Ἐν δὲ τῇ μεσογαίᾳ Καπύη μέν ἐστιν ἡ μητρόπολις, κεφαλὴ τῷ ὄντι κατὰ τὴν ἐτυμότητα τοῦ ὀνόματος· τὰ γὰρ ἄλλα πολίχνια νομίζοιτʼ ἂν κατὰ τὴν σύγκρισιν πλὴν Τεάνου Σιδικίνου· καὶ γὰρ αὕτη ἀξιόλογος. κεῖται δʼ ἐπὶ τῇ ὁδῷ τῇ Ἀππίᾳ αὕτη τε καὶ τῶν ἄλλων αἱ ἐπὶ Βρεντέσιον ἄγουσαι ἀπʼ αὐτῆς, Καλατία καὶ Καύδιον καὶ Βενεουεντόν· ἐπὶ δὲ Ῥώμης Κασιλῖνον ἵδρυται ἐπὶ τῷ Ὀυουλτούρνῳ ποταμῷ, ἐν ᾗ πολιορκούμενοι Πραινεστίνων ἄνδρες τετταράκοντα καὶ πεντακόσιοι πρὸς ἀκμάζοντα Ἀννίβαν ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ἀντέσχον, ὥσθʼ ὑπὸ λιμοῦ διακοσίων δραχμῶν πραθέντος μυός, ὁ μὲν πωλήσας ἀπέθανεν, ἐσώθη δʼ ὁ πριάμενος. ἰδὼν δʼ αὐτοὺς πλησίον τοῦ τείχους σπείροντας γογγύλην ἐθαύμαζεν, ὡς ἔοικεν, ὁ Ἀννίβας τῆς μακροθυμίας, εἰ ἐλπίζοιεν τέως ἀνθέξειν ἕως τελεσφορήσειεν ἡ γογγύλη· καὶ δὴ περιγενέσθαι πάντας φασὶ πλὴν ἀνδρῶν ὀλίγων τῶν ἢ λιμῷ διαλυθέντων ἢ ἐν ταῖς μάχαις.
In the interior is the metropolis, Capua, being, as the etymon of the name signifies, the head; for in regard to it all the other cities appear small, excepting Teanum-Sidicinum, which is a very considerable place. This city lies on the Via Appia, as also the others which lead from hence to Brundusium, [viz.] Callateria, Caudium, and Beneventum. On the side of Rome is Casilinum, situated on the river Vulturnus. Here 540 men of Praeneste sustained against Hannibal in the height of his power so desperate a siege, that by reason of the famine, a rat was sold for two hundred drachmae, the seller dying [of hunger], but the purchaser being saved. Hannibal observing some of them sowing turnip-seed near to the wall, admired, as well he might, the patient courage of these men, who hoped to hold out in the mean while, until these turnips should be ready for food. However, we are assured that they all survived, with the exception of a few who perished either by famine or in war.
πρὸς δὲ ταῖς ῥηθείσαις ἔτι καὶ αὗται Καμπαναὶ πόλεις εἰσὶν ὧν ἐμνήσθημεν πρότερον, Κάλης τε καὶ Τέανον Σιδικῖνον, ἃς διορίζουσιν αἱ δύο Τύχαι ἐφʼ ἑκάτερα ἱδρυμέναι τῆς Λατίνης ὁδοῦ, καὶ ἔτι Σουέσσουλα καὶ Ἀτέλλα καὶ Νῶλα καὶ Νουκερία καὶ Ἀχέρραι καὶ Ἀβέλλα καὶ ἄλλαι ἔτι ἐλάττους τούτων κατοικίαι, ὧν ἐνίας Σαυνίτιδάς φασιν εἶναι. Σαυνῖται δὲ πρότερον μὲν καὶ μέχρι τῆς Λατίνης τῆς περὶ Ἀρδέαν ἐξοδίας ποιούμενοι, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα αὐτὴν τὴν Καμπανίαν πορθοῦντες πολλὴν ἐκέκτηντο δύναμιν· καὶ γὰρ ἄλλως δεσποτικῶς ἄρχεσθαι μεμαθηκότες ταχὺ ὑπούργουν τοῖς προστάγμασι. νυνὶ δʼ ἐκπεπόνηνται τελέως ὑπό τε ἄλλων καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον ὑπὸ Σύλλα τοῦ μοναρχήσαντος Ῥωμαίων, ὃς ἐπειδὴ πολλαῖς μάχαις καταλύσας τὴν τῶν Ἰταλιωτῶν ἐπανάστασιν τούτους σχεδόν τι μόνους συμμένοντας ἑώρα καὶ ὁμοίως ὁρμῶντας, ὥστε καὶ ἐπʼ αὐτὴν τὴν Ῥώμην ἐλθεῖν, συνέστη πρὸ τοῦ τείχους αὐτοῖς, καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἐν τῇ μάχῃ κατέκοψε κελεύσας μὴ ζωγρεῖν τοὺς δὲ ῥίψαντας τὰ ὅπλα, περὶ τρισχιλίους ἄνδρας ἢ τετρακισχιλίους