μάλιστα δέ φησι ζήτησιν παρασχεῖν πῶς ἐν δισχιλίοις καὶ τρισχιλίοις ἀπὸ θαλάττης σταδίοις κατὰ τὴν μεσόγαιαν ὁρᾶται πολλαχοῦ κόγχων καὶ ὀστρέων καὶ χηραμύδων πλῆθος καὶ λιμνοθάλατται, καθάπερ φησὶ περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Ἄμμωνος καὶ τὴν ἐπʼ αὐτῷ ὁδὸν τρισχιλίων σταδίων οὖσαν· πολλὴν γὰρ εἶναι χύσιν ὀστρέων, ἅλας τε καὶ νῦν ἔτι εὑρίσκεσθαι πολλούς, ἀναφυσήματά τε θαλάττης εἰς ὕψος ἀναβάλλειν· πρὸς ᾧ καὶ ναυάγια θαλαττίων πλοίων δείκνυσθαι, ἃ ἔφασαν διὰ τοῦ χάσματος ἐκβεβράσθαι, καὶ ἐπὶ στυλιδίων ἀνακεῖσθαι δελφῖνας ἐπιγραφὴν ἔχοντας Κυρηναίων θεωρῶν. ταῦτα δʼ εἰπὼν τὴν Στράτωνος ἐπαινεῖ δόξαν τοῦ φυσικοῦ, καὶ ἔτι Ξάνθου τοῦ Λυδοῦ· τοῦ μὲν Ξάνθου λέγοντος ἐπὶ Ἀρταξέρξου γενέσθαι μέγαν αὐχμὸν ὥστʼ ἐκλιπεῖν ποταμοὺς καὶ λίμνας καὶ φρέατα· αὐτόν τε εἰδέναι πολλαχῆ πρόσω ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάττης λίθον τε κογχυλιώδη καὶ τὰ κτενώδεα καὶ χηραμύδων τυπώματα καὶ λιμνοθάλατταν ἐν Ἀρμενίοις καὶ Ματιηνοῖς καὶ ἐν Φρυγίᾳ τῇ κάτω, ὧν ἕνεκα πείθεσθαι τὰ πεδία ποτὲ θάλατταν γενέσθαι. τοῦ δὲ Στράτωνος ἔτι μᾶλλον ἁπτομένου τῆς αἰτιολογίας, ὅτι φησὶν οἴεσθαι τὸν Εὔξεινον μὴ ἔχειν πρότερον τὸ κατὰ Βυζάντιον στόμα, τοὺς δὲ ποταμοὺς βιάσασθαι καὶ ἀνοῖξαι τοὺς εἰς αὐτὸν ἐμβάλλοντας, εἶτʼ ἐκπεσεῖν τὸ ὕδωρ εἰς τὴν Προποντίδα καὶ τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον. τὸ δʼ αὐτὸ συμβῆναι καὶ περὶ τὴν καθʼ ἡμᾶς θάλατταν· καὶ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα τὸν κατὰ στήλας ἐκραγῆναι πόρον, πληρωθείσης ὑπὸ τῶν ποταμῶν τῆς θαλάττης, κατὰ δὲ τὴν ἔκρυσιν ἀνακαλυφθῆναι τὰ τεναγώδη πρότερον. φέρει δʼ αἰτίαν πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι τῆς ἔξω θαλάττης καὶ τῆς ἐντὸς τοὔδαφος ἕτερόν ἐστιν, ἔπειθʼ ὅτι καὶ νῦν ἔτι ταινία τις ὕφαλος διατέτακεν ἀπὸ τῆς Εὐρώπης ἐπὶ τὴν Λιβύην, ὡς ἂν μιᾶς οὔσης πρότερον τῆς τε ἐντὸς καὶ τῆς ἐκτός. καὶ βραχύτατα μὲν εἶναι τὰ περὶ τὸν Πόντον, τὸ δὲ Κρητικὸν καὶ Σικελικὸν καὶ Σαρδῷον πέλαγος σφόδρα βαθέα· τῶν γὰρ ποταμῶν πλείστων