Ὀγχηστὸς δʼ ἐστίν, ὅπου τὸ Ἀμφικτυονικὸν συνήγετο ἐν τῇ Ἁλιαρτίᾳ πρὸς τῇ Κωπαΐδι λίμνῃ καὶ τῷ Τηνερικῷ πεδίῳ, ἐν ὕψει κείμενος ψιλός, ἔχων Ποσειδῶνος ἱερὸν καὶ αὐτὸ ψιλόν. οἱ δὲ ποιηταὶ κοσμοῦσιν, ἄλση καλοῦντες τὰ ἱερὰ πάντα κἂν ᾖ ψιλά· τοιοῦτόν ἐστι καὶ τὸ τοῦ Πινδάρου περὶ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος λεγόμενον νηθεὶς ἐπῄει / γᾶν τε καὶ θάλασσαν, καὶ σκοπιαῖσιν ς ὀρέων ὕπερ ἔστα, / καὶ μύλους δινάσατο βαλλό κρηπῖδας ἀλσέων. / οὐκ εὖ δʼ ὁ Ἀλκαῖος, ὥσπερ τὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ὄνομα παρέτρεψε τοῦ Κουαρίου, οὕτω καὶ τοῦ Ὀγχηστοῦ κατέψευσται πρὸς ταῖς ἐσχατιαῖς τοῦ Ἑλικῶνος αὐτὸν τιθείς· ὁ δʼ ἐστὶν ἄπωθεν ἱκανῶς τούτου τοῦ ὄρους.
The Amphictyonic council usually assembled at Onchestus, in the territory of Haliartus, near the lake Copais, and the Teneric plain. It is situated on a height, devoid of trees, where is a temple of Neptune also without trees. For the poets, for the sake of ornament, called all sacred places groves, although they were without trees. Such is the language of Pindar, when speaking of Apollo: He traversed in his onward way the earth and sea; he stood upon the heights of the lofty mountains; he shook the caves in their deep recesses, and overthrew the foundations of the sacred groves or temples. As Alcaeus is mistaken in the altering the name of the river Cuarius, so he makes a great error in placing Onchestus at the extremities of Helicon, whereas it is situated very far from this mountain.
τὸ δὲ Τηνερικὸν πεδίον ἀπὸ Τηνέρου προσηγόρευται μυθεύεται δʼ Ἀπόλλωνος υἱὸς ἐκ Μελίας, προφήτης τοῦ μαντείου κατὰ τὸ Πτῷον ὄρος, ὅ φησιν εἶναι τρικόρυφον ὁ αὐτὸς ποιητής καί ποτε τὸν τρικάρανον Πτωίου κευθμῶνα κατέσχεθε· / καὶ τὸν Τήνερον καλεῖ ναοπόλον μάντιν δαπέδοισιν ὁμοκλέα. / ὑπέρκειται δὲ τὸ Πτῷον τοῦ Τηνερικοῦ πεδίου καὶ τῆς Κωπαΐδος λίμνης πρὸς Ἀκραιφίῳ· Θηβαίων δʼ ἦν τό τε μαντεῖον καὶ τὸ ὄρος· τὸ δʼ Ἀκραίφιον καὶ αὐτὸ κεῖται ἐν ὕψει. φασὶ δὲ τοῦτο καλεῖσθαι Ἄρνην ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ, ὁμώνυμον τῇ Θετταλικῇ.
The Teneric plain has its name from Tenerus. According to mythology, he was the son of Apollo and Melia, and declared the answers of the oracle at the mountain Ptoum, which, the same poet says, had three peaks: At one time he occupied the caves of the three-headed Ptoum; / and he calls Tenerus the prophet, dwelling in the temple, and having the same name as the soil on which it stands. “The Ptoum is situated above the Teneric plain, and the lake Copaïs, near Acraephium.
Both the oracle and the mountain belonged to the Thebans.
Acrsephium itself is situated upon a height. This, it is said, is the place called Arne by the poet, having the same name as the Thessalian Arnē.
