Nonnus of Panopolis · Dionysiaca Διονυσιακά

Nonnus of Panopolis, Dionysiaca 48.653–810: Book 48: Aura's madness and her labour

Aura wakes to find herself violated and, in her frenzy, kills herdsmen, hunters and vintagers across the hills. She finds that she is pregnant and thinks of killing herself and the child, and Echo answers her cries. In her labour she refuses to call on Artemis, and Artemis delays the birth to punish her.

Lines 48.653–810 · 1535 words · click a number to copy its link
653ὕπνον ἀκηρύκτων ἀπεσείσατο μάρτυν Ἐρώτων· θάμβεϊ δʼ εἰσορόωσα σαόφρονος ἔκτοθι μίτρης 655στήθεα γυμνωθέντα καὶ ἀσκεπέος πτύχα μηροῦ καὶ γαμίῃ ῥαθάμιγγι περιστιχθέντα χιτῶνα, ἁρπαμένην ἀνάεδνον ἀπαγγέλλοντα κορείην, μαίνετο παπταίνουσα· καὶ ἥρμοσε κυκλάδα μίτρην στέρνα πάλιν σκιόωσα, καὶ ἠθάδος ἄντυγα μαζοῦ 660παρθενίῳ ζωστῆρι μάτην ἐσφίγγετο δεσμῷ. ἀχνυμένη δʼ ὀλόλυζε, κατάσχετος ἅλματι λύσσης· ἀγρονόμους δʼ ἐδίωξε, καὶ εὐπετάλου σχεδὸν ὄχθης τινυμένη δολόεντα πόσιν ποινήτορι θεσμῷ μηλονόμους ἐδάιξεν· ἀμειλίκτῳ δὲ σιδήρῳ 665βουκόλον ἔκτανε μᾶλλον, ἐπεὶ μάθε νυμφίον Ἠοῦς, Τιθωνὸν χαρίεντα, δυσίμερον ἀνέρα βούτην, ὅττι βοῶν ἀγέλαις μεμελημένον ἔσχε καὶ αὐτὴ Λάτμιον Ἐνδυμίωνα βοῶν ἐλάτειρα Σελήνη· ἔκλυε καὶ Φρυγίοιο, τὸν ἔκτανε παρθένος ἄλλη, 670ὕμνου πικρὸν ἔρωτα, ποθοβλήτοιο νομῆος· αἰπόλον ἔκτανε μᾶλλον, ὅλον χορὸν ἔκτανεν αἰγῶν αἰνοπαθής, ὅτι Πᾶνα δυσίμερον ἔδρακε κούρη ἰσοφυῆ μεθέποντα δασύτριχος αἰγὸς ὀπωπήν· ἔλπετο γὰρ μάλα τοῦτο, πόθῳ δεδονημένος Ἠχοῦς 675ὅττί μιν ὑπναλέην ἐβιήσατο μηλονόμος Πάν· γειοπόνους δʼ ἐδάμασσε πολὺ πλέον, ὅττι καὶ αὐτοὶ Κύπριδι θητεύουσιν, ἐπεὶ πέλε γηπόνος ἀνήρ, Ἰασίων, Δήμητρος ἀμαλλοτόκου παρακοίτην· ἔκτανε δʼ ἀγρευτῆρα παλαιοτέρῳ τινὶ μύθῳ 680πειθομένη· Κέφαλον γάρ, ἀμήτορος ἀστὸν Ἀθήνης, ἔκλυε θηρητῆρα ῥοδοστεφέος πόσιν Ἠοῦς· Βακχείης δʼ ἐδάιξεν ὑποδρηστῆρας ὀπώρης, ὅττι φιλακρήτοιο μέθης βλύζοντες ἐέρσην οἰνοβαρεῖς δυσέρωτες ὀπάονές εἰσι Λυαίου· 685οὔ πω γὰρ δεδάηκε δολοφροσύνην Διονύσου καὶ ποτὸν ἠπεροπῆα φιλακρήτου Κυθερείης, ἀλλὰ φιλοσκοπέλων καλύβας ἐκένωσε νομήων