φασίν, εἰς τὴν δημοσίαν ἔπαυλιν τὴν ἐν τῷ Κάμπῳ καταγαγὼν εἷρξε· τρισὶ δὲ ὕστερον ἡμέραις ἐπιπέμψας στρατιώτας ἅπαντας ἀπέσφαξε, προγραφάς τε ποιούμενος οὐκ ἐπαύσατο πρὶν ἢ πάντας τοὺς ἐν ὀνόματι Σαυνιτῶν διέφθειρεν ἢ ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐξέβαλε· πρὸς δὲ τοὺς αἰτιωμένους τὴν ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ὀργὴν ἔφη καταμαθεῖν ἐκ τῆς πείρας, ὡς οὐδέποτʼ ἂν εἰρήνην ἀγάγοι Ῥωμαίων οὐδὲ εἷς, ἕως ἂν συμμένωσι καθʼ ἑαυτοὺς Σαυνῖται. τοιγάρ τοι νυνὶ κῶμαι γεγόνασιν αἱ πόλεις· ἔνιαι δʼ ἐκλελοίπασι τελέως, Βοιανὸν Αἰσερνία Πάννα Τελεσία συνεχὴς Ὀυενάφρῳ καὶ ἄλλαι τοιαῦται, ὧν οὐδεμίαν ἄξιον ἡγεῖσθαι πόλιν· ἡμεῖς δʼ ἐπέξιμεν μέχρι τοῦ μετρίου διὰ τὴν τῆς Ἰταλίας δόξαν καὶ δύναμιν. Βενεουεντὸν δʼ ὅμως συνέστηκεν εὖ καὶ Ὀυενουσία.
In addition to those just spoken of, there are these Campanian cities which we have already mentioned, viz. Cales, and Teanum-Sidicinum, the limits of which are respectively marked out by the two temples of Fortune situated on either side of the Via Latina. Besides these are Suessula, Atella, Nola, Nuceria, Acerroe, Abella, with other smaller settlements, some of which are said to be Samnite. The Samnites, by making incursions into Latium as far as Ardea, and afterwards devastating Campania itself, greatly extended their power. The Campanians, being otherwise accustomed to a despotic government, yielded ready obedience to their commands. At the present day they have been almost entirely exterminated by the various Roman generals, and last of all by Sulla, who was absolute master of the republic. He, after having by numerous battles extinguished the Italian revolt, observing that the Samnites, almost without exception, remained in one body, and with one sole intention, so that they had even marched upon Rome itself, gave them battle under the walls, and as he had issued orders to make no prisoners, many of them were cut to pieces on the field, while the remainder, said to be about three or four thousand men, who threw down their arms, were led off to the Villa Publica in the Campus Martius, and there shut in; three days after soldiers were sent in who massacred the whole; and when [Sulla] drew up his conscription list, he did not rest satisfied until he had destroyed, or driven from Italy, every one who bore a Samnite name. To those who reproached him for this animosity, he replied that he had learned by experience that not a single Roman could rest in peace so long as any of the Samnites survived. Thus their cities have now dwindled into villages, some indeed being entirely deserted, as Boianum, Aesernia, Panna, Telesia adjoining Venafrum, and others similar, none of which can be looked upon as cities; but in a country so renowned and powerful as Italy, we thought proper to mention places even of second-rate importance. [We should add that] Beneventum and Venusia are still prosperous.
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