Ἐπεὶ δὲ τοῖς πρὸς ἐκείνους λόγοις συνεχής ἐστιν ἡ ἐγχείρησις τῆς ἡμετέρας ὑποσχέσεως, λαβόντες ἀρχὴν ἑτέραν λέγωμεν, ὅτι δεῖ τὸν χωρογραφεῖν ἐπιχειροῦντα πολλὰ τῶν φυσικῶς τε καὶ μαθηματικῶς λεγομένων ὑποθέσθαι, καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἐκείνων ὑπόνοιάν τε καὶ πίστιν τὰ ἑξῆς πραγματεύεσθαι. εἴρηται γάρ, ὅτι οὐδʼ οἰκοδόμος, οὐδʼ ἀρχιτέκτων οἰκίαν ἢ πόλιν ἱδρῦσαι καλῶς οἷός τε γένοιτʼ ἂν ἀπρονοήτως ἔχων κλιμάτων τε τῶν κατὰ τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ σχημάτων τε καὶ μεγεθῶν καὶ θάλπους καὶ ψύχους καὶ ἄλλων τοιούτων, μή τί γε τὴν ὅλην οἰκουμένην τοποθετῶν. αὐτὸ γὰρ τὸ εἰς ἐπίπεδον γράφειν ἐπιφάνειαν μίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν τά τε Ἰβηρικὰ καὶ τὰ Ἰνδικὰ καὶ τὰ μέσα τούτων, καὶ μηδὲν ἧττον δύσεις καὶ ἀνατολὰς ἀφορίζειν καὶ μεσουρανήσεις ὡς ἂν κοινὰς πᾶσι, τῷ μὲν προεπινοήσαντι τὴν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ διάθεσίν τε καὶ κίνησιν καὶ λαβόντι, ὅτι σφαιρικὴ μέν ἐστιν ἡ κατʼ ἀλήθειαν τῆς γῆς ἐπιφάνεια, πλάττεται δὲ νῦν ἐπίπεδος πρὸς τὴν ὄψιν, γεωγραφικὴν ἔχει τὴν παράδοσιν, τῷ δʼ ἄλλως, οὐ γεωγραφικήν. οὐ γὰρ ὥσπερ διὰ πεδίων ἰοῦσι μεγάλων, οἷον τῶν Βαβυλωνίων, ἢ διὰ πελάγους παρίσταται τὰ πρόσω πάντα καὶ τὰ κατόπιν καὶ ἐκ πλαγίων ἐπίπεδα, καὶ οὐδεμίαν ἀντέμφασιν παρέχει πρὸς τὰ οὐράνια καὶ τὰς τοῦ ἡλίου κινήσεις καὶ σχέσεις πρὸς ἡμᾶς καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἄστρων, οὕτω καὶ γεωγραφοῦσιν παρίστασθαι ἀεὶ δεῖ τὰ ὅμοια. ὁ μὲν γὰρ πελαγίζων ἢ ὁδεύων διὰ χώρας πεδιάδος κοιναῖς τισι φαντασίαις ἄγεται, καθʼ ἃς καὶ ὁ ἀπαίδευτος καὶ ὁ πολιτικὸς ἐνεργεῖ ταὐτά, ἄπειρος ὢν τῶν οὐρανίων καὶ τὰς πρὸς ταῦτα ἀντεμφάσεις ἀγνοῶν. ἀνατέλλοντα μὲν γὰρ ὁρᾷ ἥλιον καὶ δύνοντα καὶ μεσουρανοῦντα, τίνα δὲ τρόπον, οὐκ ἐπισκοπεῖ· οὐδὲ γὰρ χρήσιμον αὐτῷ πρὸς τὸ προκείμενον, ὥσπερ οὐδὲ τὸ παράλληλον ἑστάναι τῷ παρεστῶτι ἢ μή· τάχα δʼ ἐπισκοποῖ μὲν ἄν τι, δόξει δʼ ἐν τοῖς μαθηματικῶς λεγομένοις, καθάπερ οἱ ἐπιχώριοι· ἔχει γὰρ ὁ τόπος τοιαῦτα διαπτώματα. ὁ δὲ γεωγραφικὸς οὐκ ἐπιχωρίῳ γεωγραφεῖ, οὐδὲ πολιτικῷ τοιούτῳ, ὅστις μηδὲν ἐφρόντισε τῶν λεγομένων ἰδίως μαθημάτων· οὐδὲ γὰρ θεριστῇ καὶ σκαπανεῖ, ἀλλὰ τῷ πεισθῆναι δυναμένῳ τὴν γῆν ἔχειν οὕτω τὴν ὅλην, ὡς οἱ μαθηματικοί φασι, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τὰ πρὸς τὴν ὑπόθεσιν τὴν τοιαύτην. κελεύει τε τοῖς προσιοῦσιν ἐκεῖνα προενθυμηθεῖσι τὰ ἑξῆς ἐφορᾶν· ἐκείνοις γὰρ τὰ ἀκόλουθα ἐρεῖν, ὥστε μᾶλλον ποιήσασθαι τῶν παραδιδομένων ἀσφαλῆ τὴν χρῆσιν τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας, ἂν ἀκούωσι μαθηματικῶς, τοῖς δʼ ἄλλως ἔχουσιν οὔ φησι γεωγραφεῖν.
