ἐν τοιαύτῃ δὲ καταστάσει τῶν πραγμάτων ὄντων ἑτέρα γίνεται μεταβολή τοῦ νέου Καίσαρος ἐπελθόντος. οὗτος ἦν μὲν ἐξ ἀδελφιδῆς Καίσαρος, γράμματι δὲ παῖς ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ καὶ κληρονόμος ἀπολελειμμένος.
Matters were at such a pass when a fresh turn was given to them by the arrival of the young Caesar. He was a son of Caesar’s niece, but had been formally adopted by him, and left his heir.
ἐν δʼἈπολλωνίᾳ διέτριβεν ὅτε Καῖσαρ ἀνῃρέθη, σχολάζων περὶ λόγους κἀκεῖνον ἐπὶ Πάρθους ἐλαύνειν εὐθὺς ἐγνωκότα προσμένων.
He was pursuing his studies at Apollonia when Caesar was killed, and had been awaiting him there after his determination to march at once against the Parthians.
ἅμα δὲ τῷ πυθέσθαι τὸ πάθος ἦλθεν εἰς Ῥώμην· καὶ δημαγωγίας ἀρχὴν τοὔνομα Καίσαρος θέμενος ἑαυτῷ καὶ διανέμων τὸ καταλειφθὲν ἀργύριον τοῖς πολίταις Ἀντώνιόν τε κατεστασίαζε καὶ χρήματα διαδιδοὺς συνίστη καὶ συνῆγε πολλοὺς τῶν ὑπὸ Καίσαρος ἐστρατευμένω.
As soon as he learned of Caesar’s fate, he came to Rome, and as a first step towards winning the favour of the people, assumed the name of Caesar and distributed to the citizens the money which had been left them by his will. Thus he deposed Antony from popular favour, and by a lavish use of money assembled and got together many of Caesar’s veteran soldiers.
ἐπεὶ δὲ Κικέρων τῷ πρὸς Ἀντώνιον μίσει τὰ Καίσαρος ἔπραττε, τούτῳ μὲν ὁ Βροῦτος ἐπέπληττεν ἰσχυρῶς, γράφων ὡς οὐ δεσπότην βαρύνοιτο Κικέρων, ἀλλὰ μισοῦντα δεσπότην φοβοῖτο, καὶ πολιτεύοιτο δουλείας αἵρεσιν φιλανθρώπου γράφων καὶ λέγων ὡς χρηστός ἐστι Καῖσαρ. οἱ δὲ πρόγονοι, φησὶν, ἡμῶν οὐδὲ πρᾴουςδεσπότας ὑπέμενον.
When Cicero was led by his hatred of Antony to take the side of Octavius Caesar, Brutus rebuked him severely, writing that Cicero did not object to a despot as such, but only feared a despot who hated him, and that when he declared in his letters and speeches that Octavius was a worthy man, his policy meant the choice of a kindly slavery. Our ancestors, however, said he, could not endure even gentle despots.
αὐτῷ δʼ εἰς τοῦτο καιροῦ μήτε πολεμεῖν βεβαίως δεδόχθαι μήτε ἡσυχάζειν, ἀλλʼ ἓν μόνον εἶναι βεβουλευμένον, τὸ μὴ δουλεύειν·
As for himself, he had not as yet definitely decided, he said, either for war or for peace, but on one thing only was he determined, and that was not to be a slave;
θαυμάζειν δὲ Κικέρωνος, εἰ πόλεμον μὲν ἐμφύλιον καὶ κινδυνώδη δέδοικεν, αἰσχρὰν δὲ καὶ ἄδοξον εἰρήνην οὐ φοβεῖται, τοῦ δʼ Ἀντώνιον ἐκβαλεῖν τῆς τυραννίδος μισθὸν αἰτεῖ τὸ Καίσαρα καταστῆσαι τύραννον.
and he was amazed, he said, that Cicero dreaded a civil war with all its perils, but was not afraid of a shameful and inglorious peace, and that, as a reward for driving Antony from the tyranny, he asked the privilege of making Octavius tyrant.