καὶ μεγίστων ῥεόντων ἀπὸ τῆς ἄρκτου καὶ τῆς ἀνατολῆς, ἐκεῖνα μὲν ἰλύος πληροῦσθαι, τὰ ἄλλα δὲ μένειν βαθέα. διὸ καὶ γλυκυτάτην εἶναι τὴν Ποντικὴν θάλατταν τάς τʼ ἐκρύσεις γίνεσθαι εἰς οὓς ἐγκέκλιται τόπους τὰ ἐδάφη. δοκεῖν δὲ κἂν χωσθῆναι τὸν Πόντον ὅλον εἰς ὕστερον, ἂν μένωσιν αἱ ἐπιρρύσεις τοιαῦται· καὶ γὰρ νῦν ἤδη τεναγίζειν τὰ ἐν ἀριστερᾷ τοῦ Πόντου, τόν τε Σαλμυδησσὸν καὶ τὰ καλούμενα στήθη ὑπὸ τῶν ναυτικῶν τὰ περὶ τὸν Ἴστρον καὶ τὴν Σκυθῶν ἐρημίαν. τάχα δὴ καὶ τὸ τοῦ Ἄμμωνος ἱερὸν πρότερον ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάττης ὂν ἐκρύσεως γενομένης νῦν ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ κεῖσθαι. εἰκάζει τε τὸ μαντεῖον εὐλόγως ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον γενέσθαι ἐπιφανές τε καὶ γνώριμον ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ ὄν, τόν τε ἐπὶ πολὺ οὕτως ἐκτοπισμὸν ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάττης οὐκ εὔλογον ποιεῖν τὴν νῦν οὖσαν ἐπιφάνειαν καὶ δόξαν· τήν τε Αἴγυπτον τὸ παλαιὸν θαλάττῃ κλύζεσθαι μέχρι τῶν ἑλῶν τῶν περὶ τὸ Πηλούσιον καὶ τὸ Κάσιον ὄρος καὶ τὴν Σιρβωνίδα λίμνην· ἔτι γοῦν καὶ νῦν κατὰ τὴν Αἴγυπτον τῆς ἁλμυρίδος ὀρυττομένης ὑφάμμους καὶ κογχυλιώδεις εὑρίσκεσθαι τοὺς βόθρους, ὡς ἂν τεθαλαττωμένης τῆς χώρας καὶ τοῦ τόπου παντὸς τοῦ περὶ τὸ Κάσιον καὶ τὰ Γέρρα καλούμενα τεναγίζοντος, ὥστε συνάπτειν τῷ τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς κόλπῳ· ἐνδούσης δὲ τῆς θαλάττης ἀνακαλυφθῆναι, μεῖναι δὲ τὴν Σιρβωνίδα λίμνην, εἶτʼ ἐκραγῆναι καὶ ταύτην ὥστε ἑλώδη γενέσθαι. ὡς δʼ αὕτως καὶ τῆς Μοίριδος λίμνης τοὺς αἰγιαλοὺς θαλάττης μᾶλλον ἢ ποταμοῦ προσεοικέναι. τὸ μὲν οὖν ἐπικλύζεσθαί ποτε πολὺ μέρος τῶν ἠπείρων ἐπὶ καιρούς τινας καὶ πάλιν ἀνακαλύπτεσθαι δοίη τις ἄν· ὡς δʼ αὕτως καὶ τὸ τοῖς ἐδάφεσιν ἀνώμαλον εἶναι τὴν γῆν ἅπασαν τὴν νῦν ὕφαλον, καθάπερ γε νὴ Δία καὶ τὴν ἔξαλον, ἐν ᾗ οἰκοῦμεν, τοσαύτας δεχομένην ὅσας αὐτὸς Ἐρατοσθένης εἴρηκε μεταβολάς· ὥστε πρός γε τὸν Ξάνθου λόγον οὐδὲν ἂν ἔχοι τις προσφέρειν ἄτοπον.