AFTER these criticisms on the writers who have preceded us, we must now confine our attention to the fulfilment of our promise. We start with a maxim we laid down at the commencement, that whoever undertakes to write a Chorography, should receive as axioms certain physical and mathematical propositions, and frame the rest of his work in accordance with, and in full reliance on, these principles. We have already stated [our opinion], that neither builder nor architect could build house or city properly and as it ought to be, unless acquainted with the climax of the place, its position in respect to celestial appearances, its shape, magnitude, degree of heat and cold, and similar facts; much less should he [be without such information] who undertakes to describe the situation of the various regions of the inhabited earth.
Represent to the mind on one and the same plane-surface Iberia and India with the intermediate countries, and define likewise the west, the east, and the south, which are common to every country. To a man already acquainted with the arrangement and motions of the heavens, and aware that in reality the surface of the earth is spherical, although here for the sake of illustration represented as a plane, this will give a sufficiently exact idea of the geographical [position of the various countries], but not to one who is unacquainted with those matters. The tourist travelling over vast plains like those of Babylon, or journeying by sea, may fancy that the whole country stretched before, behind, and on either side of him is a plane-surface; he may be unacquainted with the counter-indications of the celestial phenomena, and with the motions and appearance of the sun and stars, in respect to us. But such facts as these should ever be present to the mind of those who compose Geographies The traveller, whether by sea or land, is directed by certain common appearances, which answer equally for the direction both of the unlearned and of the man of the world. Ignorant of astronomy, and unacquainted with the varied aspect of the heavens, he beholds the sun rise and set, and attain the meridian, but without considering how this takes place. Such knowledge could not aid the object he has in view, any more than to know whether the country he chances to be in may be under the same latitude as his own or not. Even should he bestow a slight attention to the subject, on all mathematical points he will adopt the opinions of the place; and every country has certain mistaken views of these matters. But it is not for any particular nation, nor for the man of the world who cares nothing for abstract mathematics, still less is it for the reaper or ditcher, that the geographer labours; but it is for him who is convinced that the earth is such as mathematicians declare it to be, and who admits every other fact resulting from this hypothesis. He requests that those who approach him shall have already settled this in their minds as a fact, that they may be able to lend their whole attention to other points. He will advance nothing which is not a consequence of these primary facts; therefore those who hear him, if they have a knowledge of mathematics, will readily be able to turn his instructions to account; for those who are destitute of this information he does not pretend to expound Geography.
