ἔτυχον δʼ οἱ περὶ Ἀντώνιον ἀπὸ τῶν ἑλῶν, οἷς περιεστρατοπέδευον, ἐμβάλλοντες τάφρους εἰς τὸ πεδίον καὶ τὰς ἐπὶ θάλασσαν ὁδοὺς τοῦ Κασσίου περικόπτοντες.
The soldiers of Antony were engaged in running trenches from the marshes, at which they were encamped, into the plain, thus cutting off Cassius from access to the sea.
ἐφήδρευε δὲ Καῖσαρ, οὐ παρὼν αὐτὸς διʼ ἀσθένειαν, ἀλλʼ ἡ δύναμις, οὐ πάνυ μαχεῖσθαι προσδοκῶσα τοὺς πολεμίους, ἀλλὰ μόνον ἐκδρομαῖς χρῆσθαι πρὸς τὰ ἔργα καὶ βέλεσιν ἐλαφροῖς καὶ θορύβοις τοὺς ὀρύσσοντας ἐπιταράσσειν·
Octavius was quietly watching the course of events,—not being present in person, owing to sickness, but his forces for him; they had no expectation at all that their enemies would give battle, but thought they would merely sally out against the works and with light missiles and clamorous cries try to disturb the workers in the trenches.
καὶ τοῖς ἀντιτεταγμένοις οὐ προσέχοντες ἐθαύμαζον τὴν περὶ τὰς τάφρους κραυγήν ἄσημον οὖσαν καὶ πολλὴν προσφερομένην.
So paying no attention to their opponents, they were amazed at the loud and confused outcries which came to them from the trenches.
ἐν τούτῳ γραμματείων τε παρὰ Βρούτου τοῖς ἡγεμόσι φοιτώντων, ἐν οἷς ἦν τὸ σύνθημα γεγραμμένον, αὐτοῦ τε παρεξιόντος ἵππῳ τὰ τάγματα καὶ παραθαρρύνοντος, ὀλίγοι μὲν ἔφθασαν ἀκοῦσαι τὸ σύνθημα παρεγγυώμενον, οἱ δὲ πλεῖστοι μὴ προσμείναντες ὁρμῇ μιᾷ καὶ ἀλαλαγμῷπροσεφέροντο τοῖς πολεμίοις.
At this point, while tickets with the watchword written upon them were being carried to his officers from Brutus, and while Brutus himself was riding along past the legions and encouraging them, few of his men succeeded in hearing the watchword as it was passed along, but most of them, without waiting for it, with one impulse and with one war-cry, rushed upon the enemy.
γενομένης δὲ διʼ ἀταξίαν ταύτην ἀνωμαλίας καὶ διασπασμοῦ τῶν ταγμάτων τὸ Μεσσάλα πρῶτον, εἶτα τὰ συνεζευγμένα παρήλλαττε τὸ Καίσαρος ἀριστερόν·
This disorder threw the legions out of line and touch with one another, and first that of Messala, then those that had been drawn up with it, went beyond the left wing of Octavius;
καὶ βραχέα τῶν ἐσχάτων θιγόντες καὶ καταβαλόντες οὐ πολλούς, ἀλλʼ ὑπερκεράσαντες, ἐμπίπτουσιν εἰς τὸ στρατόπεδον.
they had only a brief contact with its outermost lines, and slew only a few men, but outflanked it and burst into their camp.
καὶ Καῖσαρ μέν, ὡς αὐτὸς ἐν τοῖς ὑπομνήμασιν ἱστορεῖ, τῶν φίλων τινὸς Ἀρτωρίου Μάρκου καθʼ ὕπνον ἰδόντος ὄψιν κελεύουσαν ἐκστῆναι Καίσαρα καὶ μετελθεῖν ἐκ τοῦ χάρακος, ἔφθασε μικρὸν ὑπεκκομισθεὶς ἔδοξέ τε τεθνάναι.
And Octavius, as he himself tells us in his Commentaries, in consequence of a vision which visited one of his friends, Marcus Artorius, and ordered that Octavius should rise up from his bed and depart from the camp, barely succeeded in having himself carried forth, and was thought to have been slain.