He points out as a most interesting subject for disquisition the fact of our finding, often quite inland, two or three thousand stadia from the sea, vast numbers of muscle, oyster, and scallop-shells, and salt-water lakes. He gives as an instance, that about the temple of Ammon, and along the road to it for the space of 3000 stadia, there are yet found a vast amount of oyster shells, many salt-beds, and salt springs bubbling up, besides which are pointed out numerous fragments of wreck which they say have been cast up through some opening, and dolphins placed on pedestals with the inscription, Of the delegates from Cyrene. Herein he agrees with the opinion of Strato the natural philosopher, and Xanthus of Lydia. Xanthus mentioned that in the reign of Artaxerxes there was so great a drought, that every river, lake, and well was dried up: and that in many places he had seen a long way from the sea fossil shells, some like cockles, others resembling scallop shells, also salt lakes in Armenia, Matiana, and Lower Phrygia, which induced him to believe that sea had formerly been where the land now was. Strato, who went more deeply into the causes of these phenomena, was of opinion that formerly there was no exit to the Euxine as now at Byzantium, but that the rivers running into it had forced a way through, and thus let the waters escape into the Propontis, and thence to the Hellespont. And that a like change had occurred in the Mediterranean. For the sea being overflowed by the rivers, had opened for itself a passage by the Pillars of Hercules, and thus, much that was formerly covered by water, had been left dry. He gives as the cause of this, that anciently the levels of the Mediterranean and Atlantic were not the same, and states that a bank of earth, the remains of the ancient separation of the two seas, is still stretched under water from Europe to Africa. He adds, that the Euxine is the most shallow, and the seas of Crete, Sicily, and Sardinia much deeper, which is occasioned by the number of large rivers flowing into the Euxine both from the north and east, and so filling it up with mud, whilst the others preserve their depth. This is the cause of the remarkable sweetness of the Euxine Sea, and of the currents which regularly set towards the deepest part. He gives it as his opinion, that should the rivers continue to flow in the same direction, the Euxine will in time be filled up [by the deposits], since already the left side of the sea is little else than shallows, as also Salmydessus, and the shoals at the mouth of the Ister, and the desert of Scythia, which the sailors call the Breasts. Probably too the temple of Ammon was originally close to the sea, though now, by the continual deposit of the waters, it is quite inland: and he conjectures that it was owing to its being so near the sea that it became so celebrated and illustrious, and that it never would have enjoyed the credit it now possesses had it always been equally remote from the sea. Egypt too [he says] was formerly covered by sea as far as the marshes near Pelusium, Mount Casius, and the Lake Sirbonis. Even at the present time, when salt is being dug in Egypt, the beds are found under layers of sand and mingled with fossil shells, as if this district had formerly been under water, and as if the whole region about Casium and Gerrha had been