τὸν μὲν δὴ γεωγραφοῦντα πιστεῦσαι δεῖ περὶ τῶν ἐχόντων αὐτῷ τάξιν ἀρχῆς τοῖς ἀναμετρήσασι τὴν ὅλην γῆν γεωμέτραις, τούτους δὲ τοῖς ἀστρονομικοῖς, ἐκείνους δὲ τοῖς φυσικοῖς. ἡ δὲ φυσικὴ ἀρετή τις· τὰς δʼ ἀρετὰς ἀνυποθέτους φασὶν ἐξ αὑτῶν ἠρτημένας, καὶ ἐν αὑταῖς ἐχούσας τάς τε ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς περὶ τούτων πίστεις. τὰ μὲν οὖν παρὰ τῶν φυσικῶν δεικνύμενα τοιαῦτά ἐστι· σφαιροειδὴς μὲν ὁ κόσμος καὶ ὁ οὐρανός, ἡ ῥοπὴ δʼ ἐπὶ τὸ μέσον τῶν βαρέων· περὶ τοῦτό τε συνεστῶσα ἡ γῆ σφαιροειδῶς ὁμόκεντρος τῷ μὲν οὐρανῷ μένει καὶ αὐτὴ καὶ ὁ διʼ αὐτῆς ἄξων καὶ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ μέσου τεταμένος, ὁ δʼ οὐρανὸς περιφέρεται περί τε αὐτὴν καὶ περὶ τὸν ἄξονα ἀπʼ ἀνατολῆς ἐπὶ δύσιν, σὺν αὐτῷ δὲ οἱ ἀπλανεῖς ἀστέρες ὁμοταχεῖς τῷ πόλῳ. οἱ μὲν οὖν ἀπλανεῖς ἀστέρες κατὰ παραλλήλων φέρονται κύκλων· παράλληλοι δʼ εἰσὶ γνωριμώτατοι ὅ τε ἰσημερινὸς καὶ οἱ τροπικοὶ δύο καὶ οἱ ἀρκτικοί· οἱ δὲ πλάνητες ἀστέρες καὶ ἥλιος καὶ σελήνη κατὰ λοξῶν τινων τῶν τεταγμένων ἐν τῷ ζωδιακῷ. τούτοις δὲ πιστεύσαντες ἢ πᾶσιν ἢ τισὶν οἱ ἀστρονομικοὶ τὰ ἑξῆς πραγματεύονται, κινήσεις καὶ περιόδους καὶ ἐκλείψεις καὶ μεγέθη καὶ ἀποστάσεις καὶ ἄλλα μυρία· ὡς δʼ αὕτως οἱ τὴν γῆν ὅλην ἀναμετροῦντες γεωμέτραι προστίθενται ταῖς τῶν φυσικῶν καὶ τῶν ἀστρονομικῶν δόξαις, ταῖς δὲ τῶν γεωμετρῶν πάλιν οἱ γεωγράφοι.
Those who write on the science of Geography should trust entirely for the arrangement of the subject they are engaged on to the geometers, who have measured the whole earth; they in their turn to astronomers; and these again to natural philosophers. Now natural philosophy is one of the perfect sciences.
The perfect sciences they define as those which, depending on no external hypothesis, have their origin, and the evidence of their propositions, in themselves. Here are a few of the facts established by natural philosophers.
The earth and heavens are spheroidal. The tendency of all bodies having weight, is to a centre. Further, the earth being spheroidal, and having the same centre as the heavens, is motionless, as well as the axis which passes through both it and the heavens. The heavens turn round both the earth and its axis, from east to west. The fixed stars turn round with it, at the same rate as the whole. These fixed stars follow in their course parallel circles; the principal of which are, the equator, the two tropics, and the arctic circles. While the planets, the sun, and the moon, describe certain oblique circles comprehended within the zodiac. Admitting these points in whole or in part, astronomers proceed to treat of other matters, [such as] the motions [of the stars], their revolutions, eclipses, size, relative distance, and a thousand similar particulars. On their side, geometers, when measuring the size of the entire earth, avail themselves of the data furnished by the natural philosopher and astronomer; and the geographer on his part makes use of those of the geometer.