τὸ γὰρ φορεῖον κενὸν ἀκοντίοις καὶ ὑσσοῖς βάλλοντες διήλασαν. ἦν δὲ φόνος ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ τῶν ἁλισκομένων, καὶ δισχίλιοι Λακεδαιμονίων ἥκοντες ἐπίκουροι νεωστὶ συγκατεκόπησαν.
For his litter, when empty, was pierced by the javelins and spears of his enemies. Those who were taken prisoners in the camp were slaughtered, and two thousand Lacedaemonians who had recently come as auxiliaries were cut to pieces along with them.
οἱ δὲ μὴκυκλωσάμενοι τοὺς Καίσαρος, ἀλλὰ συμπεσόντες, ῥᾳδίως μὲν ἀπἐτρέψαντο τεταραγμένους, καὶ διέφθειραν ἐν χερσὶν τρία τάγματα, καὶ συνεισέπεσον εἰς τὸ στρατόπεδον τοῖς φεύγουσιν ὑπὸ ῥύμης τοῦ κρατεῖν συνενεχθέντες, μεθʼ ἑαυτῶν ἔχοντες τὸν Βροῦτον·
The legions of Brutus which had not outflanked the forces of Octavius, but engaged them in battle, easily routed them in their confusion and cut to pieces three legions at close quarters; then they dashed into their camp with the fugitives, borne on by the impetus of their victory and carrying Brutus with them.
ὃ δʼ οὐ συνεῖδον οἱ νικῶντες ἐδείκνυε τοῖς ἡττημένοις ὁ καιρός. εἰς γὰρ τὰ γυμνὰ καὶ παραρρηγνύμενα τῆς ἐναντίας φάλαγγος, ᾗ τὸ δεξιὸν ἀπεσπάσθη πρὸς τὴν δίωξιν, ὠσάμενοι τὸ μὲν μέσον οὐκ ἐξέωσαν, ἀλλʼ ἀγῶνι μεγάλῳ συνείχοντο, τὸ δʼ εὐώνυμον ἀταξίᾳ καὶ ἀγνοίᾳ τῶν γενομένων ἐτρέψαντο καὶ καταδιώξαντες εἰς τὸν χάρακα διεπόρθουν οὐδετέρου τῶν αὐτοκρατόρων παρόντος.
But here the vanquished saw an opportunity of which the victors were not aware; for they charged upon the broken and exposed parts of their opponents’ line, from which the right wing had been drawn away in pursuit. The centre did not yield to them, but fought them vigorously; the left wing, however, owing to their disorder and ignorance of what had happened, they routed and pursued into their camp, which they sacked.
Ἀντώνιός τε γὰρ, ὥς φασιν, ἐκκλίνας ἐν ἀρχῇ τὴν ἔφοδον εἰς τὸ ἕλος ἀνεχώρησε, καὶ Καῖσαρ οὐδαμοῦ φανερὸς ἦν ἐκπεσὼν τοῦ χάρακος, ἀλλὰ Βρούτῳ τινὲς ὡς ἀνῃρηκότες αὐτὸν ἐπεδείκνυον ᾑμαγμένα τὰ ξίφη, φράζοντες ἰδέαν ἣν εἶχε καὶ ἡλικίαν.
Neither of the generals was with his men; for Antony, we are told, turned aside from the attack at the outset and withdrew into the marsh, and Octavius was nowhere to be seen after he had forsaken his camp; indeed, sundry soldiers declared that they had slain him, showing Brutus their bloody swords and describing his youthful appearance.
ἤδη δὲ τὸ μέσον ἐξεώκει φόνῳ πολλῷ τοὺς ἀντιτεταγμένους, καὶ παντελῶς ἐδόκει κρατεῖν ὁ Βροῦτος, ὥσπερ ὁ Κάσσιος κρατεῖσθαι.
But presently the centre drove back their opponents with great slaughter, and it appeared that Brutus was completely victorious, as Cassius was completely defeated.
καὶ τοῦτο μόνον αὐτῶν διέφθειρε τὰ πράγματα, τοῦ μὲν ὡς νικῶντι Κασσίῳ μὴ βοηθήσαντος, τοῦ δὲ Βροῦτον ὡς ἀπολωλότα μὴ περιμείναντος· ἐπεὶ τῆς γε νίκης ὅρον ὃ Μεσσάλας τίθεται τὸ τρεῖς ἀετοὺς καὶ πολλὰ σημεῖα λαβεῖν τῶν πολεμίων, ἐκείνους δὲ μηδέν.
