Virgil · Georgics Georgica

Virgil, Georgics 3.209–283: The madness of love in beasts

The best defence for bulls and horses is keeping them from love, so bulls are sent to remote pastures. Rivals fight horn to horn over a heifer, and the loser goes into exile, trains by butting a tree, and returns to charge. The poet says all creatures, including lions, bears, boars and young men swimming at night, are driven by love, and mares most of all. They face west, are said to conceive from the wind, and produce the poison hippomanes, which stepmothers use in spells.

Lines 3.209–283 · 694 words · click a number to copy its link
209Sed non ulla magis viris industria firmat, 210quam Venerem et caeci stimulos avertere amoris, sive boum sive est cui gratior usus equorum. Atque ideo tauros procul atque in sola relegant pascua post montem oppositum et trans flumina lata, aut intus clausos satura ad praesepia servant. 215Carpit enim viris paulatim uritque videndo femina nec nemorum patitur meminisse nec herbae dulcibus illa quidem inlecebris, et saepe superbos cornibus inter se subigit decernere amantis. Pascitur in magna Sila formosa iuvenca: 220illi alternantes multa vi proelia miscent volneribus crebris, lavit ater corpora sanguis, versaque in obnixos urguentur cornua vasto cum gemitu, reboant silvaeque et longus Olympus Nec mos bellantis una stabulare, sed alter 225victus abit longeque ignotis exulat oris, multa gemens ignominiam plagasque superbi victoris, tum, quos amisit inultus, amores; et stabula aspectans regnis excessit avitis.

But no device so fortifies their power
As love's blind stings of passion to forefend,
Whether on steed or steer thy choice be set.
Ay, therefore 'tis they banish bulls afar
To solitary pastures, or behind
Some mountain-barrier, or broad streams beyond,
Or else in plenteous stalls pen fast at home.
For, even through sight of her, the female wastes
His strength with smouldering fire, till he forget
Both grass and woodland. She indeed full oft
With her sweet charms can lovers proud compel
To battle for the conquest horn to horn.
In Sila's forest feeds the heifer fair,
While each on each the furious rivals run;
Wound follows wound; the black blood laves their limbs;
Horns push and strive against opposing horns,
With mighty groaning; all the forest-side
And far Olympus bellow back the roar.
Nor wont the champions in one stall to couch;
But he that's worsted hies him to strange climes
Far off, an exile, moaning much the shame,
The blows of that proud conqueror, then love's loss
Avenged not; with one glance toward the byre,
His ancient royalties behind him lie.

229Ergo omni cura viris exercet et inter 230dura iacet pernix instrato saxa cubili frondibus hirsutis et carice pastus acuta, et temptat sese atque irasci in cornua discit arboris obnixus trunco ventosque lacessit ictibus et sparsa ad pugnam proludit harena. 235Post ubi collectum robur viresque refectae signa movet praecepsque oblitum fertur in hostem: fluctus uti medio coepit cum albescere ponto longius ex altoque sinum trahit, utque volutus ad terras immane sonat per saxa neque ipso 240monte minor procumbit, at ima exaestuat unda verticibus nigramque alte subiectat harenam. Omne adeo genus in terris hominumque ferarumque, et genus aequoreum, pecudes pictaeque volucres, in furias. ignemque ruunt. Amor omnibus idem. 245Tempore non alio catulorum oblita leaena saevior erravit campis, nec funera volgo tam multa informes ursi stragemque dedere per silvas; tum saevus aper, tum pessima tigris;

So with all heed his strength he practiseth,
And nightlong makes the hard bare stones his bed,
And feeds on prickly leaf and pointed rush,
And proves himself, and butting at a tree
Learns to fling wrath into his horns, with blows
Provokes the air, and scattering clouds of sand
Makes prelude of the battle; afterward,
With strength repaired and gathered might breaks camp,
And hurls him headlong on the unthinking foe:
As in mid ocean when a wave far of
Begins to whiten, mustering from the main
Its rounded breast, and, onward rolled to land
Falls with prodigious roar among the rocks,
Huge as a very mountain: but the depths
Upseethe in swirling eddies, and disgorge
The murky sand-lees from their sunken bed.
Nay, every race on earth of men, and beasts,
And ocean-folk, and flocks, and painted birds,
Rush to the raging fire: love sways them all.
Never than then more fiercely o'er the plain
Prowls heedless of her whelps the lioness:
Nor monstrous bears such wide-spread havoc-doom
Deal through the forests; then the boar is fierce,
Most deadly then the tigress: then, alack!