οἱ δέ φασι καὶ τὴν Ἄρνην ὑπὸ τῆς λίμνης καταποθῆναι καὶ τὴν Μίδειαν. Ζηνόδοτος δὲ γράφων οἳ δὲ πολυστάφυλον Ἄσκρην ἔχον, οὐκ ἔοικεν ἐντυχόντι τοῖς ὑπὸ Ἡσιόδου περὶ τῆς πατρίδος λεχθεῖσι καὶ τοῖς ὑπʼ Εὐδόξου πολὺ χείρω λέγοντος περὶ τῆς Ἄσκρης. πῶς γὰρ ἄν τις πολυστάφυλον τὴν τοιαύτην ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λέγεσθαι πιστεύσειεν; οὐκ εὖ δὲ οὐδὲ οἱ Τάρνην ἀντὶ τῆς Ἄρνης γράφοντες· οὐδὲ γὰρ μία δείκνυται Τάρνη παρὰ τοῖς Βοιωτοῖς, ἐν δὲ Λυδοῖς ἐστιν, ἧς καὶ Ὅμηρος μέμνηται Ἰδομενεὺς δʼ ἄρα Φαῖστον ἐνήρατο Μῄονος υἱὸν Βώρου, ὃς ἐκ Τάρνης ἐριβώλακος εἰληλούθει. λοιπαὶ δʼ εἰσὶ τῶν μὲν περικειμένων τῇ λίμνῃ αἵ τε Ἀλαλκομεναὶ καὶ τὸ Τιλφώσσιον, τῶν δʼ ἄλλων Χαιρώνεια καὶ Λεβάδεια καὶ Λεῦκτρα, περὶ ὧν ἄξιον μνησθῆναι.
Some say that Arnē and Mideia were swallowed up by the lake. Zenodotus, however, when he writes the verse thus, they who occupied Ascra abounding with vines, / does not seem to have read Hesiod’s description of his native country, and what has been said by Eudoxus, who relates things much more to the disparagement of Ascra. For how could any one believe that such a place could have been described by the poet as abounding with vines? / Neither are those persons in the right, who substitute in this passage Tarnē for Arnē, for there is not a place of the name of Tarne to be found in Boeotia, although there is in Lydia. Homer mentions it, Idomeneus then slew Phaestus, the son of Borus, the artificer, who came from the fruitful soil of Tarn. Besides Alalcomenae and Tilphossium, which are near the lake, Chaeroneia, Lebadia, and Leuctra, are worthy of notice.
Ἀλαλκομενῶν τοίνυν μέμνηται ὁ ποιητής, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐν καταλόγῳ Ἥρη τʼ Ἀργείη καὶ Ἀλαλκομενηὶς Ἀθήνη. ἔχει δʼ ἀρχαῖον ἱερὸν Ἀθηνᾶς σφόδρα τιμώμενον, καί φασί γε τὴν θεὸν γεγενῆσθαι ἐνθάδε, καθάπερ καὶ τὴν Ἥραν ἐν Ἄργει, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὸν ποιητὴν ὡς ἀπὸ πατρίδων τούτων ἀμφοτέρας οὕτως ὀνομάσαι. διὰ τοῦτο δʼ ἴσως οὐδʼ ἐν τῷ καταλόγῳ μέμνηται τῶν ἐνταῦθα ἀνδρῶν, ἐπειδὴ ἱεροὶ ὄντες παρεῖντο τῆς στρατείας. καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἀπόρθητος ἀεὶ διετέλεσεν ἡ πόλις, οὔτε μεγάλη οὖσα οὔτʼ ἐν εὐερκεῖ χωρίῳ κειμένη, ἀλλʼ ἐν πεδίῳ· τὴν δὲ θεὸν σεβόμενοι πάντες ἀπείχοντο πάσης βίας, ὥστε καὶ Θηβαῖοι κατὰ τὴν τῶν Ἐπιγόνων στρατείαν ἐκλιπόντες τὴν πόλιν ἐκεῖσε λέγονται καταφεύγειν καὶ εἰς τὸ ὑπερκείμενον ὄρος ἐρυμνὸν τὸ Τιλφώσσιον, ὑφʼ ᾧ Τιλφῶσσα κρήνη καὶ τὸ τοῦ Τειρεσίου μνῆμα ἐκεῖ τελευτήσαντος κατὰ τὴν φυγήν.
The poet mentions Alalcomenae, but not in the Cata logue;. the Argive Juno and Minerva of Alalcomenae. / It has an ancient temple of Minerva, which is held in great veneration. It is said that this was the place of her birth, as Argos was that of Juno, and that Homer gave to both these goddesses designations derived from their native places. Perhaps for this reason he has not mentioned, in the Catalogue, the inhabitants; for having a sacred character, they were exempted from military service. Indeed the city has never suffered devastation by an enemy, although it is inconsiderable in size, and its position is weak, for it is situated in a plain. All in reverence to the goddess abstained from every act of violence; wherefore the Thebans, at the time of the expedition of the Epigoni, abandoning their own city, are said to have taken refuge here, and on the strong mountain above it, the Tilphossium. Below Tilphossium is the fountain Tilphossa, and the monument of Teiresias, who died there on the retreat.