After these caresses, the bride started up ; she shook off limbloosing sleep, the witness of the unpublished nuptials, saw with surprise her breasts bare of the modest bodice, the cleft of her thighs uncovered, her dress marked with the drops of wedlock that told of a maidenhood ravished without bridegift. She was maddened by what she saw. She fitted the bodice again about her chest, and bound the maiden girdle again over her rounded breast — too late ! She shrieked in distress, held in the throes of madness ; she chased the countrymen, slew shepherds beside the leafy slopes, to punish her treacherous husband with avenging justice — still more she killed the oxherds with implacable steel, for she knew about charming Tithonos, bridegroom of Dawn, the lovelorn oxherd, knew that Selene also the driver of bulls had her Latmian Endymion who was busy about the herds of cattle ; she had heard of Phrygian Hymnos too, and his love that made him rue, the lovelorn herdsman whom another maiden slew : still more she killed the goatherds, killed their whole flocks of goats, in agony of heart, because she had seen Pan the dangerous lover with a face like some shaggy goat ; for she felt quite sure that shepherd Pan tormented with desire for Echo had violated her asleep : much more she laid low the husbandmen, as being also slaves to Cypris, since a man who tilled the soil, Iasion, had been bedfellow of Demeter the mother of sheaves. The huntsmen she killed believing an ancient story ; for she had heard that a huntsman Cephalos, from the country of unmothered Athena, was husband of rosecrowned Dawn. Workmen of Bacchos about the vintage she killed, because they are servants of Lyaios who squeeze out the intoxicating juice of his liquor, heavy with wine, dangerous lovers. For she had not yet learnt the cunning heart of Dionysos, and the seductive potion of heady love, but she made empty the huts of the mountainranging herdsmen and drenched the hills with red blood.

688αἵματι φοινήεντι περιρραίνουσα κολώνας. καὶ νόον αἰθύσσουσα, κατάσχετος ἅλματι λύσσης, 690Κύπριδος εἰς δόμον ἦλθεν· ἀπειλητῆρα δὲ κεστοῦ λυσαμένη ζωστῆρα νεοκλώστοιο χιτῶνος ἁβρὸν ἀνικήτοιο δέμας μάστιζε θεαίνης· καὶ βρέτας ἁρπάξασα τελεσσιγάμου Κυθερείης Σαγγαρίου σχεδὸν ἦλθε, κυλινδομένην δὲ ῥεέθροις 695γυμναῖς Νηιάδεσσι πόρεν γυμνὴν Ἀφροδίτην. καὶ μετὰ θεῖον ἄγαλμα καὶ αὐτοέλικτον ἱμάσθλην δείκελον ἁβρὸν Ἔρωτος ἀπηκόντιζε κονίῃ· καὶ κενεὸν λίπε δῶμα Κυβηλίδος ἀφρογενείης. φοιταλέη δʼ ἀκίχητος ἐθήμονα δύσατο λόχμην, 700καὶ σταλίκων ἔψαυσε, πάλιν δʼ ἐμνήσατο θήρης· καὶ διεροῖς βλεφάροισιν ἑὴν στενάχιζε κορείην, ὀξὺ δὲ κωκύουσα τόσην ἐφθέγξατο φωνήν·

Still frantic in mind, shaken by throes of madness, she came to the temple of Cypris. She loosed the girdle from her newly spun robe, the enemy Latmian herdsman (though his country and legend alike vary) was her love, and she cast him into an unending sleep. of the cestus, and flogged the dainty body of the unconquerable goddess ; she caught up the statue of marriage-consummating Cythereia, she went to the bank of Sangarios, and sent Aphrodite rolling into the stream, naked among the naked Naiads ; and after the divine statue had gone with the scourge twisted round it, she threw into the dust the delicate image of Love, and left the temple of Cybelid Foamborn empty. Then she plunged into the familiar forest, wandering unperceived, handled her net-stakes, remembered the hunt again, lamenting her maidenhood with wet eyelids, and crying loudly in these words :