And one thing alone brought ruin to their cause, namely, that Brutus thought Cassius victorious and did not go to his aid, while Cassius thought Brutus dead and did not wait for his aid; since Messala considers it a certain proof of the victory that he captured three eagles and many standards from the enemy, while they took nothing.
ἀναχωρῶν δʼ ὁ Βροῦτος ἤδη διαπεπορθημένων τῶν Καίσαρος ἐθαύμασε τὸ Κασσίου στρατήγιον οὐχ ὁρῶν ὑψηλὸν, ὥσπερ εἰώθει, περιφαινόμενον, οὐδὲ τἆλλα κατὰ χώραν· ἐρήριπτο γὰρ εὐθὺς τὰ πλεῖστα καὶ κατέσπαστο τῶν πολεμίων ἐμπεσόντων.
As Brutus was returning from his victory, the camp of Caesar having been already destroyed, he was amazed not to see the tent of Cassius towering above the others, as usual, nor the other tents in their wonted place; for most of them had been demolished at once when the enemy burst in.
ἀλλʼ οἱ δοκοῦντες ὀξύτερον βλέπειν τῶν ἑταίρων ἔφραζον αὐτῷ πολλὰ μὲν ὁρᾶν κράνη λάμποντα, πολλοὺς δὲ ἀργυροῦς θυρεοὺς ἐν τῷ χάρακι τοῦ Κασσίου διαφερομένους·
But the sharper sighted among his companions told him they could see many helmets gleaming, and many silver breast-plates moving about in the camp of Cassius;
οὔκουν δοκεῖν αὐτοῖς οὔτʼ ἀριθμὸν οὔθʼ ὁπλισμὸν εἶναι τῶν ἀπολελειμμένων φυλάκων οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ πλῆθος ἐπέκεινα φαίνεσθαι νεκρῶν ὅσον εἰκὸς ἦν νενικημένων κατὰ κράτος ταγμάτων τοσούτων.
they did not think that either the number or the armour was that of the garrison left behind; however, they said, there were not so many dead bodies visible there as might have been expected if so many legions had been overwhelmed.
ταῦτα πρῶτον ἔννοιαν καρέστησε τῷ Βρούτῳ τοῦ συμπτώματος· καὶ καταλιπὼν φρουρὰν ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ τῶν πολεμίων ἀνεκαλεῖτο τοὺς διώκοντας καὶ συνῆγεν ὡς Κασσίῳ βοηθήσων.
This was what first made Brutus aware of the calamity; and leaving a guard in the captured camp of the enemy, he called his men back from the pursuit and united his forces with the purpose of assisting Cassius.
ἐπέπρακτο δʼ οὕτω τὰ κατʼ αὐτόν, οὔτε τὴν πρώτην ἐκδρομὴν τῶν περὶ Βροῦτον ἡδέως εἶδεν ἄνευ συνθήματος καὶ προστάγματος γενομένην, οὔθʼ ὅτε κρατοῦντες εὐθὺς ὥρμησαν ἐφʼ ἁρπαγὴν καὶ ὠφέλειαν, τοῦ περιϊέναι καὶ κυκλοῦσθαι τοὺς πολεμίους ἀμελήσαντες, ἤρεσκεν αὐτῷ τὰ πραττόμενα.
With Cassius matters had gone as follows. He had been disturbed to see the first sally of the troops of Brutus, which was made without watch-word or command, and when, being victorious, they rushed at once after booty and spoil, with no thought for the envelopment of the enemy, he was vexed at the way things were going.
μελλήσει δέ τινι καὶ διατριβῇ μᾶλλον ἢ προθυμίᾳ καὶ λογισμῷ στρατηγῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ δεξιοῦ τῶν πολεμίων περιελαμβάνετο· καὶ τῶν ἱππέων εὐθὺς ἀπορραγέντων φυγῇ πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν ὁρῶν καὶ τοὺς πεζοὺς ἐνδιδόντας ἐπειρᾶτο κατέχειν καὶ παρακαλεῖν.
Besides, exercising his command with hesitation and delay rather than with readiness and decision, he was enveloped by the enemy’s right wing. His horsemen at once broke away in flight towards the sea, and seeing his infantry also around he tried to rally them.