Χαιρώνεια δʼ ἐστὶν Ὀρχομενοῦ πλησίον, ὅπου Φίλιππος ὁ Ἀμύντου μάχῃ μεγάλῃ νικήσας Ἀθηναίους τε καὶ Βοιωτοὺς καὶ Κορινθίους κατέστη τῆς Ἑλλάδος κύριος· δείκνυται δὲ κἀνταῦθα ταφὴ τῶν πεσόντων ἐν τῇ μάχῃ δημοσία· περὶ δὲ τοὺς τόπους τοὺς αὐτοὺς καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι τὰς Μιθριδάτου δυνάμεις πολλῶν μυριάδων κατηγωνίσαντο, ὥστʼ ὀλίγους ἐπὶ θάλατταν σωθέντας φυγεῖν ἐν ταῖς ναυσί, τοὺς δʼ ἄλλους τοὺς μὲν ἀπολέσθαι τοὺς δὲ καὶ ἁλῶναι.
Chaeroneia is near Orchomenus, where Philip, the son of Amyntas, after having overcome, in a great battle, the Athenians, Boeotians, and Corinthians, became the master of Greece. There are seen the sepulchres erected at the public charge of the persons who fell in that battle.
Λεβάδεια δʼ ἐστίν, ὅπου Διὸς Τροφωνίου μαντεῖον ἵδρυται, χάσματος ὑπονόμου κατάβασιν ἔχον, καταβαίνει δʼ αὐτὸς ὁ χρηστηριαζόμενος· κεῖται δὲ μεταξὺ τοῦ Ἑλικῶνος καὶ τῆς Χαιρωνείας, Κορωνείας πλησίον.
At Lebadeia is the oracle of Jupiter Trophonius, having a descent through an opening, which leads underground. The person himself, who consults the oracle, descends into it. It is situated between Helicon and Chaeroneia, near Coroneia.
τὰ δὲ Λεῦκτρά ἐστιν, ὅπου Λακεδαιμονίους μεγάλῃ μάχῃ νικήσας Ἐπαμεινώνδας ἀρχὴν εὕρετο τῆς καταλύσεως αὐτῶν· οὐκέτι γὰρ ἐξ ἐκείνου τὴν τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἡγεμονίαν ἀναλαβεῖν ἴσχυσαν ἣν εἶχον πρότερον, καὶ μάλιστʼ ἐπειδὴ καὶ τῇ δευτέρᾳ συμβολῇ τῇ περὶ Μαντίνειαν κακῶς ἔπραξαν. τὸ μέντοι μὴ ὑφʼ ἑτέροις εἶναι καίπερ οὕτως ἐπταικόσι συνέμεινε μέχρι τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἐπικρατείας· καὶ παρὰ τούτοις δὲ τιμώμενοι διατελοῦσι διὰ τὴν τῆς πολιτείας ἀρετήν. δείκνυται δὲ ὁ τόπος οὗτος κατὰ τὴν ἐκ Πλαταιῶν εἰς Θεσπιὰς ὁδόν.
Leuctra is the place where Epaminondas overcame the Lacedaemonians in a great battle, and first weakened their power; for after that time they were never able to regain the supremacy over the Greeks, which they before possessed, and particularly after they were defeated in a second battle at Mantinea. Even after these reverses they preserved their independence until the establishment of the Roman dominion, and were always respected by that people on account of the excellency of their form of government. The field of battle is shown on the road which leads from Plataeae to Thespiae.
ἑξῆς δʼ ὁ ποιητὴς μέμνηται τοῦ τῶν Ὀρχομενίων καταλόγου, χωρίζων αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ Βοιωτιακοῦ ἔθνους. καλεῖ δὲ Μινύειον τὸν Ὀρχομενὸν ἀπὸ ἔθνους τοῦ Μινυῶν· ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἀποικῆσαί τινας τῶν Μινυῶν εἰς Ἰωλκόν φασιν, ὅθεν τοὺς Ἀργοναύτας Μινύας λεχθῆναι. φαίνεται δὲ τὸ παλαιὸν καὶ πλουσία τις γεγονυῖα πόλις καὶ δυναμένη μέγα· τοῦ μὲν οὖν πλούτου μάρτυς καὶ Ὅμηρος· διαριθμούμενος γὰρ τοὺς τόπους τοὺς πολυχρηματήσαντάς φησιν οὐδʼ ὅσʼ ἐς Ὀρχομενὸν ποτινίσσεται, οὐδʼ ὅσα Θήβας Αἰγυπτίας. τῆς δυνάμεως δέ, ὅτι Θηβαῖοι δασμὸν ἐτέλουν τοῖς Ὀρχομενίοις καὶ Ἐργίνῳ τῷ τυραννοῦντι αὐτῶν, ὃν ὑφʼ Ἡρακλέους καταλυθῆναί φασιν. Ἐτεοκλῆς δέ, τῶν βασιλευσάντων ἐν Ὀρχομενῷ τις, Χαρίτων ἱερὸν ἱδρυσάμενος πρῶτος ἀμφότερα ἐμφαίνει, καὶ πλοῦτον καὶ δύναμιν, ὃς εἴτʼ ἐν τῷ λαμβάνειν χάριτας εἴτʼ ἐν τῷ διδόναι κατορθῶν εἴτε καὶ ἀμφότερα, τὰς θεὰς ἐτίμησε ταύτας. λέγουσι δὲ τὸ χωρίον, ὅπερ ἡ λίμνη κατέχει νῦν ἡ Κωπαΐς, ἀνεψῦχθαι πρότερον καὶ γεωργεῖσθαι παντοδαπῶς ὑπὸ τοῖς Ὀρχομενίοις ὂν πλησίον οἰκοῦσι· καὶ τοῦτʼ οὖν τεκμήριον τοῦ πλούτου τιθέασι.