shallows reaching to the Arabian Gulf. The sea afterwards receding left the land uncovered, and the Lake Sirbonis remained, which having afterwards forced itself a passage, became a marsh. In like manner the borders of the Lake Moeris resemble a sea-beach rather than the banks of a river. Every one will admit that formerly at various periods a great portion of the mainland has been covered and again left bare by the sea. Likewise that the land now covered by the sea is not all on the same level, any more than that whereon we dwell; which is now uncovered and has experienced so many changes, as Eratosthenes has observed. Consequently in the reasoning of Xanthus there does not appear to be any thing out of place.
πρὸς δὲ τὸν Στράτωνα λέγοιτʼ ἄν, ὅτι πολλῶν αἰτίων ὄντων ἀφεὶς ταῦτα τὰ μὴ ὄντα αἰτιᾶται. πρώτην γὰρ αἰτίαν φησίν, ὅτι τῆς ἐντὸς θαλάττης καὶ τῆς ἐκτὸς οὐ ταὐτὸν τὸ ἔδαφος καὶ ὁ βυθός. πρὸς γὰρ τὸ μετεωρίζεσθαι ταύτην καὶ ταπεινοῦσθαι καὶ ἐπικλύζειν τόπους τινὰς καὶ ἀναχωρεῖν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν οὐ τοῦτό ἐστιν αἴτιον ἄλλα καὶ ἄλλα ἐδάφη τὰ μὲν ταπεινότερα εἶναι τὰ δὲ ὑψηλότερα, ἀλλὰ τὸ τὰ αὐτὰ ἐδάφη ποτὲ μὲν μετεωρίζεσθαι ποτὲ δʼ αὖ ταπεινοῦσθαι καὶ συνεξαίρειν ἢ συνενδιδόναι τὸ πέλαγος· ἐξαρθὲν μὲν γὰρ ἐπικλύσαι ἄν, ταπεινωθὲν δὲ ἀναδράμοι ἂν εἰς τὴν ἀρχαίαν κατάστασιν. εἰ γὰρ οὕτω, δεήσει πλεονασμῷ τῆς θαλάττης αἰφνιδίῳ γενομένῳ τὴν ἐπίκλυσιν συμβαίνειν, καθάπερ ἐν ταῖς ἀναβάσεσι τῶν ποταμῶν, τοτὲ μὲν ἐπενεχθέντος ἑτέρωθεν τοτὲ δʼ αὐξηθέντος τοῦ ὕδατος. ἀλλʼ οὔθʼ αἱ αὐξήσεις ἀθρόαι καὶ αἰφνίδιοι γίνονται, οὔθʼ αἱ πλημμυρίδες τοσοῦτον ἐπιμένουσι χρόνον οὐδʼ ἄτακτοί εἰσιν, οὔτε κατὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἐπικλύζουσι θάλατταν οὐδʼ ὅπου ἔτυχε. λοιπὸν οὖν αἰτιᾶσθαι τὸ ἔδαφος ἢ τὸ τῇ θαλάττῃ ὑποκείμενον ἢ τὸ ἐπικλυζόμενον, μᾶλλον δὲ τὸ ὕφαλον. πολὺ γὰρ εὐκινητότερον καὶ μεταβολὰς θάττους δέξασθαι δυνάμενον τὸ ἔνυγρον· καὶ γὰρ τὸ πνευματικὸν τὸ πάντων τῶν τοιούτων αἴτιον πλέον ἐνταῦθα. ἀλλʼ, ὡς ἔφην, τῶν τοιούτων ἀπεργαστικόν ἐστι παθῶν τὸ τὰ αὐτὰ ἐδάφη ποτὲ μὲν ἐξαίρεσθαι ποτὲ δὲ ὑφίζησιν λαμβάνειν, οὐ τὸ τὰ μὲν εἶναι ὑψηλὰ τὰ δὲ ἧττον· ὁ δὲ τοῦτο λαμβάνει, νομίζων ὅπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ποταμῶν συμβαίνει τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάττης ἀπαντᾶν, τὸ ἀπὸ τῶν μετεώρων τόπων εἶναι τὴν ῥύσιν. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν τοῦ κατὰ Βυζάντιον ῥοῦ τὸ ἔδαφος ᾐτιᾶτο, λέγων ὑψηλότερον τὸ τοῦ Εὐξείνου ἢ τὸ τῆς Προποντίδος καὶ τοῦ ἑξῆς πελάγους, ἅμα καὶ αἰτίαν προστιθείς· ἀπὸ γὰρ τῆς ἰλύος τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν ποταμῶν καταφερομένης πληροῦσθαι τὸν βυθὸν καὶ βραχὺν γίνεσθαι, διὰ τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ῥεῖν εἰς τὰ ἐκτός. τὸν δʼ αὐτὸν λόγον καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ἡμετέραν θάλατταν σύμπασαν μεταφέρει πρὸς τὴν ἐκτός, ὡς καὶ ταύτης μετεωρότερον τοὔδαφος ποιούσης τοῦ ὑποκειμένου τῷ Ἀτλαντικῷ πελάγει· καὶ γὰρ αὕτη ἐκ πολλῶν ποταμῶν πληροῦται καὶ τὴν ὑποστάθμην τῆς ἰλύος δέχεται τὴν ἀνάλογον. ἐχρῆν οὖν καὶ τὸν εἴσρουν ὅμοιον γίνεσθαι τῷ κατὰ Βυζάντιον τὸν κατὰ στήλας καὶ τὴν Κάλπην. ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν ἐῶ· ἐροῦσι γὰρ κἀκεῖ τοῦτο συμβαίνειν, περισπᾶσθαι δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀμπώτεων καὶ τῶν πλημμυρίδων καὶ ἐπικρύπτεσθαι.