249heu male tum Libyae solis erratur in agris. 250Nonne vides, ut tota tremor pertemptet equorum corpora, si tantum notas odor attulit auras? Ac neque eos iam frena virum neque verbera saeva non scopuli rupesque cavae atque obiecta retardant flumina correptosque unda torquentia montis. 255Ipse ruit dentesque Sabellicus exacuit sus et pede prosubigit terram, fricat arbore costas atque hinc atque illinc umeros ad volnera durat. Quid iuvenis, magnum cui versat in ossibus ignem durus amor? Nempe abruptis turbata procellis 260nocte natat caeca serus freta; quem super ingens porta tonat caeli et scopulis inlisa reclamant aequora; nec miseri possunt revocare parentes nec moritura super crudeli funere virgo. Quid lynces Bacchi variae et genus acre luporum 265atque canum? Quid, quae imbelles dant proelia cervi? Scilicet ante omnis furor est insignis equarum; et mentem Venus ipsa dedit, quo tempore Glauci Potniades malis membra absumpsere quadrigae. Illas ducit amor trans Gargara transque sonantem 270Ascanium; superant montis et flumina tranant. Continuoque avidis ubi subdita flamma medullis, vere magis, quia vere calor redit ossibus: illae ore omnes versae in Zephyrum stant rupibus altis, exceptantque levis auras et saepe sine ullis 275coniugiis vento gravidae, mirabile dictu, saxa per et scopulos et depressas convallis diffugiunt, non, Eure, tuos, neque solis ad ortus, in Borean caurumque, aut unde nigerrimus auster nascitur et pluvio contristat frigore caelum. 280Hic demum, hippomanes vero quod nomine dicunt pastores, lentum destillat ab inguine virus, hippomanes, quod saepe malae legere novercae miscueruntque herbas et non innoxia verba.

Ill roaming is it on Libya's lonely plains.
Mark you what shivering thrills the horse's frame,
If but a waft the well-known gust conveys?
Nor curb can check them then, nor lash severe,
Nor rocks and caverned crags, nor barrier-floods,
That rend and whirl and wash the hills away.
Then speeds amain the great Sabellian boar,
His tushes whets, with forefoot tears the ground,
Rubs 'gainst a tree his flanks, and to and fro
Hardens each wallowing shoulder to the wound.
What of the youth, when love's relentless might
Stirs the fierce fire within his veins? Behold!
In blindest midnight how he swims the gulf
Convulsed with bursting storm-clouds! Over him
Heaven's huge gate thunders; the rock-shattered main
Utters a warning cry; nor parents' tears
Can backward call him, nor the maid he loves,
Too soon to die on his untimely pyre.
What of the spotted ounce to Bacchus dear,
Or warlike wolf-kin or the breed of dogs?
Why tell how timorous stags the battle join?
O'er all conspicuous is the rage of mares,
By Venus' self inspired of old, what time
The Potnian four with rending jaws devoured
The limbs of Glaucus. Love-constrained they roam
Past Gargarus, past the loud Ascanian flood;
They climb the mountains, and the torrents swim;
And when their eager marrow first conceives
The fire, in Spring-tide chiefly, for with Spring
Warmth doth their frames revisit, then they stand
All facing westward on the rocky heights,
And of the gentle breezes take their fill;
And oft unmated, marvellous to tell,
But of the wind impregnate, far and wide
O'er craggy height and lowly vale they scud,
Not toward thy rising, Eurus, or the sun's,
But westward and north-west, or whence up-springs
Black Auster, that glooms heaven with rainy cold.
Hence from their groin slow drips a poisonous juice,
By shepherds truly named hippomanes,
Hippomanes, fell stepdames oft have culled,
And mixed with herbs and spells of baneful bode.

English translation by James Rhoades (1921). Original text: J. B. Greenough (ed.), The Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Virgil, Boston: Ginn and Company, 1881 (Latin text as digitised by Perseus); English: James Rhoades, The Poems of Vergil, London: Oxford University Press, 1921.

Greek text and translation from the Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, CC BY-SA 4.0 (Perseus Digital Library); translation public domain. Introductions, summaries and notes © GreekMythology.com.