores of] the Caspian, and from Bactriana. But since the ocean extends along the whole southern coast, and the cranes fly to all parts of it indiscriminately at the approach of winter, we must likewise believe that the Pygmies were equally considered to inhabit the whole of it. And if the moderns have confined the term of Ethiopians to those only who dwell near to Egypt, and have also restricted the Pygmies in like manner, this must not be allowed to interfere with the meaning of the ancients. We do not speak of all the people who fought against Troy as merely Achaeans and Argives, though Homer describes the whole under those two names. Similar to this is my remark concerning the separation of the Ethiopians into two divisions, that under that designation we should understand the whole of the nations inhabiting the sea-board from east to west. The Ethiopians taken in this sense are naturally separated into two parts by the Arabian Gulf, which occupies a considerable portion of a meridian circle, and resembles a river, being in length nearly 15,000 stadia, and in breadth not above 1000 at the widest point. In addition to the length, the recess of the Gulf is distant from the sea at Pelusium only three or four days’ journey across the isthmus. On this account those who are most felicitous in their division of Asia and Africa, prefer the Gulf as a better boundary line for the two continents than the Nile, since it extends almost entirely from sea to sea, whereas the Nile is so remote from the ocean that it does not by any means divide the whole of Asia from Africa. On this account I believe it was the Gulf which the poet looked upon as dividing into two portions the whole southern regions of the inhabited earth. Is it possible, then, that he was unacquainted with the isthmus which separates this Gulf from the Egyptian Sea?
καὶ γὰρ δὴ καὶ τελέως ἄλογον, εἰ τὰς μὲν Αἰγυπτίους Θήβας ᾔδει σαφῶς, αἳ διέχουσι τῆς καθʼ ἡμᾶς θαλάττης σταδίους μικρὸν ἀπολείποντας ἀπὸ τῶν πεντακισχιλίων, τὸν δὲ μυχὸν τοῦ Ἀραβίου κόλπου μὴ ᾔδει, μηδὲ τὸν ἰσθμὸν τὸν κατʼ αὐτόν, πλάτος ἔχοντα οὐ πλειόνων ἢ χιλίων σταδίων· πολὺ δʼ ἂν ἀλογώτερον δόξειεν, εἰ τὸν μὲν Νεῖλον ᾔδει ὁμωνύμως τῇ τοσαύτῃ χώρᾳ λεγόμενον, τὴν δʼ αἰτίαν μὴ ἑώρα τούτου· μάλιστα γὰρ ἂν προσπίπτοι τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑφʼ Ἡροδότου διότι δῶρον ἦν ἡ χώρα τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἠξιοῦτο τοῦ αὐτοῦ ὀνόματος. ἄλλως τε τῶν παρʼ ἑκάστοις ἰδίων ταῦτʼ ἐστὶ γνωριμώτατα, ἃ καὶ παραδοξίαν ἔχει τινά, καὶ ἐν τῷ φανερῷ πᾶσίν ἐστι· τοιοῦτον δʼ ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ τοῦ Νείλου ἀνάβασις καὶ ἡ πρόσχωσις τοῦ πελάγους. καὶ καθάπερ οἱ προσαχθέντες πρὸς τὴν Αἴγυπτον οὐδὲν πρότερον ἱστοροῦσι περὶ τῆς χώρας, ἢ τὴν τοῦ Νείλου φύσιν διὰ τὸ τοὺς ἐπιχωρίους μήτε καινότερα τούτων λέγειν ἔχειν πρὸς ἄνδρας ξένους, μήτʼ ἐπιφανέστερα περὶ τῶν παρʼ αὐτοῖς· τῷ γὰρ ἱστορήσαντι περὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ κατάδηλος καὶ ἡ χώρα γίνεται πᾶσα ὁποία τίς ἐστιν· οὕτω καὶ οἱ πόρρωθεν ἀκούοντες οὐδὲν πρότερον ἱστοροῦσι τούτου. προστίθει οὖν τούτῳ καὶ τὸ φιλείδημον τοῦ ποιητοῦ καὶ τὸ φιλέκδημον, ὅπερ αὐτῷ μαρτυροῦσιν ὅσοι τὸν βίον ἀναγράφουσι, καὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν δὲ λαμβάνεται τῶν ποιημάτων πολλὰ παραδείγματα τοῦ τοιούτου. οὗτος μὲν οὖν ἐκ πλεόνων ἐλέγχεται καὶ εἰδὼς καὶ λέγων ῥητῶς τὰ ῥητὰ καὶ σιγῶν τὰ λίαν ἐκφανῆ ἢ ἐπιθέτως λέγων.