In regard to Strato, however, we must remark that, leaving out of the question the many arguments he has properly stated, some of those which he has brought forward are quite inadmissible. For first he is inaccurate in stating that the beds of the interior and the exterior seas have not the same level, and that the depth of those two seas is different: whereas the cause why the sea is at one time raised, at another depressed, that it inundates certain places and again retreats, is not that the beds have different levels, some higher and some lower, but simply this, that the same beds are at one time raised, at another depressed, causing the sea to rise or subside with them; for having risen they cause an inundation, and when they subside the waters return to their former places. For if it is so, an inundation will of course accompany every sudden increase of the waters of the sea, [as in the spring-tides,] or the periodical swelling of rivers, in the one instance the waters being brought together from distant parts of the ocean, in the other, their volume being increased. But the risings of rivers are not violent and sudden, nor do the tides continue any length of time, nor occur irregularly; nor yet along the coasts of our sea do they cause inundations, nor any where else. Consequently we must seek for an explanation of the cause either in the stratum composing the bed of the sea, or in that which is overflowed; we prefer to look for it in the former, since by reason of its humidity it is more liable to shiftings and sudden changes of position, and we shall find that in these matters the wind is the great agent after all. But, I repeat it, the immediate cause of these phenomena, is not in the fact of one part of the bed of the ocean being higher or lower than another, but in the upheaving or depression of the strata on which the waters rest. Strato’s hypothesis evidently originated in the belief that that which occurs in rivers is also the case in regard to the sea; viz. that there is a flow of water from the higher places. Otherwise he would not have attempted to account for the current he observed at the Strait of Byzantium in the manner he does, attributing it to the bed of the Euxine being higher than that of the Propontis and adjoining ocean, and even attempting to explain the cause thereof: viz. that the bed of the Euxine is filled up and choked by the deposit of the rivers which flow into it; and its waters in consequence driven out into the neighbouring sea. The same theory he would apply in respect to the Mediterranean and Atlantic, alleging that the bed of the former is higher than that of the latter, in consequence of the number of rivers which flow into it, and the alluvium they carry along with them. In that case there ought to be a like influx at the Pillars and Calpe, as there is at Byzantium. But I waive this objection, as it might be asserted that the influx was the same in both places, but owing to the interference of the ebb and flow of the sea, became imperceptible.
Ἐκεῖνο δὲ πυνθάνομαι τί ἐκώλυε, πρὶν ἀνεῳγέναι τὸ στόμα τὸ κατὰ Βυζάντιον, ταπεινότερον ὂν τὸ τοῦ Εὐξείνου ἔδαφος τοῦ τῆς Προποντίδος καὶ τῆς ἑξῆς θαλάττης πληρωθῆναι ὑπὸ τῶν ποταμῶν, εἴτε θάλατταν οὖσαν καὶ πρότερον εἴτε λίμνην μείζω τῆς Μαιώτιδος; εἰ γὰρ τοῦτο συγχωροῖτο, προσερήσομαι καὶ τοῦτο· ἆρά γε ἡ ἐπιφάνεια τοῦ ὕδατος ἐκείνου καὶ τοῦ τῆς Προποντίδος οὐχ οὕτως εἶχεν ὥστε, μέχρι μὲν ἡ αὐτὴ ἦν, μὴ βιάζεσθαι πρὸς ἔκρυσιν διὰ τὴν ἐξ ἴσης ἀντέρεισιν καὶ θλῖψιν, ἐπειδὴ δὲ ὑπερεπόλασεν ἡ ἐντός, βιάσασθαι καὶ ἀπερᾶσαι τὸ πλεονάζον, ἐκ δὲ τούτου γενέσθαι σύρρουν τὸ ἔξω πέλαγος τῷ ἐντὸς καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν ἐπιφάνειαν ἐκείνῳ λαβεῖν, εἴτε θαλαττίῳ εἴτε λιμναίῳ μὲν πρότερον ὄντι, θαλαττίῳ δὲ ὕστερον, διὰ τὴν μῖξιν καὶ τὴν ἐπικράτειαν; εἰ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο δώσουσιν, ἡ μὲν ἔκρυσις οὐκ ἂν κωλύοιτο ἡ νῦν, οὐκ ἀπὸ ὑπερτέρου δὲ ἐδάφους οὐδὲ ἐπικλινοῦς, ὅπερ ἠξίου Στράτων.
