Nonnus of Panopolis · Dionysiaca Διονυσιακά

Nonnus of Panopolis, Dionysiaca 1.0–133: Book 1: Invocation; Zeus carries Europa across the sea

The poet asks the Muse to tell of the twice-born Dionysos and calls for the wand, cymbals and fawnskin of his rites, picturing Proteus's many shapes as the god's. Zeus, as a bull, carries Europa over the sea while Eros drives him and the sea-gods marvel. The girl cries out to the shores, to her father and to Boreas.

Lines 1.0–133 · 1291 words · click a number to copy its link
0πρῶτον ἔχει Κρονίωνα, φαεσφόρον ἅρπαγα νύμφης, καὶ παλάμαις Τυφῶνος ἀρασσόμενον πόλον ἄστρων.

The first contains Cronion, light-bearing ravisher of the nymph, and the starry heaven battered by Typhon’s hands.

1εἰπέ, θεά, Κρονίδαο διάκτορον αἴθοπος αὐγῆς, νυμφιδίῳ σπινθῆρι μογοστόκον ἄσθμα κεραυνοῦ, καὶ στεροπὴν Σεμέλης θαλαμηπόλον· εἰπὲ δὲ φύτλην Βάκχου δισσοτόκοιο, τὸν ἐκ πυρὸς ὑγρὸν ἀείρας 5Ζεὺς βρέφος ἡμιτέλεστον ἀμαιεύτοιο τεκούσης, φειδομέναις παλάμῃσι τομὴν μηροῖο χαράξας, ἄρσενι γαστρὶ λόχευσε, πατὴρ καὶ πότνια μήτηρ, εὖ εἰδὼς τόκον ἄλλον, ἐπεὶ γονόεντι καρήνῳ, ἄσπορον ὄγκον ἄπιστον ἔχων ἐγκύμονι κόρσῃ, 10τεύχεσιν ἀστράπτουσαν ἀνηκόντιζεν Ἀθήνην. ἄξατέ μοι νάρθηκα, τινάξατε κύμβαλα, Μοῦσαι,

Tell the tale, Goddess, of Cronides’ courier with fiery flame, the gasping travail which the thunderbolt brought with sparks for wedding-torches, the lightning in waiting upon Semele’s nuptials; tell the naissance of Bacchos twice-born, whom Zeus lifted still moist from the fire, a baby half-complete born without midwife ; how with shrinking hands he cut the incision in his thigh and carried him in his man’s-womb, father and gracious mother at once—! and well he remembered another birth, when his own head conceived, when his temple was big with child, and he carried that incredible unbegotten lump, until he shot out Athena scintillating in her armour.

12καὶ παλάμῃ δότε θύρσον ἀειδομένου Διονύσου· ἀλλὰ χοροῦ ψαύοντα, Φάρῳ παρὰ γείτονι νήσῳ, στήσατέ μοι Πρωτῆα πολύτροπον, ὄφρα φανείη 15ποικίλον εἶδος ἔχων, ὅτι ποικίλον ὕμνον ἀράσσω· εἰ γὰρ ἐφερπύσσειε δράκων κυκλούμενος ὁλκῷ, μέλψω θεῖον ἄεθλον, ὅπως κισσώδεϊ θύρσῳ φρικτὰ δρακοντοκόμων ἐδαΐζετο φῦλα Γιγάντων· εἰ δὲ λέων φρίξειεν ἐπαυχενίην τρίχα σείων, 20Βάκχον ἀνευάξω βλοσυρῆς ἐπὶ πήχεϊ Ῥείης μαζὸν ὑποκλέπτοντα λεοντοβότοιο θεαίνης· εἰ δὲ θυελλήεντι μετάρσιος ἅλματι ταρσῶν πόρδαλις ἀίξῃ πολυδαίδαλον εἶδος ἀμείβων, ὑμνήσω Διὸς υἷα, πόθεν γένος ἔκτανεν Ἰνδῶν 25πορδαλίων ὀχέεσσι καθιππεύσας ἐλεφάντων· εἰ δέμας ἰσάζοιτο τύπῳ συός, υἷα Θυώνης ἀείσω ποθέοντα συοκτόνον εὔγαμον Αὔρην, ὀψιγόνου τριτάτοιο Κυβηλίδα μητέρα Βάκχου· εἰ δὲ πέλοι μιμηλὸν ὕδωρ, Διόνυσον ἀείσω 30κόλπον ἁλὸς δύνοντα κορυσσομένοιο Λυκούργου· εἰ φυτὸν αἰθύσσοιτο νόθον ψιθύρισμα τιταίνων, μνήσομαι Ἰκαρίοιο, πόθεν παρὰ θυιάδι ληνῷ βότρυς ἁμιλλητῆρι ποδῶν ἐθλίβετο ταρσῷ.