703Τίς θεὸς ἡμετέρης ἀνελύσατο δεσμὰ κορείης; εἰ μὲν ἐμὲ κνώσσουσαν ἐρημονόμων ἐπὶ λέκτρων 705εἶδος ὑποκλέπτων ἐβιήσατο μητίετα Ζεύς, οὐδὲ καὶ ἡμετέρην ᾐδέσσατο γείτονα Ῥείην, ἀγροτέρους μετὰ θῆρας ὀιστεύσω πόλον ἄστρων· εἰ δέ μοι ὑπναλέῃ παρελέξατο Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων, πέρσω πασιμέλουσαν ὅλην πετρώδεα Πυθώ· 710εἰ δὲ λέχος σύλησεν ἐμὸν Κυλλήνιος Ἑρμῆς, Ἀρκαδίην προθέλυμνον ἐμοῖς βελέεσσιν ὀλέσσω, καὶ τελέσω θεράπαιναν ἐμὴν χρυσάμπυκα Πειθώ· εἰ δὲ δόλοις γαμίοισιν ὀνειρείων ὑμεναίων ἀπροϊδὴς Διόνυσος ἐμὴν σύλησε κορείην, 715ἵξομαι, ἧχι πέλει Κυβέλης δόμος, ὑψιλόφου δὲ οἰστρομανῆ Διόνυσον ἀπὸ Τμώλοιο διώξω· καὶ φονίην ὤμοισιν ἐπικρεμάσασα φαρέτρην εἰς Πάφον, εἰς Φρυγίην θωρήξομαι· ἀμφοτέροις γὰρ τόξον ἐμὸν τανύσω, καὶ Κύπριδι καὶ Διονύσῳ. 720σοὶ πλέον, ἰοχέαιρα, χολώομαι, ὅττί με, κούρη, οὐ κτάνες ὑπναλέην ἔτι παρθένον, οὐδὲ καὶ αὐτῷ σοῖς καθαροῖς βελέεσσιν ἐθωρήχθης παρακοίτῃ.

“What god has loosed the girdle of my maidenhood ? If Zeus Allwise took some false aspect, and forced me, upon my lonely bed, if he did not respect our neighbour Rheia, I will leave the wild beasts and shoot the starry sky ! If Phoibos Apollo lay by my side in sleep, I will raze the stones of worldfamous Pytho wholly to the ground ! If Cyllenian Hermes has ravished my bed, I will utterly destroy Arcadia with my arrows, and make goldchaplet Peitho my servant ! If Dionysos came unseen and ravished my maidenhood in the crafty wooing of a dream-bridal, I will go where Cybele’s hall stands, and chase that lustmad Dionysos from highcrested Tmolos ! I will hang my quiver of death on my shoulders and attack Paphos, I will attack Phrygia — I will draw my bow on both Cypris and Dionysos ! You, Archeress, you have enraged me most, because you, a maiden, did not kill me in my sleep still a virgin, yes and did not defend me even against my bedfellow with your pure shafts !

723ἔννεπε, καὶ τρομέουσαν ἑὴν ἀνεσείρασε φωνὴν δάκρυσι νικηθεῖσα. τελεσσιγάμου δὲ Λυαίου 725παιδοτόκου πλησθεῖσα γονῆς δυσπάρθενος Αὔρη διπλόον ὄγκον ἄειρε· γυνὴ δʼ ἐπεμήνατο φόρτῳ ἄσχετα βακχευθεῖσα γονῆς, δυσπάρθενος Αὔρη . . . ἢ σπόρος αὐτολόχευτος ἢ ἀνέρος ἐξ ὑμεναίων ἠὲ θεοῦ δολίοιο· Διὸς δʼ ἐμνήσατο νύμφης, 730Πλουτοῦς αἰνοτόκου Βερεκυντίδος, ἧς ἀπὸ λέκτρων Τάνταλος ἐβλάστησε. καὶ ἤθελε γαστέρα τέμνειν, ὄφρα δαϊζομένης ἀπὸ νηδύος ἄφρονι λύσσῃ ἄτροφον ἡμιτέλεστον ἀιστώσειε γενέθλην. καὶ ξίφος ἠέρταζε, διὰ στέρνοιο δὲ γυμνοῦ 735δεξιτερῇ μενέαινεν ἀφειδέι φάσγανον ἕλκειν. πολλάκι δʼ ἀρτιτόκοιο μετήιεν ἄντρα λεαίνης, ὥς κεν ὀλισθήσειε θελήμονος εἰς λίνα Μοίρης· ἀλλά μιν οὐρεσίφοιτος ὑπέκφυγε ταρβαλέη θήρ, μή μιν ἀποκτείνειε, μυχῷ δʼ ἐκρύπτετο πέτρης 740σκύμνον ἐρημαίῃσιν ἐπιτρέψασα χαμεύναις. πολλάκι δʼ οἰδαλέοιο γυναικείου διὰ κόλπου αὐτοφόνος μενέαινεν ἑκούσιον ἆορ ἐλάσσαι, ὄφρά κεν αὐτοδάικτος ὀνείδεα γαστρὸς ἀλύξῃ καὶ στόμα τερπομένης φιλοκέρτομον ἰοχεαίρης· 745καὶ νοέειν μενέαινεν ἑὸν πόσιν, ὄφρα καὶ αὐτὴ υἱέα δαιτρεύσειεν ἀναινομένῳ παρακοίτῃ, αὐτὴ παιδοφόνος καὶ ὁμευνέτις, ὄφρά τις εἴπῃ· Πρόκνη παιδολέτειρα νέη πέλε δύσγαμος Αὔρη. καί μιν ὀπιπεύουσα νέων ἐγκύμονα παίδων