I rather make this inquiry:—If there were any reason why, before the outlet was opened at Byzantium, the bed of the Euxine (being deeper than either that of the Propontis or of the adjoining sea) should not gradually have become more shallow by the deposit of the rivers which flow into it, allowing it formerly either to have been a sea, or merely a vast lake greater than the Palus Maeotis? This proposition being conceded, I would next ask, whether before this the bed of the Euxine would not have been brought to the same level as the Propontis, and in that case, the pressure being counterpoised, the overflowing of the water have been thus avoided; and if after the Euxine had been filled up, the superfluous waters would not naturally have forced a passage and flowed off, and by their commingling and power have caused the Euxine and Propontis to flow into each other, and thus become one sea? no matter, as I said above, whether formerly it were a sea or a lake, though latterly certainly a sea. This also being conceded, they must allow that the present efflux depends neither upon the elevation nor the inclination of the bed, as Strato’s theory would have us consider it.
ταῦτα δὲ μεταφέρειν καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ὅλην τὴν καθʼ ἡμᾶς θάλατταν καὶ τὴν ἐκτός, μὴ ἐν τοῖς ἐδάφεσι καὶ ταῖς ἐπικλίσεσιν αὐτῶν τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ ἔκρου τιθεμένους, ἀλλʼ ἐν τοῖς ποταμοῖς· ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἀπίθανον κατʼ αὐτούς, οὐδʼ εἰ τὴν ὅλην θάλατταν τὴν ἡμετέραν λίμνην πρότερον εἶναι συνέβαινε πληρουμένην ὑπὸ τῶν ποταμῶν, ἐπιπολάσασαν ἐκπεσεῖν ἔξω διὰ τῶν κατὰ στήλας στενῶν ὡς ἐκ καταράκτου, ἐπαυξομένην δʼ ἀεὶ καὶ μᾶλλον τὴν θάλατταν σύρρουν γενέσθαι ὑπʼ αὐτῆς τῷ χρόνῳ καὶ συνδραμεῖν εἰς μίαν ἐπιφάνειαν, ἐκθαλαττωθῆναι δὲ διὰ τὴν ἐπικράτειαν. οὐ φυσικὸν δʼ ὅλως τὸ τοῖς ποταμοῖς εἰκάζειν τὴν θάλατταν· οἱ μὲν γὰρ φέρονται κατὰ ἐπικλινὲς ῥεῖθρον, ἡ δὲ ἀκλινὴς ἕστηκεν. οἱ δὲ πορθμοὶ ῥευματίζονται κατʼ ἄλλον τρόπον, οὐ διὰ τὸ τὴν ἰλὺν τὴν ἐκ τῶν ποταμῶν προσχοῦν τὸν τοῦ πελάγους βυθόν· ἡ γὰρ πρόσχωσις περὶ αὐτὰ συνίσταται τὰ στόματα τῶν ποταμῶν, οἷον περὶ μὲν τὰ τοῦ Ἴστρου τὰ λεγόμενα στήθη καὶ ἡ Σκυθῶν ἐρημία καὶ ὁ Σαλμυδησσός, καὶ ἄλλων χειμάρρων συνεργούντων πρὸς τοῦτο, περὶ δὲ τὰ τοῦ Φάσιδος ἡ Κολχικὴ παραλία δίαμμος καὶ ταπεινὴ καὶ μαλακὴ οὖσα, περὶ δὲ τὸν Θερμώδοντα καὶ τὸν Ἶριν ὅλη Θεμίσκυρα, τὸ τῶν Ἀμαζόνων πεδίον, καὶ τῆς Σιδηνῆς τὸ πλέον· οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων. ἅπαντες γὰρ μιμοῦνται τὸν Νεῖλον ἐξηπειροῦντες τὸν πρὸ αὐτῶν πόρον, οἱ μὲν μᾶλλον οἱ δὲ ἧττον· ἧττον μὲν οἱ μὴ πολλὴν καταφέροντες τὴν ἰλύν, μᾶλλον δὲ οἱ πολλήν τε καὶ μαλακόγειον χώραν ἐπιόντες καὶ χειμάρρους δεχόμενοι πολλούς, ὧν ἐστι καὶ ὁ Πύραμος ὁ τῇ Κιλικίᾳ πολὺ μέρος προσθείς, ἐφʼ οὗ καὶ λόγιον ἐκπέπτωκέ τι τοιοῦτον ἔσσεται ἐσσομένοις, ὅτε Πύραμος ἀργυροδίνης ἠιόνα προχέων ἱερὴν ἐς Κύπρον ἵκηται. ἐκ μέσων γὰρ τῶν τῆς Καταονίας πεδίων ἐνεχθεὶς πλωτὸς καὶ διεκπαισάμενος διὰ τῶν τοῦ Ταύρου στενῶν εἰς τὴν Κιλικίαν ἐκδίδωσιν εἰς τὸν πρὸ ταύτης τε καὶ τῆς Κύπρου πόρον.