“Bring me the fennel, rattle the cymbals, ye fit Muses put in my hand the wand of Dionysos whom I sing : but I bring me a partner for your dance in the neighbouring island of Pharos, Proteus of many turns, that he may appear in all his diversity of shapes, since twang my harp to a diversity of songs. For if, as a serpent, he should glide along his winding trail, I will sing my god’s achievement, how with ivy-wreathed wand he destroyed the horrid hosts of Giants serpent-haired. If as a lion he shake his bristling mane, I will cry “Euoi!” to Bacchos on the arm of buxom Rheia, stealthily draining the breast of the lion-breeding goddess. If as a leopard he shoot up into the air with a stormy leap from his, changing shape like a master-craftsman, I will hymn the son of Zeus, how he slew the Indian nation, with his team of pards riding down the elephants. If he make his figure like the shape of a boar, I will sing Thyone’s son, love-sick for Aura the desirable, boar-slayer, daughter of Cybele, mother of the third Bacchos late-born If he be mimic water, I will sing Dionysos diving into the bosom of the brine, when Lycurgos armed himself. If he become a quivering tree and tune a counterfeit whispering, I will tell of Icarios,” how in the jubilant winepress his feet crushed the grape in rivalry.

34Ἄξατέ μοι νάρθηκα, Μιμαλλόνες, ὠμαδίην δὲ 35νεβρίδα ποικιλόνωτον ἐθήμονος ἀντὶ χιτῶνος σφίγξατέ μοι στέρνοισι, Μαρωνίδος ἔμπλεον ὀδμῆς νεκταρέης, βυθίῃ δὲ παρʼ Εἰδοθέῃ καὶ Ὁμήρῳ φωκάων βαρὺ δέρμα φυλασσέσθω Μενελάῳ. εὔιά μοι δότε ῥόπτρα καὶ αἰγίδας, ἡδυμελῆ δὲ 40ἄλλῳ δίθροον αὐλὸν ὀπάσσατε, μὴ καὶ ὀρίνω Φοῖβον ἐμόν· δονάκων γὰρ ἀναίνεται ἔμπνοον ἠχώ, ἐξ ὅτε Μαρσύαο θεημάχον αὐλὸν ἐλέγξας δέρμα παρῃώρησε φυτῷ κολπούμενον αὔραις, γυμνώσας ὅλα γυῖα λιπορρίνοιο νομῆος.

Bring me the fennel, Mimallons! On my shoulders in place of the wonted kirtle, bind, I pray, tight over my breast a dapple-back fawnskin, full of the perfume of Maronian nectar; and let Homer and deep-sea Eidothea keep the rank skin of the seals for Menelaos. Give me the jocund tambours and the goatskins but I leave for another the double-sounding pipe with its melodious sweetness, or I may offend my own Apollo; for he rejects the sound of breathing reeds, ever since he put to shame Marsyas and his god-defiant pipes, and bared every limb of the skin-stript shepherd, and hung his skin’on a tree to belly in the breezes.

45ἀλλά, θεά, μαστῆρος ἀλήμονος ἄρχεο Κάδμου.

Then come now, Goddess, begin with the long search and travels of Cadmos.

