Virgil · Georgics Georgica

Virgil, Georgics 4.228–314: Taking the honey; sickness in the hive; the bugonia

To take honey, the keeper calms the bees with water and smoke and harvests twice a year. Newts, beetles, drones, hornets, moths and spiders harm the hives, so the wax is cleared and thyme smoked. Sick bees change colour, carry out their dead and hum low, and galbanum smoke, honey and herbs help them. If a whole stock dies, the poet describes the Egyptian method near Canopus and the Nile: a young steer is beaten to death in a closed room with boughs, and bees swarm from the decayed carcass.

Lines 4.228–314 · 847 words · click a number to copy its link
228Si quando sedem angustam servataque mella thesauris relines, prius haustu sparsus aquarum 230ora fove fumosque manu praetende sequaces. Bis gravidos cogunt fetus, duo tempora messis, Taygete simul os terris ostendit honestum Pleas et Oceani spretos pede reppulit amnes, aut eadem sidus fugiens ubi Piscis aquosi 235tristior hibernas caelo descendit in undas. Illis ira modum supra est, laesaeque venenum morsibus inspirant et spicula caeca relinquunt adfixae venis animasque in vulnere ponunt. Sin duram metues hiemem parcesque futuro 240contunsosque animos et res miserabere fractas, at suffire thymo cerasque recidere inanes quis dubitet? nam saepe favos ignotus adedit stellio et lucifugis congesta cubilia blattis immunisque sedens aliena ad pabula fucus 245aut asper crabro imparibus se immiscuit armis, aut dirum tiniae genus, aut invisa Minervae laxos in foribus suspendit aranea casses.

If now their narrow home thou wouldst unseal,
And broach the treasures of the honey-house,
With draught of water first toment thy lips,
And spread before thee fumes of trailing smoke.
Twice is the teeming produce gathered in,
Twofold their time of harvest year by year,
Once when Taygete the Pleiad uplifts
Her comely forehead for the earth to see,
With foot of scorn spurning the ocean-streams,
Once when in gloom she flies the watery Fish,
And dips from heaven into the wintry wave.
Unbounded then their wrath; if hurt, they breathe
Venom into their bite, cleave to the veins
And let the sting lie buried, and leave their lives
Behind them in the wound. But if you dread
Too rigorous a winter, and would fain
Temper the coming time, and their bruised hearts
And broken estate to pity move thy soul,
Yet who would fear to fumigate with thyme,
Or cut the empty wax away? for oft
Into their comb the newt has gnawed unseen,
And the light-loathing beetles crammed their bed,
And he that sits at others' board to feast,
The do-naught drone; or 'gainst the unequal foe
Swoops the fierce hornet, or the moth's fell tribe;
Or spider, victim of Minerva's spite,
Athwart the doorway hangs her swaying net.

248Quo magis exhaustae fuerint, hoc acrius omnes incumbent generis lapsi sarcire ruinas 250complebuntque foros et floribus horrea texent. Si vero, quoniam casus apibus quoque nostros vita tulit, tristi languebunt corpora morbo— quod iam non dubiis poteris cognoscere signis: continuo est aegris alius color, horrida vultum 255deformat macies, tum corpora luce carentum exportant tectis et tristia funera ducunt; aut illae pedibus conexae ad limina pendent, aut intus clausis cunctantur in aedibus, omnes ignavaeque fame et contracto frigore pigrae. 260Tum sonus auditur gravior, tractimque susurrant, frigidus ut quondam silvis immurmurat Auster, ut mare sollicitum stridit refluentibus undis, aestuat ut clausis rapidus fornacibus ignis: hic iam galbaneos suadebo incendere odores 265mellaque harundineis inferre canalibus, ultro hortantem et fessas ad pabula nota vocantem.

The more impoverished they, the keenlier all
To mend the fallen fortunes of their race
Will nerve them, fill the cells up, tier on tier,
And weave their granaries from the rifled flowers.
Now, seeing that life doth even to bee-folk bring
Our human chances, if in dire disease
Their bodies' strength should languish—which anon
By no uncertain tokens may be told—
Forthwith the sick change hue; grim leanness mars
Their visage; then from out the cells they bear
Forms reft of light, and lead the mournful pomp;
Or foot to foot about the porch they hang,
Or within closed doors loiter, listless all
From famine, and benumbed with shrivelling cold.
Then is a deep note heard, a long-drawn hum,
As when the chill South through the forests sighs,
As when the troubled ocean hoarsely booms
With back-swung billow, as ravening tide of fire
Surges, shut fast within the furnace-walls.

