Virgil · Georgics Georgica

Virgil, Georgics 1.461–514: Portents at the death of Caesar

The sun also warns of war, and the poem says it veiled its face when Caesar's light was quenched. Earth, sea, animals and Etna gave portents then, such as arms heard in the sky, speaking cattle, weeping ivory and flooding rivers. Philippi twice saw Romans fight Romans, and the poet foresees farmers ploughing up rusted weapons. He prays to the gods of the country, to Romulus and to Vesta not to forbid this new champion from mending the age, and laments the neglected plough and the wars everywhere.

Lines 1.461–514 · 536 words · click a number to copy its link
461Denique quid vesper serus vehat, unde serenas ventus agat nubes, quid cogitet humidus Auster, sol tibi signa dabit. Solem quis dicere falsum audeat. Ille etiam caecos instare tumultus 465saepe monet fraudemque et operta tumescere bella. Ille etiam exstincto miseratus Caesare Romam, cum caput obscura nitidum ferrugine texit inpiaque aeternam timuerunt saecula noctem. Tempore quamquam illo tellus quoque et aequora ponti 470obscenaeque canes inportunaeque volucres signa dabant. Quotiens Cyclopum effervere in agros vidimus undantem ruptis fornacibus Aetnam flammarumque globos liquefactaque volvere saxa! Armorum sonitum toto Germania caelo 475audiit, insolitis tremuerunt motibus Alpes. Vox quoque per lucos volgo exaudita silentis ingens et simulacra modis pallentia miris visa sub obscurum noctis, pecudesque locutae, infandum! sistunt amnes terraeque dehiscunt 480et maestum inlacrimat templis ebur aeraque sudant.

What late eve in fine
Bears in her bosom, whence the wind that brings
Fair-weather-clouds, or what the rain South
Is meditating, tokens of all these
The sun will give thee. Who dare charge the sun
With leasing? He it is who warneth oft
Of hidden broils at hand and treachery,
And secret swelling of the waves of war.
He too it was, when Caesar's light was quenched,
For Rome had pity, when his bright head he veiled
In iron-hued darkness, till a godless age
Trembled for night eternal; at that time
Howbeit earth also, and the ocean-plains,
And dogs obscene, and birds of evil bode
Gave tokens. Yea, how often have we seen
Etna, her furnace-walls asunder riven,
In billowy floods boil o'er the Cyclops' fields,
And roll down globes of fire and molten rocks!
A clash of arms through all the heaven was heard
By Germany; strange heavings shook the Alps.
Yea, and by many through the breathless groves
A voice was heard with power, and wondrous-pale
Phantoms were seen upon the dusk of night,
And cattle spake, portentous! streams stand still,
And the earth yawns asunder, ivory weeps
For sorrow in the shrines, and bronzes sweat.

481Proluit insano contorquens vertice silvas fluviorum rex Eridanus camposque per omnis cum stabulis armenta tulit. Nec tempore eodem tristibus aut extis fibrae adparere minaces 485aut puteis manare cruor cessavit et altae per noctem resonare lupis ululantibus urbes. Non alias caelo ceciderunt plura sereno fulgura nec diri totiens arsere cometae. ergo inter sese paribus concurrere telis 490Romanas acies iterum videre Philippi; nec fuit indignum superis, bis sanguine nostro Emathiam et latos Haemi pinguescere campos. Scilicet et tempus veniet, cum finibus illis agricola incurvo terram molitus aratro 495exesa inveniet scabra robigine pila aut gravibus rastris galeas pulsabit inanis grandiaque effossis mirabitur ossa sepulchris. Di patrii, Indigetes, et Romule Vestaque mater, quae Tuscum Tiberim et Romana Palatia servas, 500hunc saltem everso iuvenem succurrere saeclo ne prohibete! Satis iam pridem sanguine nostro Laomedonteae luimus periuria Troiae; iam pridem nobis caeli te regia, Caesar, invidet atque hominum queritur curare triumphos; 505quippe ubi fas versum atque nefas: tot bella per orbem, tam multae scelerum facies; non ullus aratro dignus honos, squalent abductis arva colonis et curvae rigidum falces conflantur in ensem. Hinc movet Euphrates, illinc Germania bellum; 510vicinae ruptis inter se legibus urbes arma ferunt; saevit toto Mars inpius orbe; ut cum carceribus sese effudere quadrigae, addunt in spatia et frustra retinacula tendens fertur equis auriga neque audit currus habenas.

Up-twirling forests with his eddying tide,
Madly he bears them down, that lord of floods,
Eridanus, till through all the plain are swept
Beasts and their stalls together. At that time
In gloomy entrails ceased not to appear
Dark-threatening fibres, springs to trickle blood,
And high-built cities night-long to resound
With the wolves' howling. Never more than then
From skies all cloudless fell the thunderbolts,
Nor blazed so oft the comet's fire of bale.
Therefore a second time Philippi saw
The Roman hosts with kindred weapons rush
To battle, nor did the high gods deem it hard
That twice Emathia and the wide champaign
Of Haemus should be fattening with our blood.
Ay, and the time will come when there anigh,
Heaving the earth up with his curved plough,
Some swain will light on javelins by foul rust
Corroded, or with ponderous harrow strike
On empty helmets, while he gapes to see
Bones as of giants from the trench untombed.
Gods of my country, heroes of the soil,
And Romulus, and Mother Vesta, thou
Who Tuscan Tiber and Rome's Palatine
Preservest, this new champion at the least
Our fallen generation to repair
Forbid not. To the full and long ago
Our blood thy Trojan perjuries hath paid,
Laomedon. Long since the courts of heaven
Begrudge us thee, our Caesar, and complain
That thou regard'st the triumphs of mankind,
Here where the wrong is right, the right is wrong,
Where wars abound so many, and myriad-faced
Is crime; where no meet honour hath the plough;
The fields, their husbandmen led far away,
Rot in neglect, and curved pruning-hooks
Into the sword's stiff blade are fused and forged.
Euphrates here, here Germany new strife
Is stirring; neighbouring cities are in arms,
The laws that bound them snapped; and godless war
Rages through all the universe; as when
The four-horse chariots from the barriers poured
Still quicken o'er the course, and, idly now
Grasping the reins, the driver by his team
Is onward borne, nor heeds the car his curb.

People and places in this passage

English translation by James Rhoades (1921). Original text: J. B. Greenough (ed.), The Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Virgil, Boston: Ginn and Company, 1881 (Latin text as digitised by Perseus); English: James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil, London: Oxford University Press, 1921.

Greek text and translation from the Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, CC BY-SA 4.0 (Perseus Digital Library); translation public domain. Introductions, summaries and notes © GreekMythology.com.