46Σιδονίης ποτὲ ταῦρος ἐπʼ ᾐόνος ὑψίκερως Ζεὺς ἱμερόεν μύκημα νόθῳ μιμήσατο λαιμῷ καὶ γλυκὺν εἶχε μύωπα· μετοχμάζων δὲ γυναῖκα, κυκλώσας παλάμας περὶ, γαστέρα δίζυγι δεσμῷ, 50βαιὸς Ἔρως κούφιζε, καὶ ἐγγύθεν ὑγροπόρος βοῦς κυρτὸν ὑποστορέσας λοφίην ἐπιβήτορι κούρῃ, δόχμιος ὀκλάζων, κεχαλασμένα νῶτα τιταίνων, Εὐρώπην ἀνάειρε· διεσσυμένοιο δὲ ταύρου πλωτὸς ὄνυξ ἐχάραξε βατῆς ἁλὸς ἄψοφον ὕδωρ 55ἴχνεσι φειδομένοισιν· ὑπὲρ πόντοιο δὲ κούρη δείματι παλλομένη βοέῳ ναυτίλλετο νώτῳ ἀστεμφὴς ἀδίαντος· ἰδὼν δέ μιν ἦ τάχα φαίης ἢ Θέτιν ἢ Γαλάτειαν ἢ εὐνέτιν ἐννοσιγαίου ἢ λοφίῃ Τρίτωνος ἐφεζομένην Ἀφροδίτην· 60καὶ πλόον εἰλιπόδην ἐπεθάμβεε κυανοχαίτης, τρίτων δʼ ἠπεροπῆα Διὸς μυκηθμὸν ἀκούων ἀντίτυπον Κρονίωνι μέλος μυκήσατο κόχλῳ ἀείδων ὑμέναιον· ἀειρομένην δὲ γυναῖκα θαῦμα φόβῳ κεράσας ἐπεδείκνυε Δωρίδι Νηρεύς,

Once on the Sidonian beach Zeus as a high-horned bull imitated an amorous bellow with his changeling throat, and felt a charming thrill ; little Eros heaved up a woman, with his two arms encircling her middle. And while he lifted her, at his side the sea-faring bull curved his neck downwards, spread under the girl to mount, sinking sideways on his knees, and stretching his back submissive, he raised up Europa ; then the bull pressed on, and his floating hoof furrowed the water of the trodden brine noiselessly with forbearing footsteps. High above the sea, the girl throbbing with fear navigated on bull-back, unmoving, unwetted. If you saw her you would think it was Thetis pérhaps, or Galateia, or Earthshaker’s bedfellow, or Aphrodite seated on a Triton’s neck. Aye, Seabluehair marvelled at the waddle- foot voyage; Triton heard the delusive lowing of Zeus, and bellowed an echoing note to Cronos’ son with his conch by way of wedding song ; Nereus pointed out to Doris the woman carried along, mingling wonder with fear as he saw the strange voyager and his horns.