She spoke, and then checked her trembling voice overcome by tears. And Aura, hapless maiden, having within her the fruitful seed of Bacchos the begetter, carried a double weight : the wife maddened uncontrollably cursed the burden of the seed, hapless maiden Aura [lamented the loss of her maidenhood ; she knew not] whether she had conceived of herself, or by some man, or a scheming god ; she remembered the bride of Zeus, Berecyntian Pluto, so unhappy in the son Tantalos whom she bore. She wished to tear herself open, to cut open her womb in her senseless frenzy, that the child half made might be destroyed and never be reared. She even lifted a sword, and thought to drive the blade through her bare chest with pitiless hand. Often she went to the cave of a lioness with newborn cubs, that she might slip into the net of a willing fate ; but the dread beast ran out into the mountains, in fear of death, and hid herself in some cleft of the rocks, leaing the cub alone in the lair. Often she thought to drive a sword willingly through the swelling womb and slay herself with her own hand, that self-slain she might escape the shame of her womb and the mocking taunts of glad Artemis. She longed to know her husband, that she might dish up her own son to her loathing husband, childslayer and paramour alike, that men might say — “Aura, unhappy bride, has killed her child like another Procne.”

750Ἄρτεμις ἐγγὺς ἵκανεν ἑῷ γελόωντι προσώπῳ, δειλαίην δʼ ἐρέθιζε, καὶ ἀστόργῳ φάτο φωνῇ·

Then Artemis saw her big with new children, and came near with a laugh on her face and teased the poor creature, saying with pitiless voice :

752Ὕπνον ἴδον, Παφίης θαλαμηπόλον, εἶδον Ἐρώτων ξανθῆς νυμφιδίης ἀπατήλια χεύματα πηγῆς, ἧχι ποτῷ δολόεντι νεήνιδες ἥλικα μίτρην 755ἅρπαγι παρθενίης γαμίῳ λύουσιν ὀνείρῳ· εἶδον ἐγὼ κλέτας, εἶδον, ὅπῃ ζυγίῃ παρὰ πέτρῃ ἀπροϊδὴς δολόεντι γυνὴ νυμφεύεται ὕπνῳ· Κύπριδος εἶδον ὄρος φιλοτήσιον, ἧχι γυναικῶν παρθενίην κλέπτοντες ἀλυσκάζουσιν ἀκοῖται.

“I saw Sleep, the Paphian’s chamberlain ! I saw the deceiving stream of the yellow fountain at your loving bridal ! The fountain where young girls get a treacherous potion, and loosen the girdle they have worn all their lives, in a dream of marriage which steals their maidenhood. I have seen, I have seen the slope where a woman is made a bride unexpectedly, in treacherous sleep, beside a bridal rock. I have seen the love-mountain of Cypris, where lovers steal the maidenhood of women and run away.