ἐν μὲν οὖν ταῖς πρώταις ἐπιστολαῖς τοιοῦτος ὁ Βροῦτος· ἤδη δὲ τῶν μὲν ὡς Καίσαρα, τῶν δʼ ὡς Ἀντώνιον διισταμένων, ὠνίων δὲ τῶν στρατοπέδων ὥσπερ ὑπὸ κήρυκι προστιθεμένων τῷ πλέον διδόντι, παντάπασι καταγνοὺς τῶν πραγμάτων ἔγνω καταλιπεῖν Ἰταλίαν, καὶ πεζῇ διὰ Λευκανίας εἰς Ἐλέαν ἐπὶ θάλασσαν ἧκεν.
Thus, then, did Brutus express himself in his first letters to Cicero. But already one faction was forming about Octavius, and another about Antony, and the soldiers, as though for sale at auction, flocked to the highest bidder. Altogether despairing, therefore, of the state, Brutus determined to abandon Italy, and came by land through Lucania to Elea by the sea.
ὅθεν ἡ Πορκία μέλλουσα πάλιν εἰς Ῥώμην ἀποτραπέσθαι λανθάνειν μὲν ἐπειρᾶτο περιπαθῶς ἔχουσα, γραφὴ δέ τις αὐτὴν προὔδωκε τἆλλα γενναίαν οὖσαν.
As Porcia was about to return thence to Rome, she tried to conceal her distress, but a certain painting betrayed her, in spite of her noble spirit hitherto.
ἦν γὰρ ἐκ τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν διάθεσις, προπεμπόμενος Ἕκτωρ ὑπὸ Ἀνδρομάχης κομιζομένης παρʼ αὐτοῦ τὸ παιδίον, ἐκείνῳ δὲ προσβλεπούσης.
Its subject was Greek, —Andromache bidding farewell to Hector; she was taking from his arms their little son, while her eyes were fixed upon her husband.
ταῦτα θεωμένην τὴν Πορκίαν ἡ τοῦ πάθους εἰκὼν ἐξέτηξεν εἰς δάκρυα· καὶ πολλάκις φοιτῶσα τῆς ἡμέρας ἔκλαιεν.
When Porcia saw this, the image of her own sorrow presented by it caused her to burst into tears, and she would visit it many times a day and weep before it.
Ἀκιλίου δέ τινος τῶν Βρούτου φίλων τὰ πρὸς Ἕκτορα τῆς Ἀνδρομάχης ἔπη διελθόντος,Ἕκτορ, ἀτὰρ σύ μοί ἐσσι πατὴρ καὶ πότνιαμήτηρ / ἠδὲ κασίγνητος, σὺ δέ μοί θαλερὸς παρακοίτης, /
And when Acilius, one of the friends of Brutus, recited the verses containing Andromache’s words to Hector, But, Hector, thou to me art father and honoured mother / And brother; my tender husband, too, art thou, /
μειδιάσας ὁ Βροῦτος, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐμοί γʼ, εἶπε, πρὸςΠορκίαν ἔπεισι φάναι τὰ τοῦ Ἕκτορος, ἱστόν ἠλακάτην τε καὶ ἀμφιπόλοισι κέλευε· σώματος γὰρ ἀπολείπεται φύσει τῶν ἴσων ἀνδραγαθημάτων, γνώμῃ δʼ ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος, ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς, ἀριστεύει. ταῦτα μὲν ὁ τῆς Πορκίας υἱὸς ἱστόρηκε Βύβλος.
Brutus smiled and said: But I, certainly, have no mind to address Porcia in the words of Hector, Ply loom and distaff and give orders to thy maids, for though her body is not strong enough to perform such heroic tasks as men do, still, in spirit she is valiant in defence of her country, just as we are. This story is told by Porcia’s son, Bibulus.
ἀναχθεὶς δʼ ὁ Βροῦτος ἐκεῖθεν ἐπʼ Ἀθηνῶν ἔπλει. δεξαμένου δὲ τοῦ δήμου προθύμως αὐτὸν εὐφημίαις καί ψηφίσμασι διῃτᾶτο μὲν παρὰ ξένῳ τινί, Θεομνήστου δʼ ἀκροώμενος τοῦ Ἀκαδημιακοῦ καί Κρατίππου τοῦ Περιπατητικοῦ καί συμφιλοσοφῶν ἐδόκει παντάπασιν ἀργεῖν καί σχολάζειν.