It is quite irrational to suppose that he could be accurately acquainted with Egyptian Thebes, which is separated from our sea by a little less than 5000 stadia; and yet ignorant of the recess of the Arabian Gulf, and of the isthmus there, whose breadth is not more than 1000 stadia. Still more, would it not be ridiculous to believe that Homer was aware the Nile was called by the same name as the vast country [of Egypt], and yet unacquainted with the reason why? especially since the saying of Herodotus would occur to him, that the country was a gift from the river, and it ought therefore to bear its name. Further, the best known peculiarities of a country are those which have something of the nature of a paradox, and are likely to arrest general attention. Of this kind are the rising of the Nile, and the alluvial deposition at its mouth. There is nothing in the whole country to which travellers in Egypt so immediately direct their inquiries, as the character of the Nile; nor do the inhabitants possess any thing else equally wonderful and curious, of which to inform foreigners; for in fact, to give them a description of the river, is to lay open to their view every main characteristic of the country. It is the question put before every other by those who have never seen Egypt themselves. To these considerations we must add Homer’s thirst after knowledge, and his delight in visiting foreign lands, (tastes which we are assured both by those who have written histories of his life, and also by innumerable testimonies throughout his own poems, he possessed in an eminent degree,) and we shall have abundant evidence both of the extent of his information, and the felicity with which he described objects he deemed important, and passed over altogether, or with slight allusion, matters which were generally known.
θαυμάζειν δὲ δεῖ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων καὶ Σύρων, πρὸς οὓς νῦν ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος, εἰ μηδʼ ἐκείνου λέγοντος τὰ παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἐπιχώρια συνιᾶσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄγνοιαν αἰτιῶνται, ᾗ αὐτοὺς ἐνόχους δείκνυσιν ὁ λόγος. ἁπλῶς δὲ τὸ μὴ λέγειν οὐ τοῦ μὴ εἰδέναι σημεῖόν ἐστιν· οὐδὲ γὰρ τὰς τροπὰς τοῦ εὐρίπου λέγει οὐδὲ τὰς Θερμοπύλας οὐδʼ ἄλλα πλείω τῶν γνωρίμων παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, οὐ μὴν ἠγνόει γε. ἀλλὰ καὶ λέγει, οὐ δοκεῖ δὲ τοῖς ἐθελοκωφοῦσιν, ὥστε ἐκείνους αἰτιατέον. ὁ ποιητὴς τοίνυν διιπετέας καλεῖ τοὺς ποταμούς, οὐ τοὺς χειμάρρους μόνους, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάντας κοινῶς, ὅτι πληροῦνται πάντες ἀπὸ τῶν ὀμβρίων ὑδάτων· ἀλλὰ τὸ κοινὸν ἐπὶ τῶν κατʼ ἐξοχὴν ἴδιον γίνεται. ἄλλως γὰρ ἂν τὸν χειμάρρουν ἀκούοι τις διιπετῆ καὶ ἄλλως τὸν ἀέναον· ἐνταῦθα δὲ διπλασιάζει πως ἡ ἐξοχή. καὶ καθάπερ εἰσί τινες ὑπερβολαὶ ἐπὶ ὑπερβολαῖς, ὡς τὸ κουφότερον εἶναι φελλοῦ σκιᾶς, δειλότερον δὲ λαγὼ Φρυγός, ἐλάττω δʼ ἔχειν γῆν τὸν ἀγρὸν ἐπιστολῆς Λακωνικῆς· οὕτως ἐξοχὴ ἐπὶ ἐξοχῇ συντρέχει ἐπὶ τοῦ διιπετῆ τὸν Νεῖλον λέγεσθαι. ὁ μὲν γὰρ χειμάρρους ὑπερβέβληται τοὺς ἄλλους ποταμοὺς τῷ διιπετὴς εἶναι· ὁ δὲ Νεῖλος καὶ τοὺς χειμάρρους ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον πληρούμενος καὶ πλήθους καὶ χρόνου. ὥστʼ ἐπεὶ καὶ γνώριμον ἦν τὸ πάθος τοῦ ποταμοῦ τῷ ποιητῇ, ὡς παραμεμυθήμεθα, καὶ κέχρηται τῷ ἐπιθέτῳ τούτῳ κατʼ αὐτοῦ, οὐκ ἄλλως δεκτέον ἢ ὡς εἰρήκαμεν. τὸ δὲ πλείοσι στόμασιν ἐκδιδόναι κοινὸν καὶ πλειόνων, ὥστʼ οὐκ ἄξιον μνήμης ὑπέλαβε, καὶ ταῦτα πρὸς εἰδότας· καθάπερ οὐδʼ Ἀλκαῖος, καίτοι φήσας ἀφῖχθαι καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς Αἴγυπτον. αἱ δὲ προσχώσεις καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἀναβάσεων μὲν δύνανται ὑπονοεῖσθαι καὶ ἐξ ὧν δὲ εἶπε περὶ τῆς Φάρου. ὁ γὰρ ἱστορῶν αὐτῷ περὶ τῆς Φάρου, μᾶλλον δὲ ἡ κοινὴ φήμη, διότι μὲν τότε τοσοῦτον ἀπεῖχεν ἀπὸ τῆς ἠπείρου ὅσον φησί, δρόμον νεὼς ἡμερήσιον, οὐκ ἂν εἴη διατεθρυλημένη ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ἐψευσμένως. ὅτι δʼ ἡ ἀνάβασις καὶ αἱ προσχώσεις τοιαῦταί τινες, κοινότερον πεπύσθαι εἰκὸς ἦν· ἐξ ὧν συνθεὶς ὁ ποιητὴς ὅτι πλέον ἢ τότε ἀφειστήκει τῆς γῆς ἡ νῆσος κατὰ τὴν Μενελάου παρουσίαν, προσέθηκε παρʼ ἑαυτοῦ πολλαπλάσιον διάστημα τοῦ μυθώδους χάριν. αἱ δὲ μυθοποιίαι οὐκ ἀγνοίας σημεῖον δήπου· οὐδὲ τὰ περὶ τοῦ Πρωτέως καὶ τῶν Πυγμαίων, οὐδʼ αἱ τῶν φαρμάκων δυνάμεις, οὐδʼ εἴ τι ἄλλο τοιοῦτον οἱ ποιηταὶ πλάττουσιν· οὐ γὰρ κατʼ ἄγνοιαν τῶν τοπικῶν λέγεται, ἀλλʼ ἡδονῆς καὶ τέρψεως χάριν. πῶς οὖν καὶ ἄνυδρον οὖσαν φησὶν ὕδωρ ἔχειν; ἐν δὲ λιμὴν εὔορμος, ὅθεν τʼ ἀπὸ νῆας ἐίσας ἐς πόντον βάλλουσιν ἀφυσσάμενοι μέλαν ὕδωρ. ἀλλʼ οὔτε τὸ ὑδρεῖον ἐκλιπεῖν ἀδύνατον οὔτε τὴν ὑδρείαν ἐκ τῆς νήσου γενέσθαι φησίν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἀναγωγὴν μόνην διὰ τὴν τοῦ λιμένος ἀρετήν, τὸ δʼ ὕδωρ ἐκ τῆς περαίας ἀρύσασθαι παρῆν, ἐξομολογουμένου πως τοῦ ποιητοῦ διʼ ἐμφάσεως, ὅτι πελαγίαν εἶπεν οὐ πρὸς ἀλήθειαν ἀλλὰ πρὸς ὑπερβολὴν καὶ μυθοποιίαν.