760εἰπέ, γύναι φυγόδεμνε, τί σήμερον ἠρέμα βαίνεις; ἡ πρὶν ἀελλήεσσα, πόθεν βαρύγουνος ὁδεύεις; νυμφεύθης ἀέκουσα, καὶ οὐ τεὸν οἶδας ἀκοίτην· οὐ δύνασαι κρύπτειν κρύφιον γάμον· οἰδαλέοι γὰρ σὸν πόσιν ἀγγέλλουσι νεογλαγέες σέο μαζοί. 765εἰπὲ δέ μοι, βαρύυπνε, συοκτόνε, παρθένε, νύμφη, πῶς μεθέπεις χλοάουσαν ἐρευθαλέην σέο μορφήν; τίς σέο λέκτρα μίηνε; τίς ἥρπασε σεῖο κορείην; ξανθαὶ Νηιάδες, μὴ κρύψατε νυμφίον Αὔρης. οἶδα, γύναι βαρύφορτε, τεὸν λαθραῖον ἀκοίτην· 770σὸς γάμος οὔ με λέληθε, καὶ εἰ κρύπτειν μενεαίνεις, σὸς πόσις οὔ με λέληθε· βαρυνομένη δέμας ὕπνῳ εὐνέτις ἀστυφέλικτος ἐνυμφεύθης Διονύσῳ.

“Tell me, you young prude, why do you walk so slowly to-day ? Once as quick as the wind, why do you plod so heavily ? You were wooed unwilling, and you do not know your bedfellow ! You cannot hide your furtive bridal, for your breasts are swelling with new milk and they announce a husband. Tell me heavy sleeper, pigsticker, virgin, bride, how do you come by those pale cheeks, once ruddy ? Who disgraced your bed ? Who stole your maidenhood ? fair-haired Naiads, do not hide Aura’s bridegroom ! I know your furtive husband, you woman with a heavy burden. I saw your wedding, clearly enough, though you long to conceal it. I saw your husband clearly enough ; you were in the bed, your body heavy with sleep, you did not move when Dionysos wedded you.

773ἀλλὰ τεὸν λίπε τόξον· ἀναινομένη δὲ φαρέτρην ὄργια μυστιπόλευε γυναιμανέος σέο βάκχου, 775τύμπανα χειρὶ φέρουσα καὶ εὐκεράων θρόον αὐλῶν. πρὸς δὲ τεῆς λίτομαί σε τελεσσιγάμοιο χαμεύνης, ποῖά σοι ὤπασεν ἕδνα τεὸς Διόνυσος ἀκοίτης; μή σοι νεβρίδα δῶκε, τεῆς αὐτάγγελον εὐνῆς; μή σοι χάλκεα ῥόπτρα τεῶν πόρε παίγνια παίδων; 780πείθομαι, ὡς πόρε θύρσον, ἀκοντιστῆρα λεόντων· καὶ τάχα κύμβαλα δῶκε, τά περ δονέουσι τιθῆναι φάρμακα νηπιάχοισι φιλοθρήνων ὀδυνάων.

Come then, leave your bow, renounce your quiver ; serve in the secret rites of your womanmad Bacchos ; carry your tambour and your tootling pipes of horn. I beseech you, in the name of that bed on the ground where the marriage was consummated, what bridegifts did Dionysos your husband bring ? Did he give you a fawnskin, enough to be news of your marriage-bed ? Did he give you brazen rattles for your children to play with ? I think he gave you a thyrsus to shoot lions ; perhaps he gave cymbals, which nurses shake to console the howling pains of the little children.”

783ἔννεπε κερτομέουσα· καὶ ἔμπαλιν ᾤχετο δαίμων, θῆρας ὀιστεύουσα τὸ δεύτερον, ἀχνυμένη δὲ

“So spoke the goddess in mockery, and went away to shoot her wild beasts again, in anger leaving her cares to the winds of heaven.