From thence Brutus put to sea and sailed for Athens. Here the people welcomed him eagerly and extolled him in public decrees. He dwelt with a certain guest-friend, attended the lectures of Theomnestus the Academic and Cratippus the Peripatetic, discussed philosophy with them, and was thought to be wholly given up to literary pursuits.
ἔπραττε δὲ τὰ πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ἀνυπόπτως. καί γὰρ εἰς Μακεδονίαν ἔπεμψεν Ἡρόστρατον οἰκειούμενος τοὺς ἐπὶ τῶν ἐκεῖ στρατοπέδων, καί τοὺς σχολάζοντας ἀπὸ Ῥώμης ἐν ἄστει νέους ἀνελάμβανε καί συνεῖχεν.
But without any one’s suspecting it, he was getting ready for war. For he sent Herostratus into Macedonia, desiring to win over the commanders of the armies there, and he united in his service all the young Romans who were studying at Athens.
ὧν ἦν καί Κικέρωνος υἱός, ὃν ἐπαινεῖ διαφερόντως, καί φησιν, εἴτʼ ἐγρήγορεν εἴτʼ ἐνυπνιάζεται, θαυμάζειν οὕτω γενναῖον ὄντα καί μισοτύραννον.
One of these was Cicero’s son, on whom he bestows high praise, declaring that whether awake or asleep and dreaming, he was amazed to find him of such a noble spirit and such a hater of tyranny.
ἀρξάμενος δὲ τῶν πραγμάτων ἀναφανδὸν ἅπτεσθαι, καί πυθόμενος πλοῖα Ῥωμαϊκὰ μεστὰ χρημάτων ἐξ Ἀσίας προσφέρεσθαι καί στρατηγὸν ἐπιπλεῖν ἄνδρα χαρίεντα καί γνώριμον, ἀπήντησεν αὐτῷ περὶ Κάρυστον·
Afterwards he began to act openly, and having learned that Roman transports full of treasure were approaching from Asia, and that an accomplished and well-known man was in command of them, he went to meet him at Carystus.
ἐντυχὼν δὲ καί πείσας καί παραλαβὼν τὰ πλοῖα λαμπροτέραν ὑποδοχὴν ἐποιεῖτο. καί γὰρ ἦν ἡμέρα καθʼ ἣν ἐγεγόνει πρῶτον ὁ Βροῦτος,
After conferring with him and persuading him to hand over the transports, he prepared an entertainment of unusual splendour; for it was Brutus’s birthday.
ὡς οὖν ἐλθόντες εἰς τὸ πίνειν ἐπιχύσεις ἐποιοῦντο νίκης τε Βρούτου καὶ Ῥωμαίων ἐλευθερίας, ἔτι μᾶλλον αὐτοὺς ῥῶσαι βουλόμενος ᾔτησε ποτήριον μεῖζον καί λαβὼν, ἀπʼ οὐδεμιᾶς προφάσεως ἀνεφώνησε τὸν στίχον τοῦτον· ἀλλά με μοῖρʼ ὀλοὴ καί Λητοῦς ἔκτανεν υἱός.
Accordingly, when they were come to their wine, and were pledging Victory to Brutus, and Liberty to the Romans, wishing to animate them still more, Brutus called for a larger beaker, and then, when he had received it, without any ostensible reason, recited this verse:— —But I am slain by baleful Fate and Leto’s son. /
ἔτι δὲ καί πρὸς τούτοις ἱστοροῦσιν, ὅτε τὴν τελευταίαν ἐν Φιλίπποις μαχούμενος ἐξῄει μάχην, σύνθημα παρʼ αὐτοῦ τοῖς στρατιώταις Ἀπόλλωνα δοθῆναι. διὸ καί τῆς συμφορᾶς τίθενται σημεῖον ἐκείνην τὴν ἀναφώνησιν.
And still further, in addition to this, historians tell us that when he was going out to fight his last battle at Philippi, the watchword which he gave out to his soldiers was Apollo. Therefore they conclude that when he recited that verse, it also was a presage of his calamity.
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