πεντάζωνον μὲν γὰρ ὑποθέσθαι δεῖ τὸν οὐρανόν, πεντάζωνον δὲ καὶ τὴν γῆν, ὁμωνύμους δὲ καὶ τὰς ζώνας τὰς κάτω ταῖς ἄνω· τὰς δʼ αἰτίας εἰρήκαμεν τῆς εἰς τὰς ζώνας διαιρέσεως. διορίζοιντο δʼ ἂν αἱ ζῶναι κύκλοις παραλλήλοις τῷ ἰσημερινῷ γραφομένοις ἑκατέρωθεν αὐτοῦ, δυσὶ μὲν τοῖς ἀπολαμβάνουσι τὴν διακεκαυμένην, δυσὶ δὲ τοῖς μετὰ τούτους, οἳ πρὸς μὲν τῇ διακεκαυμένῃ τὰς εὐκράτους δύο ποιοῦσι, πρὸς δὲ ταῖς εὐκράτοις τὰς κατεψυγμένας. ὑποπίπτει δʼ ἑκάστῳ τῶν οὐρανίων κύκλων ὁ ἐπὶ γῆς ὁμώνυμος αὐτῷ, καὶ ἡ ζώνη δὲ ὡσαύτως τῇ ζώνῃ. εὐκράτους μὲν οὖν φασι τὰς οἰκεῖσθαι δυναμένας, ἀοικήτους δὲ τὰς ἄλλας, τὴν μὲν διὰ καῦμα τὰς δὲ διὰ ψῦχος. τὸν δʼ αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ περὶ τῶν τροπικῶν καὶ τῶν ἀρκτικῶν, παρʼ οἷς εἰσιν ἀρκτικοί, διορίζουσιν ὁμωνύμως τοῖς ἄνω τοὺς ἐπὶ γῆς ποιοῦντες, καὶ τοὺς ἑκάστοις ὑποπίπτοντας. τοῦ δʼ ἰσημερινοῦ δίχα τέμνοντος τὸν ὅλον οὐρανόν, καὶ τὴν γῆν ἀνάγκη διαιρεῖσθαι ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐν αὐτῇ ἰσημερινοῦ. καλεῖται δὲ τῶν ἡμισφαιρίων ἑκάτερον τῶν τε οὐρανίων καὶ τῶν ἐπὶ γῆς τὸ μὲν βόρειον τὸ δὲ νότιον· οὕτως δὲ καὶ τῆς διακεκαυμένης ὑπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ κύκλου δίχα διαιρουμένης τὸ μὲν ἔσται βόρειον αὐτῆς μέρος τὸ δὲ νότιον· δῆλον δʼ ὅτι καὶ τῶν εὐκράτων ζωνῶν ἡ μὲν ἔσται βόρειος ἡ δὲ νότιος ὁμωνύμως τῷ ἡμισφαιρίῳ ἐν ᾧ ἐστι. καλεῖται δὲ βόρειον μὲν ἡμισφαίριον τὸ τὴν εὔκρατον ἐκείνην περιέχον, ἐν ᾗ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀνατολῆς βλέποντι ἐπὶ τὴν δύσιν ἐν δεξιᾷ μέν ἐστιν ὁ πόλος, ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δʼ ὁ ἰσημερινός, ἢ ἐν ᾧ πρὸς μεσημβρίαν βλέπουσιν ἐν δεξιᾷ μέν ἐστι δύσις ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δʼ ἀνατολή, νότιον δὲ τὸ ἐναντίως ἔχον· ὥστε δῆλον ὅτι ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν ἐν θατέρῳ τῶν ἡμισφαιρίων, καὶ τῷ βορείῳ γε, ἐν ἀμφοτέροις δʼ οὐχ οἷόν τε· μέσσῳ γὰρ μεγάλοι ποταμοί, ὠκεανὸς μὲν πρῶτα, ἔπειτα ἡ διακεκαυμένη. οὔτε δὲ ὠκεανὸς ἐν μέσῳ τῆς καθʼ ἡμᾶς οἰκουμένης ἐστὶ τέμνων ὅλην, οὔτʼ οὖν διακεκαυμένον χωρίον· οὐδὲ δὴ μέρος αὐτῆς εὑρίσκεται τοῖς κλίμασιν ὑπεναντίως ἔχον τοῖς λεχθεῖσιν ἐν τῇ βορείῳ εὐκράτῳ.
