ὥσπερ οὖν τὰ ἔσχατα καὶ τὰ κύκλῳ τῆς οἰκουμένης οἶδε καὶ φράζει σαφῶς ὁ ποιητής, οὕτω καὶ τὰ τῆς θαλάττης τῆς ἐντός. περιέχει γὰρ ταύτην ἀπὸ στηλῶν ἀρξαμένοις Λιβύη τε καὶ Αἴγυπτος καὶ Φοινίκη, ἑξῆς δὲ ἡ πέριξ τῆς Κύπρου, εἶτα Σόλυμοι καὶ Λύκιοι καὶ Κᾶρες, μετὰ δὲ τούτους ἡ μεταξὺ Μυκάλης καὶ τῆς Τρῳάδος ᾐὼν καὶ αἱ προκείμεναι νῆσοι· ὧν ἁπάντων μέμνηται, καὶ ἐφεξῆς τῶν περὶ τὴν Προποντίδα καὶ τοῦ Εὐξείνου μέχρι Κολχίδος καὶ τῆς Ἰάσονος στρατείας. καὶ μὴν καὶ τὸν Κιμμερικὸν Βόσπορον οἶδε τοὺς Κιμμερίους εἰδώς, οὐ δήπου τὸ μὲν ὄνομα τῶν Κιμμερίων εἰδὼς αὐτοὺς δὲ ἀγνοῶν, οἳ κατʼ αὐτὸν ἢ μικρὸν πρὸ αὐτοῦ μέχρι Ἰωνίας ἐπέδραμον τὴν γῆν τὴν ἐκ Βοσπόρου πᾶσαν. αἰνίττεται γοῦν καὶ τὸ κλίμα τῆς χώρας αὐτῶν ζοφῶδες ὄν, καὶ ὡς φησίν ἠέρι καὶ νεφέλῃ κεκαλυμμένοι· οὐδέ ποτʼ αὐτοὺς ἠέλιος φαέθων ἐπιλάμπεται, ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ νὺξ ὀλοὴ τέταται. γνωρίζει δὲ καὶ τὸν Ἴστρον, μεμνημένος γε Μυσῶν, ἔθνους Θρᾳκίου παροικοῦντος τὸν Ἴστρον. καὶ μὴν καὶ τὴν ἑξῆς παραλίαν οἶδε, Θρᾳκίαν οὖσαν μέχρι Πηνειοῦ, Παίονάς τε ὀνομάζων καὶ Ἄθω καὶ Ἀξιὸν καὶ τὰς προκειμένας τούτων νήσους. ἑξῆς δέ ἐστιν ἡ τῶν Ἑλλήνων παραλία μέχρι Θεσπρωτῶν, ἧς ἁπάσης μέμνηται. καὶ μὴν καὶ τὰ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἄκρα οἶδε, Τεμέσην καλῶν καὶ Σικελούς, καὶ τὰ τῆς Ἰβηρίας ἄκρα καὶ τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν αὐτῶν, ἣν ἀρτίως ἔφαμεν. εἰ δέ τινα ἐν τοῖς μεταξὺ διαλείμματα φαίνεται, συγγνοίη τις ἄν· καὶ γὰρ ὁ γεωγραφῶν ὄντως πολλὰ παρίησι τῶν ἐν μέρει. συγγνοίη δʼ ἂν καὶ εἰ μυθώδη τινὰ προσπέπλεκται τοῖς λεγομένοις ἱστορικῶς καὶ διδασκαλικῶς, καὶ οὐ δεῖ μέμφεσθαι. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀληθές ἐστιν, ὅ φησιν Ἐρατοσθένης, ὅτι ποιητὴς πᾶς στοχάζεται ψυχαγωγίας, οὐ διδασκαλίας· τἀναντία γὰρ οἱ φρονιμώτατοι τῶν περὶ ποιητικῆς τι φθεγξαμένων πρώτην τινὰ λέγουσι φιλοσοφίαν τὴν ποιητικήν. ἀλλὰ πρὸς Ἐρατοσθένη μὲν αὖθις ἐροῦμεν διὰ πλειόνων, ἐν οἷς καὶ περὶ τοῦ ποιητοῦ πάλιν ἔσται λόγος.