ἑνὸς δὲ σημειοφόρου φεύγοντος ἀφαρπάσας τὸ σημεῖον ἔπηξε πρὸ τῶν ποδῶν, μηδὲ τῶν περὶ τὸ σῶμα τεταγμένων αὑτοῦ προθύμως ἔτι συμμενόντων.
He snatched the standard from a standard-bearer who was in flight, and planted it in the ground before him, although not even his body-guard were inclined to hold together any more.
οὕτω δὴ βιασθεὶς ἀνεχώρησε μετʼ ὀλίγων ἐπὶ λόφον ἔχοντα πρὸς τὸ πεδίον σκοπάς. ἀλλʼ αὐτὸς μὲν οὐδὲν κατεῖδεν ἢ μόλις τὸν χάρακα πορθούμενον, ἦν γὰρ ἀσθενὴς τὴν ὄψιν, οἱ δὲ περὶ αὐτὸν ἱππεῖς ἑώρων πολλοὺς προσελαύνοντας, οὓς ὁ Βροῦτος ἔπεμψεν.
Thus, then, under compulsion, he withdrew with a few followers to a hill overlooking the plain. But he himself could see nothing, or next to nothing, of the sacking of his camp, for his vision was weak; the horsemen about him, however, saw a great troop riding up which Brutus had sent.
εἴκασε δʼ ὁ Κάσσιος πολεμίους εἶναι καὶ διώκειν ἐπʼ αὐτόν. ὅμως δὲ τῶν παρόντων ἕνα Τιτίνιον ἀπέστειλε κατοψόμενον.
But Cassius conjectured that they were enemies, and in pursuit of him. Nevertheless, he sent out one of those who were with him, Titinius, to reconnoitre.
οὗτος οὐκ ἔλαθε τοὺς ἱππέας προσιών, ἀλλʼ, ὡς εἶδον ἄνδρα φίλον καὶ Κασσίῳ πιστόν, ἀλαλάξαντες ὑφʼ ἡδονῆς οἱ μὲν συνήθεις ἠσπάζοντό τε καὶ ἐδεξιοῦντο καταπηδῶντες ἀπὸ τῶν ἵππων, οἱ δʼ ἄλλοι περὶ αὐτὸν ἐν κύκλῳ περιελαύνοντες ἅμα παιᾶνι καὶ πατάγῳ διὰ χαρᾶς ἀμετρίαν τὸ μέγιστον ἀπειργάσαντο κακόν.
The horsemen spied this man as he came towards them, and when they saw that he was a trusted friend of Cassius, his intimates, shouting for joy, leaped from their horses and embraced him warmly, while the rest rode round him with shouts and clashing of arms, thus, in their boundless joy, working the greatest mischief.
ἔδοξε γὰρ ὁ Κάσσιος ἀληθῶς ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων ἔχεσθαι τὸν Τιτίνιον, καὶ τοῦτο δὴ φήσας, φιλοψυχοῦντεςἀνεμείναμεν ἄνδρα φίλον ἁρπαζόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων ἰδεῖν, ἀπεχώρησεν εἴς τινα σκηνὴν ἔρημον, ἕνα τῶν ἀπελευθέρων ἐφελκυσάμενος, Πίνδαρον, ὃν ἐκ τῶν κατὰ Κράσσον ἀτυχημάτων ἐπὶ ταύτην εἶχε τὴν ἀνάγκην ὑφʼ αὑτοῦ παρεσκευασμένον.
For Cassius thought that Titinius was actually taken by the enemy, and with the words My love of life has brought me to the pass of seeing a friend seized by the enemy, he withdrew into an empty tent, forcing along with him one of his freedmen, Pindarus, whom, after the disaster which befell Crassus, he used to keep in readiness for this emergency.
ἀλλὰ Πάρθους μὲν διέφυγε, τότε δὲ τὰς χλαμύδας ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἀναγαγὼν καὶ γυμνώσας τὸν τράχηλον ἀποκόψαι παρέσχεν. εὑρέθη γὰρ ἡ κεφαλὴ δίχα τοῦ σώματος, τὸν δὲ Πίνδαρον οὐδεὶς εἶδεν ἀνθρώπων μετὰ τὸν φόνον, ἐξ οὗ καὶ παρέσχεν ἐνίοις δόξαν ἀνελεῖν τὸν ἄνδρα μὴ κελευσθείς.