The heavens and the earth must be supposed to be divided each into five zones, and the celestial zones to possess the same names as those below. The motives for such a division into zones we have already detailed. These zones may be distinguished by circles drawn parallel to the equator, on either side of it. Two of these will separate the torrid from the temperate zones, and the remaining two, the temperate from the frigid. To each celestial circle there shall be one corresponding on earth, and bearing the same name, and likewise zone for zone. The [two] zones capable of being inhabited, are styled temperate. The remaining [three] are uninhabitable, one on account of the heat, the others because of the extreme cold. The same is the case with regard to the tropical, and also to the arctic circles, in respect of those countries for which arctic circles can be said to exist. Circles on the earth are supposed, corresponding to those in the heavens, and bearing the same name, one for one.
As the whole heaven is separated into two parts by its equator, it follows that the earth must, by its equator, be similarly divided. The two hemispheres, both celestial and terrestrial, are distinguished into north and south. Likewise the torrid zone, which is divided into two halves by the equator, is distinguished as having a northern and southern side. Hence it is evident that of the two temperate zones, one should be called northern, the other southern, according to the hemisphere to which it belongs. The northern hemisphere is that containing the temperate zone, in which looking from east to west, you will have the pole on your right hand, and the equator on the left, or, in which, looking south, the west will be on the right hand, and the east on the left. The southern hemisphere is exactly the contrary to this.
It is clear that we are in one or other of these hemispheres, namely, the north; we cannot be in both: Broad rivers roll, and awful floods between, / But chief the ocean. / And next is the torrid zone. But neither is there any ocean in the midst of the earth wherein we dwell, dividing the whole thereof, nor yet have we any torrid region. Nor is there any portion of it to be found in which the climata are opposite to those which have been described as characterizing the northern temperate zone.
λαβὼν οὖν ταῦθʼ ὁ γεωμέτρης, προσχρησάμενος τοῖς ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀστρονομικοῦ δεικνυμένοις, ἐν οἷς οἵ τε παράλληλοι τῷ ἰσημερινῷ εὑρίσκονται οἱ καθʼ ἑκάστην τὴν οἴκησιν καὶ οἱ πρὸς ὀρθὰς τέμνοντες τούτους, γραφόμενοι δὲ διὰ τῶν πόλων, καταμετρεῖ τὴν μὲν οἰκήσιμον ἐμβατεύων, τὴν δʼ ἄλλην ἐκ τοῦ λόγου τῶν ἀποστάσεων. οὕτω δʼ ἂν εὑρίσκοι πόσον ἂν εἴη τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ μέχρι πόλου, ὅπερ ἐστὶ τεταρτημόριον τοῦ μεγίστου κύκλου τῆς γῆς· ἔχων δὲ τοῦτο ἔχει καὶ τὸ τετραπλάσιον αὐτοῦ, τοῦτο δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ περίμετρος τῆς γῆς. ὥσπερ οὖν ὁ μὲν τὴν γῆν ἀναμετρῶν παρὰ τοῦ ἀστρονομοῦντος ἔλαβε τὰς ἀρχάς, ὁ δὲ ἀστρονόμος παρὰ τοῦ φυσικοῦ, τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον χρὴ καὶ τὸν γεωγράφον παρὰ τοῦ ἀναμεμετρηκότος ὅλην τὴν γῆν ὁρμηθέντα, πιστεύσαντα τούτῳ καὶ οἷς ἐπίστευσεν οὗτος, πρῶτον μὲν ἐκθέσθαι τὴν οἰκουμένην καθʼ ἡμᾶς πόση τις καὶ ποία τὸ σχῆμα καὶ τὴν φύσιν οἵα ἐστὶ καὶ πῶς ἔχουσα πρὸς τὴν ὅλην γῆν (ἴδιον γὰρ τοῦ γεωγράφου τοῦτο), ἔπειτα περὶ τῶν καθʼ ἕκαστα τῶν τε κατὰ γῆν καὶ τῶν κατὰ θάλατταν ποιήσασθαι τὸν προσήκοντα λόγον, παρασημαινόμενον ὅσα μὴ ἱκανῶς εἴρηται τοῖς πρὸ ἡμῶν τοῖς μάλιστα πεπιστευμένοις ἀρίστοις γεγονέναι περὶ ταῦτα.