Homer, besides the boundaries of the earth, which he fully describes, was likewise well acquainted with the Mediterranean. Starting from the Pillars, this sea is encompassed by Libya, Egypt, and Phoenicia, then by the coasts opposite Cyprus, the Solymi, Lycia, and Caria, and then by the shore which stretches between Mycale and Troas, and the adjacent islands, every one of which he mentions, as well as those of the Propontis and the Euxine, as far as Colchis, and the locality of Jason’s expedition. Furthermore, he was acquainted with the Cimmerian Bosphorus, having known the Cimmerians, and that not merely by name, but as being familiar with themselves. About his time, or a little before, they had ravaged the whole country, from the Bosphorus to Ionia. Their climate he characterizes as dismal, in the following lines:— With clouds and darkness veil’d, on whom the sun / Deigns not to look with his beam-darting eye, / But sad night canopies the woeful race. / He must also have been acquainted with the Ister, since he speaks of the Mysians, a Thracian race, dwelling on the banks of the Ister. He knew also the whole Thracian coast adjacent thereto, as far as the Peneus, for he mentions individually the Paeonians, Athos, the Axius, and the neighbouring islands. From hence to Thesprotis is the Grecian shore, with the whole of which he was acquainted. He was besides familiar with the whole of Italy, and speaks of Temese and the Sicilians, as well as the whole of Spain and its fertility, as we have said before. If he omits various intermediate places this must be pardoned, for even the compiler of a Geography overlooks numerous details. We must forgive him too for intermingling fabulous narrative with his historical and instructive work. This should not be complained of; nevertheless, what Eratosthenes says is false, that the poets aim at amusement, not instruction, since those who have treated upon the subject most profoundly, regard poesy in the light of a primitive philosophy. But we shall refute Eratosthenes more at length, when we have occasion again to speak of Homer.
νυνὶ δὲ ὅτι μὲν Ὅμηρος τῆς γεωγραφίας ἦρξεν, ἀρκείτω τὰ λεχθέντα. φανεροὶ δὲ καὶ οἱ ἐπακολουθήσαντες αὐτῷ ἄνδρες ἀξιόλογοι καὶ οἰκεῖοι φιλοσοφίας, ὧν τοὺς πρώτους μεθʼ Ὅμηρον δύο φησὶν Ἐρατοσθένης, Ἀναξίμανδρόν τε Θαλοῦ γεγονότα γνώριμον καὶ πολίτην καὶ Ἑκαταῖον τὸν Μιλήσιον· τὸν μὲν οὖν ἐκδοῦναι πρῶτον γεωγραφικὸν πίνακα, τὸν δὲ Ἑκαταῖον καταλιπεῖν γράμμα, πιστούμενον ἐκείνου εἶναι ἐκ τῆς ἄλλης αὐτοῦ γραφῆς.
What we have already advanced is sufficient to prove that poet the father of geography. Those who followed in his track are also well known as great men and true philosophers. The two immediately succeeding Homer, according to Eratosthenes, were Anaximander, the disciple and fellow-citizen of Thales, and Hecataeus the Milesian. Anaximander was the first to publish a geographical chart. Hecataeus left a work [on the same subject], which we can identify as his by means of his other writings.