We would apply the same arguments to the whole of the Mediterranean and Atlantic, and account for the efflux of the former, not by any [supposed] difference between the elevation and inclination of its bed and of that of the Atlantic, but attribute it to the number of rivers which empty themselves into it. Since, according to this supposition, it is not incredible that, had the whole of the Mediterranean Sea in times past been but a lake filled by the rivers, and having overflowed, it might have broken through the Strait at the Pillars, as through a cataract; and still continuing to swell more and more, the Atlantic in course of time would have become confluent by that channel, and have run into one level, the Mediterranean thus becoming a sea. In fine, the Physician did wrong in comparing the sea to rivers, for the latter are borne down as a descending stream, but the sea always maintains its level. The currents of straits depend upon other causes, not upon the accumulation of earth formed by the alluvial deposit from rivers, filling up the bed of the sea. This accumulation only goes on at the mouths of rivers. Such are what are called the Stethe or Breasts at the mouth of the Ister, the desert of the Scythians, and Salmydessus, which are partially occasioned by other winter-torrents as well; witness the sandy, low, and even coast of Colchis, at the mouth of the Phasis, the whole of the coast of Themiscyra, named the plain of the Amazons, near the mouths of the Thermodon and Iris, and the greater part of Sidene. It is the same with other rivers, they all resemble the Nile in forming an alluvial deposit at their mouths, some more, some less than others. Those rivers which carry but little soil with them deposit least, while others, which traverse an extended and soft country, and receive many torrents in their course, deposit the greatest quantity. Such for example is the river Pyramus, by which Cilicia has been considerably augmented, and concerning which an oracle has declared, This shall occur when the wide waters of the Pyramus have enlarged their banks as far as sacred Cyprus. This river becomes navigable from the middle of the plains of Cataonia, and entering Cilicia by the defiles of the Taurus, discharges itself into the sea which flows between that country and the island of Cyprus.
αἴτιον δὲ τοῦ μὴ φθάνειν τὴν χοῦν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος προϊοῦσαν τὴν ὑπὸ τῶν ποταμῶν καταφερομένην τὸ τὴν θάλατταν ἀνακόπτειν αὐτὴν εἰς τοὐπίσω, παλιρροοῦσαν φύσει· ἔοικε γὰρ τοῖς ζῴοις, καὶ καθάπερ ἐκεῖνα συνεχῶς ἀναπνεῖ τε καὶ ἐκπνεῖ, τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ αὐτὴ ἐξ αὑτῆς τε καὶ εἰς ἑαυτὴν συνεχῶς παλινδρομικήν τινα κινουμένη κίνησιν. δῆλον δὲ τῷ ἐπὶ τοῦ αἰγιαλοῦ ἑστῶτι κατὰ τὴν κυμάτωσιν· ἅμα γὰρ κλύζονται οἱ πόδες καὶ γυμνοῦνται καὶ πάλιν κλύζονται, καὶ τοῦτο συνεχῶς· τῷ δὲ κλύδωνι καὶ κῦμα ἐπιτρέχει, κἂν γαληνότατον ᾖ ἐπιφερόμενον ἔχει τινὰ βίαν πλείω καὶ ἀπορρίπτει πᾶν τὸ ἀλλότριον εἰς τὴν γῆν πολλὸν δὲ παρὲξ ἅλα φῦκος ἔχευε. μᾶλλον μὲν οὖν ἐν ἀνέμῳ συμβαίνει τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν νηνεμίᾳ καὶ ἐν ἀπογαίοις πνεύμασιν· οὐδὲν γὰρ ἧττον ἐπὶ γῆν φέρεται τὸ κῦμα ὑπεναντίως τῷ ἀνέμῳ, ὡς ἂν ἰδίαν τινὰ τῆς θαλάττης κίνησιν συγκινούμενον αὐτῇ.