267Proderit et tunsum gallae admiscere saporem Arentesque rosas aut igni pinguia multo defruta vel psithia passos de vite racemos 270Cecropiumque thymum et grave olentia centaurea. Est etiam flos in pratis, cui nomen amello fecere agricolae, facilis quaerentibus herba; namque uno ingentem tollit de caespite silvam, aureus ipse, sed in foliis, quae plurima circum 275funduntur, violae sublucet purpura nigrae; asper in ore sapor; tonsis in vallibus illum pastores et curva legunt prope flumina Mellae. Huius odorato radices incoque Baccho 280pabulaque in foribus plenis adpone canistris. Sed siquem proles subito defecerit omnis, nec genus unde novae stirpis revocetur habebit, tempus et Arcadii memoranda inventa magistri pandere, quoque modo caesis iam saepe iuvencis 285insincerus apes tulerit cruor. Altius omnem expediam prima repetens ab origine famam.

Then do I bid burn scented galbanum,
And, honey-streams through reeden troughs instilled,
Challenge and cheer their flagging appetite
To taste the well-known food; and it shall boot
To mix therewith the savour bruised from gall,
And rose-leaves dried, or must to thickness boiled
By a fierce fire, or juice of raisin-grapes
From Psithian vine, and with its bitter smell
Centaury, and the famed Cecropian thyme.
There is a meadow-flower by country folk
Hight star-wort; 'tis a plant not far to seek;
For from one sod an ample growth it rears,
Itself all golden, but girt with plenteous leaves,
Where glory of purple shines through violet gloom.
With chaplets woven hereof full oft are decked
Heaven's altars: harsh its taste upon the tongue;
Shepherds in vales smooth-shorn of nibbling flocks
By Mella's winding waters gather it.
The roots of this, well seethed in fragrant wine,
Set in brimmed baskets at their doors for food.
But if one's whole stock fail him at a stroke,
Nor hath he whence to breed the race anew,
'Tis time the wondrous secret to disclose
Taught by the swain of Arcady, even how
The blood of slaughtered bullocks oft has borne
Bees from corruption. I will trace me back
To its prime source the story's tangled thread,
And thence unravel.

287Nam qua Pellaei gens fortunata Canopi accolit effuso stagnantem flumine Nilum et circum pictis vehitur sua rura phaselis, 290quaque pharetratae vicinia Persidis urget, omnis in hac certam regio iacit arte salutem. 295Exiguus primum atque ipsos contractus in usus eligitur locus; hunc angustique imbrice tecti parietibusque premunt artis et quattuor addunt, quattuor a ventis obliqua luce fenestras. Tum vitulus bima curvans iam cornua fronte 300quaeritur; huic geminae nares et spiritus oris multa reluctanti obstruitur, plagisque perempto tunsa per integram solvuntur viscera pellem. Sic positum in clauso linquunt et ramea costis subiciunt fragmenta, thymum casiasque recentes. 305Hoc geritur Zephyris primum impellentibus undas, ante novis rubeant quam prata coloribus, ante garrula quam tignis nidum suspendat hirundo. Interea teneris tepefactus in ossibus umor aestuat et visenda modis animalia miris, 310trunca pedum primo, mox et stridentia pennis, miscentur tenuemque magis magis aera carpunt, donec, ut aestivis effusus nubibus imber, erupere aut ut nervo pulsante sagittae, prima leves ineunt si quando proelia Parthi.

For where thy happy folk,
Canopus, city of Pellaean fame,
Dwell by the Nile's lagoon-like overflow,
And high o'er furrows they have called their own
Skim in their painted wherries; where, hard by,
The quivered Persian presses, and that flood
Which from the swart-skinned Aethiop bears him down,
Swift-parted into sevenfold branching mouths
With black mud fattens and makes Aegypt green,
That whole domain its welfare's hope secure
Rests on this art alone. And first is chosen
A strait recess, cramped closer to this end,
Which next with narrow roof of tiles atop
'Twixt prisoning walls they pinch, and add hereto
From the four winds four slanting window-slits.
Then seek they from the herd a steer, whose horns
With two years' growth are curling, and stop fast,
Plunge madly as he may, the panting mouth
And nostrils twain, and done with blows to death,
Batter his flesh to pulp i' the hide yet whole,
And shut the doors, and leave him there to lie.
But 'neath his ribs they scatter broken boughs,
With thyme and fresh-pulled cassias: this is done
When first the west winds bid the waters flow,
Ere flush the meadows with new tints, and ere
The twittering swallow buildeth from the beams.
Meanwhile the juice within his softened bones
Heats and ferments, and things of wondrous birth,
Footless at first, anon with feet and wings,
Swarm there and buzz, a marvel to behold;
And more and more the fleeting breeze they take,
Till, like a shower that pours from summer-clouds,
Forth burst they, or like shafts from quivering string
When Parthia's flying hosts provoke the fray.

English translation by James Rhoades (1921). Original text: J. B. Greenough (ed.), The Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Virgil, Boston: Ginn and Company, 1881 (Latin text as digitised by Perseus); English: James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil, London: Oxford University Press, 1921.

Greek text and translation from the Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, CC BY-SA 4.0 (Perseus Digital Library); translation public domain. Introductions, summaries and notes © GreekMythology.com.