Ἀλλὰ μὴν ὅτι γε δεῖ πρὸς ταῦτα πολυμαθείας, εἰρήκασι συχνοί. εὖ δὲ καὶ Ἵππαρχος ἐν τοῖς πρὸς Ἐρατοσθένην διδάσκει, ὅτι παντὶ καὶ ἰδιώτῃ καὶ τῷ φιλομαθοῦντι τῆς γεωγραφικῆς ἱστορίας προσηκούσης, ἀδύνατον λαβεῖν ἄνευ τῆς τῶν οὐρανίων καὶ τῆς τῶν ἐκλειπτικῶν τηρήσεων ἐπικρίσεως· οἷον Ἀλεξάνδρειαν τὴν πρὸς Αἰγύπτῳ, πότερον ἀρκτικωτέρα Βαβυλῶνος ἢ νοτιωτέρα, λαβεῖν οὐχ οἷόν τε, οὐδʼ ἐφʼ ὁπόσον διάστημα, χωρὶς τῆς διὰ τῶν κλιμάτων ἐπισκέψεως. ὁμοίως τὰς πρὸς ἕω παρακεχωρηκυίας ἢ πρὸς δύσιν μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον οὐκ ἂν γνοίη τις ἀκριβῶς πλὴν εἰ διὰ τῶν ἐκλειπτικῶν ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης συγκρίσεων.
Many have testified to the amount of knowledge which this subject requires, and Hipparchus, in his Strictures on Eratosthenes, well observes, that no one can become really proficient in geography, either as a private individual or as a professor, without an acquaintance with astronomy, and a knowledge of eclipses. For instance, no one could tell whether Alexandria in Egypt were north or south of Babylon, nor yet the intervening distance, without observing the latitudes. Again, the only means we possess of becoming acquainted with the longitudes of different places is afforded by the eclipses of the sun and moon. Such are the very words of Hipparchus.
οὗτός τε δὴ ταῦτά φησι, καὶ πάντες, ὅσοι τόπων ἰδιότητας λέγειν ἐπιχειροῦσιν, οἰκείως προσάπτονται καὶ τῶν οὐρανίων καὶ γεωμετρίας, σχήματα καὶ μεγέθη καὶ ἀποστήματα καὶ κλίματα δηλοῦντες καὶ θάλπη καὶ ψύχη καὶ ἁπλῶς τὴν τοῦ περιέχοντος φύσιν. ἐπεὶ καὶ οἶκον κατασκευάζων οἰκοδόμος ταῦτα ἂν προορῷτο καὶ πόλιν κτίζων ἀρχιτέκτων, μή τί γε ὅλην ἐπισκοπῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ἀνήρ· πολὺ γὰρ τούτῳ προσήκει μᾶλλον. ἐν μὲν γὰρ τοῖς μικροῖς χωρίοις τὸ πρὸς ἄρκτους ἢ πρὸς νότον κεκλίσθαι παραλλαγὴν οὐ πολλὴν ἔχει, ἐν δὲ τῷ παντὶ κύκλῳ τῆς οἰκουμένης πρὸς ἄρκτον μὲν τὸ μέχρι τῶν ὑστάτων ἐστὶ τῆς Σκυθίας ἢ τῆς Κελτικῆς, μέχρι δὲ τῶν ὑστάτων Αἰθιόπων τὰ πρὸς νότον· τοῦτο δὲ παμπόλλην ἔχει διαφοράν. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὸ παρʼ Ἰνδοῖς οἰκεῖν ἢ παρʼ Ἴβηρσιν· ὧν τοὺς μὲν ἑῴους μάλιστα τοὺς δὲ ἑσπερίους, τρόπον δέ τινα καὶ ἀντίποδας ἀλλήλοις ἴσμεν.
Every one who undertakes to give an accurate description of a place, should be particular to add its astronomical and geometrical relations, explaining carefully its extent, distance, degrees of latitude, and climate. Even a builder before constructing a house, or an architect before laying out a city, would take these things into consideration; much more should he who examines the whole earth: for such things in a peculiar manner belong to him. In small distances a little deviation north or south does not signify, but when it is the whole circle of the earth, the north extends to the furthest confines of Scythia, or Keltica, and the south to the extremities of Ethiopia: there is a wide difference here. The case is the same should we inhabit India or Spain, one in the east, the other far west, and, as we are aware, the antipodes to each other.
πᾶν δὲ τὸ τοιοῦτον ἐκ τῆς τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἄστρων κινήσεως τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχον καὶ ἔτι τῆς ἐπὶ τὸ μέσον φορᾶς ἀναβλέπειν ἀναγκάζει πρὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ πρὸς τὰ φαινόμενα παρʼ ἑκάστοις ἡμῶν τῶν οὐρανίων· ἐν δὲ τούτοις ἐξαλλάξεις ὁρῶνται παμμεγέθεις τῶν οἰκήσεων. τίς ἂν οὖν διαφορὰς τόπων ἐκτιθέμενος καλῶς καὶ ἱκανῶς διδάσκοι, μὴ φροντίσας τούτων μηδενὸς μηδʼ ἐπὶ μικρόν; καὶ γὰρ εἰ μὴ δυνατὸν κατὰ τὴν ὑπόθεσιν τὴν τοιαύτην ἅπαντα ἀκριβοῦν διὰ τὸ εἶναι πολιτικωτέραν, τό γε ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον, ἐφʼ ὅσον καὶ τῷ πολιτικῷ παρακολουθεῖν δυνατόν, προσήκοι ἂν εἰκότως.
The [motions] of the sun and stars, and the centripetal force meet us on the very threshold of such subjects, and compel us to the study of astronomy, and the observation of such phenomena as each of us may notice; in which too, very considerable differences appear, according to the various points of observation. How could any one undertake to write accurately and with propriety on the differences of the various parts of the earth, who was ignorant of these matters? and although, if the undertaking were of a popular character, it might not be advisable to enter thoroughly into detail, still we should endeavour to include every thing which could be comprehended by the general reader.
̔ο δʼ οὕτω μετεωρίσας ἤδη τὴν διάνοιαν οὐδὲ τῆς ὅλης ἀπέχεται γῆς· φαίνεται γὰρ γελοῖον, εἰ τὴν οἰκουμένην γλιχόμενος σαφῶς ἐξειπεῖν τῶν μὲν οὐρανίων ἐτόλμησεν ἅψασθαι καὶ χρήσασθαι πρὸς τὴν διδασκαλίαν, τὴν δʼ ὅλην γῆν, ἧς μέρος ἡ οἰκουμένη, μήθʼ ὁπόση μήθʼ ὁποία τις μήθʼ ὅπου κειμένη τοῦ σύμπαντος κόσμου, μηδὲν ἐφρόντισε, μηδʼ εἰ καθʼ ἓν μέρος οἰκεῖται μόνον τὸ καθʼ ἡμᾶς ἢ κατὰ πλείω καὶ πόσα· ὡς δʼ αὕτως καὶ τὸ ἀοίκητον αὐτῆς πόσον καὶ ποῖόν τι καὶ διὰ τί. ἔοικεν οὖν μετεωρολογικῇ τινι πραγματείᾳ καὶ γεωμετρικῇ συνῆφθαι τὸ τῆς γεωγραφίας εἶδος τὰ ἐπίγεια τοῖς οὐρανίοις συνάπτον εἰς ἕν, ὡς ἐγγυτάτω ὄντα ἀλλὰ μὴ διεστῶτα τοσοῦτον ὅσον οὐρανός ἐστʼ ἀπὸ γαίης. φέρε δὴ τῇ τοσαύτῃ πολυμαθείᾳ προσθῶμεν τὴν ἐπίγειον ἱστορίαν, οἷον ζῴων καὶ φυτῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ὅσα χρήσιμα ἢ δύσχρηστα φέρει γῆ τε καὶ θάλασσα· οἶμαι γὰρ ἐναργὲς ἂν γενέσθαι μᾶλλον ὃ λέγω.
He who has thus elevated his mind, will he be satisfied with any thing less than the whole world? If in his anxiety accurately to portray the inhabited earth, he has dared to survey heaven, and make use thereof for purposes of instruction, would it not seem childish were he to refrain from examining the whole earth, of which the inhabited is but a part, its size, its features, and its position in the universe; whether other portions are inhabited besides those on which we dwell, and if so, their amount? What is the extent of the regions not peopled? what their peculiarities, and the cause of their remaining as they are? Thus it appears that the knowledge of geography is connected with meteorology and geometry, that it unites the things of earth to the things of heaven, as though they were nearly allied, and not separated. As far as heaven from earth. /
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