Assuming these data, and availing himself likewise of astronomical observations, by which the position of every place is properly determined, whether with respect to the circles parallel to the equator, or to those which cut these latter at right angles, in the direction of the poles, the geometer measures the region in which he dwells, and [judges of the extent of] others by comparing the distance [between the corresponding celestial signs]. By this means he discovers the distance from the equator to the pole, which is a quarter of the largest circle of the earth; having obtained this, he has only to multiply by four, the result is the [measure of the] perimeter of the globe.
In the same manner as he who takes the measures of the earth, borrows the foundation of his calculations from the astronomer, who himself is indebted to the natural philosopher, so in like manner the geographer adopts certain facts laid down as established by the geometer, before setting forth his description of the earth we inhabit; its size, form, nature, and the proportion it bears to the whole earth. These latter points are the peculiar business of the geographer. He will next enter on a particular description of every thing deserving notice, whether on land or sea; he will likewise point out whatever has been improperly stated by those who have preceded him, especially by those who are regarded as chief authorities in these matters.
̔υποκείσθω δὴ σφαιροειδὴς ἡ γῆ σὺν τῇ θαλάττῃ, μίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν ἐπιφάνειαν ἴσχουσα τοῖς πελάγεσι. συγκρύπτοιτο γὰρ ἂν τὸ ἐξέχον τῆς γῆς ἐν τῷ τοσούτῳ μεγέθει μικρὸν ὂν καὶ λανθάνειν δυνάμενον, ὥστε τὸ σφαιροειδὲς ἐπὶ τούτων οὐχ ὡς ἂν ἐκ τόρνου φαμέν, οὐδʼ ὡς ὁ γεωμέτρης πρὸς λόγον, ἀλλὰ πρὸς αἴσθησιν καὶ ταύτην παχυτέραν. νοείσθω δὴ πεντάζωνος καὶ ὁ ἰσημερινὸς τεταγμένος ἐν αὐτῇ κύκλος, καὶ ἄλλος τούτῳ παράλληλος, ὁρίζων τὴν κατεψυγμένην ἐν τῷ βορείῳ ἡμισφαιρίῳ, καὶ διὰ τῶν πόλων τις τέμνων τούτους πρὸς ὀρθάς. τοῦ δὴ βορείου ἡμισφαιρίου δύο περιέχοντος τεταρτημόρια τῆς γῆς, ἃ ποιεῖ ὁ ἰσημερινὸς πρὸς τὸν διὰ τῶν πόλων, ἐν ἑκατέρῳ τούτων ἀπολαμβάνεται τετράπλευρον χωρίον, οὗ ἡ μὲν βόρειος πλευρὰ ἥμισυ τοῦ πρὸς τῷ πόλῳ παραλλήλου ἐστίν, ἡ δὲ νότιος τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ ἥμισυ, αἱ δὲ λοιπαὶ πλευραὶ τμήματά εἰσι τοῦ διὰ τῶν πόλων ἀντικείμενα ἀλλήλοις, ἴσα τὸ μῆκος. ἐν θατέρῳ δὴ τῶν τετραπλεύρων τούτων (ὁποτέρῳ δʼ οὐδὲν ἂν διαφέρειν δόξειεν) ἱδρῦσθαί φαμεν τὴν καθʼ ἡμᾶς οἰκουμένην περίκλυστον θαλάττῃ καὶ ἐοικυῖαν νήσῳ· εἴρηται γὰρ ὅτι καὶ τῇ αἰσθήσει καὶ τῷ λόγῳ δείκνυται τοῦτο. εἰ δʼ ἀπιστεῖ τις τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ, διαφέροι ἂν πρὸς τὴν γεωγραφίαν οὐδὲν νῆσον ποιεῖν, ἢ ὅπερ ἐκ τῆς πείρας ἐλάβομεν τούτῳ συγχωρεῖν, ὅτι καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἠοῦς ἑκατέρωθεν περίπλους ἐστὶ καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἑσπέρας πλὴν ὀλίγων τῶν μέσων χωρίων. ταῦτα δʼ οὐ διαφέρει θαλάττῃ περατοῦσθαι ἢ γῇ ἀοικήτῳ· ὁ γὰρ γεωγραφῶν ζητεῖ τὰ γνώριμα μέρη τῆς οἰκουμένης εἰπεῖν, τὰ δʼ ἄγνωστα ἐᾷ καθάπερ καὶ τὰ ἔξω αὐτῆς. ἀρκέσει δʼ ἐπιζεύξασιν εὐθεῖαν γραμμὴν ἐπὶ τὰ ὕστατα σημεῖα τοῦ ἑκατέρωθεν παράπλου τὸ πᾶν ἐκπληρῶσαι σχῆμα τῆς λεγομένης νήσου.
Let it be supposed that the earth and sea together form a spheroidal body, and preserve one and the same level in all the seas. For though some portions of the earth may be higher, yet this bears so small a relation to the size of the whole mass, as need not be noticed. The spheroid in consequence is not so minutely exact as one might be made by the aid of a turner’s instrument, or as would answer the definition of a geometer, still in general appearance, and looked at roughly, it is a spheroid. Let the earth be supposed to consist of five zones, with (1.) the equatorial circle described round it, (2.) another parallel to this, and defining the frigid zone of the northern hemisphere, and (3.) a circle passing through the poles, and cutting the two preceding circles at right angles. The northern hemisphere contains two quarters of the earth, which are bounded by the equator and the circle passing through the poles.
Each of these [quarters] should be supposed to contain a four-sided district, its northern side being composed of one half of the parallel next the pole; its southern, by the half of the equator; and its remaining sides, by [two] segments of the circle drawn through the poles, opposite to each other, and equal in length. In one of these quadrilaterals (which of them is of no consequence) the earth that we inhabit is situated, surrounded by sea, and similar to an island. This, as we said before, is evident both to our senses and to our reason. But should any one doubt thereof, it makes no difference so far as Geography is concerned, whether you suppose the portion of the earth we inhabit to be an island, or only admit what we know from experience, viz. that whether you start from the east or west, you may sail all round it. Certain intermediate spaces may have been left [unexplored], but these are as likely to be occupied by sea, as uninhabited lands. The object of the geographer is to describe known countries; those which are unknown he passes over equally with those beyond the limits of the inhabited earth. It will therefore be sufficient for describing the contour of the island we have been speaking of, if we join by a right line the utmost points which, up to this time, have been explored by voyagers along the coast on either side.