65ξεῖνον ἰδὼν πλωτῆρα κερασφόρον· ἀκροβαφῆ δὲ ὁλκάδα ταῦρον ἔχουσα βοοστόλος ἔπλεε νύμφη, καὶ διερῆς τρομέουσα μετάρσιον ἅλμα πορείης πηδάλιον κέρας ἔσχε, καὶ Ἵμερος ἔπλετο ναύτης. καὶ δολόεις Βορέης γαμίῃ δεδονημένον αὔρῃ 70φᾶρος ὅλον κόλπωσε δυσίμερος, ἀμφοτέρῳ δὲ ζῆλον ὑποκλέπτων ἐπεσύρισεν ὄμφακι μαζῷ. ὡς δʼ ὅτε Νηρεΐδων τις, ὑπερκύψασα θαλάσσης, ἑζομένη δελφῖνι χυτὴν ἀνέκοπτε γαλήνην, καί οἱ ἀειρομένης ἐλελίζετο μυδαλέη χεὶρ 75νηχομένης μίμημα, φέρων δέ μιν ἄβροχον ἅλμης ἡμιφανὴς πεφόρητο διʼ ὕδατος ὑγρὸς ὁδίτης, κυρτώσας ἑὰ νῶτα, διερπύζουσα δὲ πόντου δίπτυχος ἄκρα κέλευθα κατέγραφεν ἰχθύος οὐρή· ὣς ὅ γε νῶτον ἄειρε· τιταινομένοιο δὲ ταύρου 80βουκόλος αὐχένα δοῦλον Ἔρως ἐπεμάστιε κεστῷ, καὶ νομίην ἅτε ῥάβδον ἐπωμίδι τόξον ἀείρων Κυπριδίῃ ποίμαινε καλαύροπι νυμφίον Ἥρης εἰς νομὸν ὑγρὸν ἄγων Ποσιδήιον· αἰδομένη δὲ παρθενίην πόρφυρε παρηίδα Παλλὰς ἀμήτωρ 85ἡνίοχον Κρονίωνος ὀπιπεύουσα γυναῖκα. καὶ Διὸς ὑδατόεντι διεσσυμένου πόρον ὁλκῷ οὐ πόθον ἔσβεσε πόντος, ὅτι βρυχίην Ἀφροδίτην οὐρανίης ὤδινεν ἀπʼ αὔλακος ἔγκυον ὕδωρ· καὶ βοὸς ἀφλοίσβοιο κυβερνήτειρα πορείης 90κούρη φόρτος ἔην καὶ ναυτίλος. εἰσορόων δὲ μιμηλὴν ταχύγουνον ἐχέφρονα νῆα θαλάσσης τοῖον ἔπος περίφοιτος Ἀχαιικὸς ἴαχε ναύτης· Ὀφθαλμοί, τί τὸ θαῦμα; πόθεν ποσὶ κύματα τέμνων νήχεται ἀτρυγέτοιο διʼ ὕδατος ἀγρονόμος βοῦς; 95μὴ πλωτὴν Κρονίδης τελέει χθόνα; μὴ διὰ πόντου ὑγρὸς ἁλιβρέκτοιο χαράσσεται ὁλκὸς ἁμάξης; παπταίνω κατὰ κῦμα νόθον πλόον· ἦ ῥα Σελήνη ἄζυγα ταῦρον ἔχουσα μετʼ αἰθέρα πόντον ὁδεύει, ἀλλὰ Θέτις βυθίη διερὸν δρόμον ἡνιοχεύει; 100οὐ βοῒ χερσαίῳ τύπον εἴκελον εἰνάλιος βοῦς ἔλλαχεν—ἰχθυόεν γὰρ ἔχει δέμας—, ἀντὶ δὲ γυμνῆς ἀλλοφανὴς ἀχάλινον ἐν ὕδασι πεζὸν ὁδίτην Νηρεῒς ἑλκεσίπεπλος ἀήθεα ταῦρον ἐλαύνει. εἰ πέλε Δημήτηρ σταχυηκόμος, ὑγροπόρῳ δὲ 105γλαυκὰ διασχίζει βοέῳ ποδὶ νῶτα θαλάσσης, καὶ σὺ βυθοῦ μετὰ κῦμα, Ποσειδάων, μετανάστης γαίης δίψια νῶτα μετέρχεο πεζὸς ἀροτρεύς, νηὶ θαλασσαίῃ Δημήτερος αὔλακα τέμνων, χερσαίοις ἀνέμοισι βατὸν πλόον ἐν χθονὶ τεύχων. 110ταῦρε, παρεπλάγχθης μετανάστιος· οὐ πέλε Νηρεὺς βουκόλος, οὐ Πρωτεὺς ἀρότης, οὐ Γλαῦκος ἁλωεύς, οὐχ ἕλος, οὐ λειμῶνες ἐν οἴδμασιν, ἀλλὰ θαλάσσῃ ἀτρυγέτῳ πλώοντες ἀνήροτα ναύλοχον ὕδωρ πηδαλίῳ τέμνουσι καὶ οὐ σχίζουσι σιδήρῳ· 115αὔλακας οὐ σπείρουσιν ὀπάονες ἐννοσιγαίου, ἀλλὰ φυτὸν πόντοιο πέλει βρύα καὶ σπόρος ὕδωρ, ναυτίλος ἀγρονόμος, πλόος αὔλακες, ὁλκὰς ἐχέτλη. ἀλλὰ πόθεν μεθέπεις τινὰ παρθένον; ἦ ῥα καὶ αὐτοὶ