785ἠερίοις ἀνέμοισιν ἑὰς μεθέηκε μερίμνας. κούρη δʼ οὐρεσίφοιτος ἀμάρτυρος ὑψόθι πέτρης ὀξὺ βέλος μεθέπουσα δυηπαθέος τοκετοῖο φρικαλέον βρύχημα λεχωίδος εἶχε λεαίνης· πέτραι δʼ ἀντιάχησαν· ἐρισμαράγοιο δὲ κούρης 790φθόγγον ἀμειβομένη μυκήσατο δύσθροος Ἠχώ. καὶ παλάμας, ἅτε πῶμα, περισφίγξασα λοχείῃ κλεῖε θοὴν ὠδῖνα πεπαινομένου τοκετοῖο, καὶ τόκον ἀρτιτέλεστον ἐρήτυεν· ἐχθομένην γὰρ Ἄρτεμιν οὐ μενέαινεν ἐπʼ ὠδίνεσσι καλέσσαι· 795Ἡραίας δὲ θύγατρας ἀναίνετο, μή ποτε Βάκχου μητρυιῆς ἅτε παῖδες ἐπιβρίσωσι λοχείῃ. κούρη δʼ ἀσχαλόωσα κατηφέα ῥῆξεν ἰωήν, νυσσομένη κέντροισιν ἀπειρώδινος ἀνάγκης·

But the girl went among the high rocks of the mountains. There unseen, when she felt the cruel throes of childbirth pangs, her voice roared terrible as a lioness in labour, and the rocks resounded, for dolorous Echo gave back an answering roar to the loud-shrieking girl. She held her hands over her lap like a lid compressing the birth, to close the speedy delivery of her ripening child, and delayed the babe now perfect. For she hated Artemis and would not call upon her in her pains ; she would not have the daughters of Hera, lest they as being children of Bacchos’s stepmother should oppress her delivery with more pain. At last in her affliction the girl cried out these despairing words, stabbed with the pangs of one who was new to the hard necessity of childbirth :

799Οὕτως ἰοχέαιραν ἴδω καὶ θοῦριν Ἀθήνην, 800οὕτως ἀμφοτέρας ἐγκύμονας ὄφρα νοήσω· Ἄρτεμιν ὠδίνουσαν ἐλέγξατε, μαιάδες Ὧραι, μαρτυρίῃ τοκετοῖο, καὶ εἴπατε Τριτογενείῃ· παρθενικὴ γλαυκῶπι, νεητόκε μῆτερ ἀμήτωρ. οὕτω ξυνὰ παθοῦσαν ἴδω φιλοπάρθενον Ἠχὼ 805Πανὶ παρευνηθεῖσαν ἢ ἀρχεκάκῳ Διονύσῳ. Ἄρτεμι, καὶ σὺ τεκοῦσα παραίφασις ἔσσεαι Αὔρης, θῆλυ γάλα στάζουσα λεχώιον ἄρσενι μαζῷ.

“So may I see Archeress and wild Athena, so may I see them both great with child ! Reproach Artemis in labour, O midwife Seasons, be witness of her delivery, and say to Tritogeneia — ‘O virgin Brighteyes, O new mother who mother had none ! ’ So may I see Echo who loves maidenhood so much, suffering as I do, after she has lain with Pan, or Dionysos the cause of my troubles ! Artemis, if you could bring forth, it would be some consolation to Aura, that you should trickle woman’s milk from your man’s breast.”

808εἶπεν ὀδυρομένη βαρυώδυνα κέντρα λοχείης. καὶ τόκον ἰοχέαιρα κατέσχεθε, παιδοτόκῳ δὲ 810νύμφῃ μόχθον ὄπασσεν ἐρυκομένου τοκετοῖο.

So she cried, lamenting the heavy pangs of her delivery. Then Artemis delayed the birth, and gave the labouring bride the pain of retarded delivery.

People and places in this passage

English translation by W. H. D. Rouse (1940). Original text: W. H. D. Rouse (ed.), Nonnos, Dionysiaca, Loeb Classical Library 344, 354, 356, London: Heinemann; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1940-1942 (Greek text as digitised by Perseus).

Greek text and translation from the Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, CC BY-SA 4.0 (Perseus Digital Library, Greek text); translation public domain (Rouse, Loeb 1940-42: US copyright not renewed; Rouse died 1950; OCR from the Internet Archive scans). Introductions, summaries and notes © GreekMythology.com.

Dionysiaca 48.653–810: Aura's madness and her labour