προκείσθω δὴ ἡ μὲν νῆσος ἐν τῷ λεχθέντι τετραπλεύρῳ. δεῖ δὲ λαβεῖν τὸ μέγεθος αὐτῆς τὸ φαινόμενον, ἀφελόντας ἀπὸ μὲν τοῦ ὅλου μεγέθους τῆς γῆς τὸ ἡμισφαίριον τὸ καθʼ ἡμᾶς, ἀπὸ δὲ τούτου τὸ ἥμισυ, ἀπὸ δʼ αὖ τούτου πάλιν τὸ τετράπλευρον, ἐν ᾧ δὴ τὴν οἰκουμένην κεῖσθαί φαμεν. ἀνάλογον δὲ καὶ περὶ τοῦ σχήματος ὑπολαβεῖν δεῖ τὸ φαινόμενον τοῖς ὑποκειμένοις ἐφαρμόττοντας. ἀλλʼ ἐπειδὴ τὸ μεταξὺ τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ καὶ τοῦ ληφθέντος παραλλήλου τούτῳ πρὸς τῷ πόλῳ τμῆμα τοῦ βορείου ἡμισφαιρίου σπόνδυλός ἐστι τὸ σχῆμα, ὁ δὲ διὰ τοῦ πόλου δίχα τέμνων τὸ ἡμισφαίριον δίχα τέμνει καὶ τὸν σπόνδυλον καὶ ποιεῖ τὸ τετράπλευρον, ἔσται δῆλον ὅτι σπονδύλου ἐπιφανείας ἥμισυ τὸ τετράπλευρον, ᾧ ἐπίκειται τὸ Ἀτλαντικὸν πέλαγος, ἡ δʼ οἰκουμένη χλαμυδοειδὴς ἐν τούτῳ νῆσος, ἔλαττον ἢ ἥμισυ τοῦ τετραπλεύρου μέρος οὖσα. φανερὸν δὲ τοῦτο ἔκ τε γεωμετρίας καὶ τοῦ πλήθους τῆς περικεχυμένης θαλάττης, καλυπτούσης τὰ ἄκρα τῶν ἠπείρων ἑκατέρωθεν καὶ συναγούσης εἰς μύουρον σχῆμα, καὶ τρίτου τοῦ μήκους καὶ πλάτους τοῦ μεγίστου, ὧν τὸ μὲν ἑπτὰ μυριάδων σταδίων ἐστίν, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ περατούμενον θαλάττῃ μηκέτι πλεῖσθαι δυναμένῃ διὰ τὸ μέγεθος καὶ τὴν ἐρημίαν, τὸ * δʼ ἔλαττον τριῶν μυριάδων ὁριζόμενον τῷ ἀοικήτῳ διὰ θάλπος ἢ ψῦχος. αὐτὸ γὰρ τὸ διὰ θάλπος ἀοίκητον τοῦ τετραπλεύρου, πλάτος μὲν ἔχον ὀκτακισχιλίων καὶ ὀκτακοσίων σταδίων, μῆκος δὲ τὸ μέγιστον μυριάδων δώδεκα καὶ ἑξακισχιλίων, ὅσον ἐστὶν ἥμισυ τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ […] πλέον ἂν εἴη τὸ λοιπόν.
Let it be supposed that this island is contained in one of the above quadrilaterals; we must obtain its apparent magnitude by subtracting our hemisphere from the whole extent of the earth, from this take the half, and from this again the quadrilateral, in which we state our earth to be situated. We may judge also by analogy of the figure of the whole earth, by supposing that it accords with those parts with which we are acquainted. Now as the portion of the northern hemisphere, between the equator and the parallel next the [north] pole, resembles a vertebre or joint of the back-bone in shape, and as the circle which passes through the pole divides at the same time the hemisphere and the vertebre into two halves, thus forming the quadrilateral; it is clear that this quadrilateral to which the Atlantic is adjacent, is but the half of the vertebre; while at the same time the inhabited earth, which is an island in this, and shaped like a chlamys or soldier’s cloak, occupies less than the half of the quadrilateral. This is evident from geometry, also from the extent of the surrounding sea, which covers the extremities of the continents on either side, compressing them into a smaller figure, and thirdly, by the greatest length and breadth [of the earth itself]. The length being 70,000 stadia, enclosed almost entirely by a sea, impossible to navigate owing to its wildness and vast extent, and the breadth 30,000 stadia, bounded by regions rendered uninhabitable on account either of their intense heat or cold. That portion of the quadrilateral which is unfitted for habitation on account of the heat, contains in breadth 8800 stadia, and in its greatest length 126,000 stadia, which is equal to one half of the equator, and larger than one half the inhabited earth; and what is left is still more.
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