But the maiden, a light freight for her bull-barge, sailed along oxriding, with a horn for steering-oar and trembled at the high heaving of her watery course, while Desire was the seaman. And artful! Boreas bellied out all her shaking robe with amorous breath, love-sick himself, and in secret jealousy,! whistled on the pair of unripe breasts. As when) one of the Nereids has peeped out of the sea, and seated upon a dolphin cuts the flooding calm, balanced there while she paddles with a wet hand and pretends to swim, while the watery wayfarer half-seen rounds his back and carries her dry through the brine, while the cleft tail of the fish passing through the sea scratches the surface in its course,—so the bull lifted his back : and while the bull stretched, his drover Eros flogged the servile neck with his charmed girdle, and lifting bow on shoulder like a pastoral staff, shepherded Hera’s bridegroom with Cypris’ crook, driving him to Poseidon’s watery pasture. Shame purpled the maiden cheek of Pallas unmothered,” when she spied Cronion ridden by a woman. So Zeus clove the course with watery furrow, but the deep sea did not quench his passion—for did not the water conceive Aphrodite by a heavenly husbandry, and bring her forth from the deeps Thus a girl steered the bull’s unboisterous passage, herself at once both pilot and cargo. Selene has gotten an unruly bull, and leaves the sky to traipse over the highseas! Or no—deepwater Thetis drives a coach on a floating racecourse! This sea-bull is a creature very different from the land-bull, has a fish-like shape; must be a Nereid with other looks, not naked now, but in long flowing robes, driving this bull unbridled to march afoot on the waters, a new fashion that! If it is Demeter wheaten-haired, cleaving the gray back of the sea with waterfaring oxhoof, then thou, Poseidon, must have turned landlubber and migrated to the thirsty back of earth, afoot behind the plow, and cut Demeter’s furrow with thy sea-vessel, blown by land-winds, tramping a voyage on the soil Bull, you are astray out of your country ; Nereus is no bull-drover, Proteus no plowman, Glaucos no gardener; no marsh-ground, no meadows in the billows; on the barren sea there’s no tillage, but sailors cut the shipharbouring water with a steering-oar, and do not split with iron; Earthshaker’s hinds do not sow in the furrows, but the sea’s plant is seaweed, sea’s sowing is water, the sailor is the farmer, the only furrow is the ship’s grain and wake, the hooker is the plow.

119ταῦροι ἐρωμανέοντες ἀφαρπάζουσι γυναῖκας; 120ἦ ῥα Ποσειδάων ἀπατήλιος ἥρπασε κούρην ταυρείην κερόεσσαν ἔχων ποταμηίδα μορφήν; μὴ δόλον ἄλλον ὕφηνε πάλιν μετὰ δέμνια Τυροῦς, ὡς καὶ χθιζὰ τέλεσσεν, ὅθʼ ὑδατόεις παρακοίτης χεύμασι μιμηλοῖσι νόθος κελάρυζεν Ἐνιπεύς;

“But how came you to have dealings with a maid ? Do bulls also go mad with love, and ravish women ? Has Poseidon played a trick, and ravished a girl, under the shape of a horned bull like a river-god? Has he woven another plot to follow the bedding of Tyro, just as he did the other day, when the watery paramour came trickling up with counterfeit ripples like a bastard Enipeus”

125τοῖον ἔπος περόων Ἑλλήνιος ἔννεπε ναύτης θαμβαλέος. βοέους δὲ γάμους μαντεύσατο κούρη,

So the Hellenic sailor spoke his amazement as he passed by. Then the girl presaged her union with the bull; and tearing her hair, she broke out in lamentable tones :

127καὶ πλοκάμους τίλλουσα γοήμονα ῥῆξεν ἰωήν· Κωφὸν ὕδωρ, ῥηγμῖνες ἀναυδέες, εἴπατε ταύρῳ, εἰ βόες εἰσαΐουσιν· ἀμείλιχε, φείδεο κούρης. 130εἴπατέ μοι, ῥηγμῖνες, ἐμῷ φιλόπαιδι τοκῆι Εὐρώπην λιπόπατριν ἐφεζομένην τινὶ ταύρῳ ἅρπαγι καὶ πλωτῆρι καί, ὡς δοκέω, παρακοίτῃ. μητέρι βόστρυχα ταῦτα κομίσσατε, κυκλάδες αὖραι.

“Deaf Water, voiceless Coasts! Say to the Bull, if cattle can hear and hearken, Merciless, spare a girl!’ Ye Coasts, pray tell my loving father that Europa has left her native land, seated upon a bull, my ravisher, my sailor, and as I think, my bedfellow. Take these ringlets to my mother, ye circling Breezes. Aye Boreas, conjure thee, receive me on thy pinions in the air, as thou didst ravish thine Athenian bride ! But stay, my voice or I may see Boreas in love, like the Bull !

People and places in this passage

English translation by W. H. D. Rouse (1940). Original text: W. H. D. Rouse (ed.), Nonnos, Dionysiaca, Loeb Classical Library 344, 354, 356, London: Heinemann; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1940-1942 (Greek text as digitised by Perseus).

Greek text and translation from the Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, CC BY-SA 4.0 (Perseus Digital Library, Greek text); translation public domain (Rouse, Loeb 1940-42: US copyright not renewed; Rouse died 1950; OCR from the Internet Archive scans). Introductions, summaries and notes © GreekMythology.com.