From the Parthians, indeed, he had made his escape; but now, drawing his robes up over his face and laying bare his neck, he offered it to the sword. For his head was found severed from his body. Pindarus, however, no man saw after the bloody deed, and therefore some have thought that he slew his master unbidden.
ὀλίγῳ δʼ ὕστερον οἵ θʼ ἱππεῖς ἐγένοντο φανεροί, καὶ Τιτίνιος ἐστεφανωμένος ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ἀνῄει πρὸς Κάσσιον. ὡς δὲ κλαυθμῷ καὶ βοῇ τῶν φίλων ὀδυρομένων καὶ δυσφορούντων ἔγνω τὸ πάθος τοῦ στρατηγοῦ καὶ τὴν ἄγνοιαν, ἐσπάσατο τὸ ξίφος καὶ πολλὰ κακίσας τῆς βραδυτῆτος ἑαυτὸν ἀπέσφαξε.
A little later it became evident who the horsemen were, and Titinius, whom they had crowned with garlands, came up to report to Cassius. But when the lamentable cries of his distressed and weeping friends made known to him the grievous fate of his general and his error, he drew his sword, reproached himself bitterly for his slowness, and slew himself.
Βροῦτος δὲ τὴν μὲν ἧτταν ἐγνωκὼς τοῦ Κασσίου προσήλαυνε, τὸν δὲ θάνατον ἐγγὺς ἤδη τοῦ χάρακος ἤκουσε.
When Brutus learned of the defeat of Cassius, he rode towards him, but heard of his death when he was already near his camp.
καὶ τὸ μὲν σῶμα περικλαύσας, καὶ προσαγορεύσας ἔσχατον ἄνδρα Ῥωμαίων τὸν Κάσσιον, ὡς οὐκέτι τῇ πόλει τηλικούτου φρονήματος ἐγγενέσθαι δυναμένου, περιέστειλε καὶ ἀπέπεμψεν εἰς Θάσον, ὡς μὴ σύγχυσιν αὐτόθι παράσχοι κηδευόμενον.
He mourned over the body, and called Cassius the last of the Romans, implying that such an exalted spirit could no longer arise in the city. Then he decked the body for burial and sent it to Thasos, in order that the funeral rites might not disturb the camp.
αὐτὸς δὲ τοὺς στρατιώτας συναγαγὼν παρεμυθήσατο· καὶ πάντων ὁρῶν ἀπεστερημένους τῶν ἀναγκαίων ὑπέσχετο κατʼ ἄνδρα δισχιλίας δραχμὰς ἀντὶ τῶν ἀπολωλότων.
He himself, however, assembled the soldiers of Cassius and comforted them; and seeing that they were deprived of all the necessaries of life, he promised them two thousand drachmas the man, to make good what they had lost.
οἱ δὲ πρός τε τοὺς λόγους ἀνεθάρρησαν αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς δωρεᾶς ἐθαύμασαν τὸ μέγεθος· καὶ μετὰ βοῆς προὔπεμψαν ἀπιόντα, μεγαλύνοντες ὡς μόνον ἀήττητον ἐν τῇ μάχῃ τῶν τεσσάρων αὐτοκρατόρων γεγενημένον.
They were encouraged by his words and amazed at the largeness of his gift; and they sent him on his way with shouts, exalting him as the only one of the four commanders who had not been defeated in the battle.
ἐμαρτύρει δὲ τὸ ἔργον ὅτι τῇ μάχῃ περιέσεσθαι καλῶς ἐπίστευεν· ὀλίγοις γὰρ τάγμασιν ἅπαντας ἐτρέψατο τοὺς ἀντιστάντας.
And the results bore witness that his confidence in a victory in the battle was well grounded; for with a few legions he routed all those opposed to him.
εἰ δὲ πᾶσιν ἐχρήσατο πρός τὴν μάχην καὶ μὴ παρελθόντες οἱ πλεῖστοι τοὺς πολεμίους ἐπὶ τὰ τῶν πολεμίων ὥρμησαν, οὐδὲν ἂν ἐδόκει μέρος αὐτῶν ἀπολιπεῖν ἀήττητον.
And if he had employed them all in fighting, and if the most of them had not passed by the enemy and set upon the enemy’s possessions, it would seem that his victors’ must have been complete.
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