These Egyptians and Syrians whom we have been criticising fill one with amazement. They do not understand [Homer], even when he is describing their own countries, but accuse him of ignorance where, as our argument proves, they are open to the charge themselves. Not to mention a thing is clearly no evidence that a person is not acquainted with it. Homer does not tell us of the change in the current of the Euripus, nor of Thermopylae, nor of many other remarkable things well known to the Greeks; but was he therefore unacquainted with them? He describes to us, although these men, who are obstinately deaf, will not hear: they have themselves to blame.
Our poet applies to rivers the epithet of heaven-sent. And this not only to mountain torrents, but to all rivers alike, since they are all replenished by the showers. But even what is general becomes particular when it is bestowed on any object par excellence. Heaven-sent, when applied to a mountain torrent, means something else than when it is the epithet of the ever-flowing river; but the force of the term is doubly felt when attributed to the Nile. For as there are hyperboles of hyperboles, for instance, to be lighter than the shadow of a cork, more timid than a Phrygian hare, to possess an estate shorter than a Lacedaemonian epistle; so excellence becomes more excellent, when the title of heaven-sent is given to the Nile. The mountain torrent has a better claim to be called heaven-sent than other rivers, but the Nile exceeds the mountain torrents, both in its size and the lengthened period of its overflow. Since, then, the wonders of this river were known to our poet, as we have shown in this defence, when he applies this epithet to the Nile, it must only be understood in the way we have explained. Homer did not think it worth mentioning, especially to those who were acquainted with the fact, that the Nile had many mouths, since this is a common feature of numerous other rivers. Alcaeus does not mention it, although he tells us he had been in Egypt. One might infer the fact of its alluvial deposit, both From the rising [of the river] and what Homer tells us concerning Pharos. For his account, or rather the vulgar report concerning Pharos, that it was distant from the mainland a whole day’s voyage, ought not to be looked upon as a downright falsehood.
It is clear that Homer was only acquainted with the rising and deposit of the river in a general way, and concluding from what he heard that the island had been further removed in the time of Menelaus from the mainland, than it was in his own, he magnified the distance, simply that he might heighten the fiction. Fictions however are not the offspring of ignorance, as is sufficiently plain from those concerning Proteus, the Pygmies, the efficacy of charms, and many others similar to these fabricated by the poets. They narrate these things not through ignorance of the localities, but for the sake of giving pleasure and enjoyment. But [some one may inquire], how could he describe [Pharos], which is without water as possessed of that necessary? The haven there is good, and many a ship / Finds watering there from rivulets on the coast. / [I answer,] It is not impossible that the sources of water may since have failed. Besides, he does not say that the water was procured from the island, but that they went thither on account of the safety of the harbour; the water was probably obtained from the mainland, and by the expression the poet seems to admit that what he had before said of its being wholly surrounded by sea was not the actual fact, but a hyperbole or fiction.
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