These river deposits are prevented from advancing further into the sea by the regularity of the ebb and flow, which continually drive them back. For after the manner of living creatures, which go on inhaling and exhaling their breath continually, so the sea in a like way keeps up a constant motion in and out of itself. Any one may observe who stands on the sea-shore when the waves are in motion, the regularity with which they cover, then leave bare, and then again cover up his feet. This agitation of the sea produces a continual movement on its surface, which even when it is most tranquil has considerable force, and so throws all extraneous matters on to the land, and Flings forth the salt weed on the shore. / This effect is certainly most considerable when the wind is on the water, but it continues when all is hushed, and even when it blows from land the swell is still carried to the shore against the wind, as if by a peculiar motion of the sea itself. To this the verses refer— O’er the rocks that breast the flood / Borne turgid, scatter far the showery spray, / and, Loud sounds the roar of waves ejected wide. /
̔η μὲν οὖν ἔφοδος τοῦ κύματος ἔχει τινὰ βίαν ὥστʼ ἀπωθεῖσθαι τὸ ἀλλότριον. καὶ δὴ καὶ κάθαρσίν τινα τῆς θαλάττης ταύτην φασί, καθʼ ἣν καὶ τὰ νεκρὰ σώματα καὶ τὰ ναυάγια εἰς γῆν ἐκκυμαίνεται. ἡ δʼ ἀναχώρησις οὐκ ἔχει τοσαύτην βίαν ὥστε νεκρὸν ἢ ξύλον ἢ τὸ κουφότατον, φελλόν, ὑπὸ τοῦ κύματος εἰς γῆν ἀναβληθῆναι, οὕτω δὲ καὶ τῶν πλησίον αὐτῆς τόπων εἰς τὸ πέλαγος προπεσεῖν ὑποληφθέντων ὑπὸ τοῦ κύματος. οὕτω δὴ καὶ τὴν χοῦν καὶ τὸ σὺν αὐτῇ τεθολωμένον ὕδωρ ἐκκυμαίνεσθαι συμβαίνει, καὶ τοῦ βάρους ἅμα συνεργοῦντος ὥστε θᾶττον κατενεχθῆναι πρὸς τὴν γῆν κάτω, πρὶν εἰς τὸ πρόσω πελαγίσαι. καὶ γὰρ ἡ τοῦ ποταμοῦ βία παύεται μικρὸν προελθοῦσα τοῦ στόματος. οὕτω μὲν οὖν ἐνδέχεται προσχωσθῆναι τὸ πέλαγος πᾶν, ἀπὸ τῶν αἰγιαλῶν ἀρξάμενον, ἂν συνεχεῖς ἔχῃ τὰς ἐκ τῶν ποταμῶν ἐπιρρύσεις. τοῦτο δʼ ἂν συμβαίη, κἂν τοῦ Σαρδονίου πελάγους βαθύτερον ὑποθώμεθα τὸν Πόντον, ὅπερ λέγεται τῶν ἀναμετρηθέντων βαθύτατον χιλίων που ὀργυιῶν, ὡς Ποσειδώνιός φησι.
The wave, as it advances, possesses a kind of power, which some call the purging of the sea, to eject all foreign substances. It is by this force that dead bodies and wrecks are cast on shore. But on retiring it does not possess sufficient power to carry back into the sea either dead bodies, wood, or even the lightest substances, such as cork, which may have been cast out by the waves. And by this means when places next the sea fall down, being undermined by the wave, the earth and the water charged with it are cast back again; and the weight [of the mud] working at the same time in conjunction with the force of the advancing tide, it is the sooner brought to settle at the bottom, instead of being carried out far into the sea. The force of the river current ceases at a very little distance beyond its mouth. Otherwise, supposing the rivers had an uninterrupted flow, by degrees the whole ocean would be filled in from the beach onwards, by the alluvial deposits. And this would be inevitable even were the Euxine deeper than the sea of Sardinia, than which a deeper sea has never been sounded, measuring, as it does, according to Posidonius, about 1000 fathoms.
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