The poet next mentions the Orchomenians in the Catalogue, and distinguishes them from the Boeotian nation. He gives to Orchomenus the epithet Minyeian from the nation of the Minyae. They say that a colony of the Minyeians went hence to Iolcus, and from this circumstance the Argonauts were called Minyae. It appears that, anciently, it was a rich and very powerful city. Homer bears witness to its wealth, for in his enumeration of places of great opulence, he says, Not all that is brought to Orchomenus, or to Aegyptian Thebes. Of its power there is this proof, that the Thebans always paid tribute to the Orchomenians, and to Erginus their king, who it is said was put to death by Hercules. Eteocles, one of the kings that reigned at Orchomenus, first displayed both wealth and power. He built a temple dedicated to the Graces, who were thus honoured by him, either because he had been fortunate in receiving or conferring favours, or perhaps for both these reasons.
[For one who was inclined thus to honour these goddesses, must have been naturally disposed to be a benefactor, and he must have possessed the power. But for this purpose wealth is required. For he who has not much cannot give much, nor can he who does not receive much possess much; but when giving and receiving unite, then there is a just exchange. For a vessel which is simultaneously emptied and filled is always full; but he who gives and does not receive cannot succeed in either giving or receiving, for the giver must desist from giving from failure of means. Givers also will desist from giving to him who receives only, and confers no benefits, so that he must fail in receiving. The same may be said of power. For independently of the common saying, That money is the thing most highly valued, / And has the greatest influence in human affairs, / we may examine the subject more in detail. We say, for example, that kings have the greatest power, (μάλιστα δύνσθσι,) whence the name, dynasty. Their power is exerted by leading the multitude whither they like, by persuasion or by force. Their power of persuasion chiefly rests in doing acts of kindness; for persuasion by words is not princely, but belongs to the orator. By princely persuasion, I mean, when kings direct and lead men whither they please by acts of kindness. They persuade by acts of kindness, but compel by means of arms. Both power and possessions may be purchased by money. For he has the largest body of forces, who is able to maintain the largest; and he who has the largest possessions, can confer the greatest benefits.] The spot which the present lake Copaïs occupies, was formerly, it is said, dry ground, and was cultivated in various ways by the Orchomenians, who lived near it; and this is alleged as a proof of wealth.
τὴν δʼ Ἀσπληδόνα χωρὶς τῆς πρώτης συλλαβῆς ἐκάλουν τινές· εἶτʼ Εὐδείελος μετωνομάσθη καὶ αὐτὴ καὶ ἡ χώρα, τάχα τι ἰδίωμα προσφερομένη ἐκ τοῦ δειλινοῦ κλίματος οἰκεῖον τοῖς κατοικοῦσι, καὶ μάλιστα τὸ εὐχείμερον. διέχει δὲ τοῦ Ὀρχομενοῦ στάδια εἴκοσι· μεταξὺ δʼ ὁ Μέλας ποταμός.
Some persons use the word Aspledon without the first syllable, Spledon. The name both of the city and of the territory was changed to Eudeielos, which expressed perhaps some peculiar advantage the inhabitants derived from their western position, and especially the mild winters. The extreme parts of the day are the coldest. Of these the evening is colder than the morning, for as night approaches the cold is more intense, and as night retires the cold abates. The severity of the cold is mitigated by the heat of the sun, and the part which during the coldest season has received most of the sun’s heat, is mildest in winter.
It is distant from Orchomenus 20 stadia. The river Melas is between them.
ὑπέρκειται δʼ Ὀρχομενίας ὁ Πανοπεύς, Φωκικὴ πόλις, καὶ Ὑάμπολις· τούτοις δʼ ὁμορεῖ Ὀποῦς, ἡ τῶν Λοκρῶν μητρόπολις τῶν Ἐπικνημιδίων. πρότερον μὲν οὖν οἰκεῖσθαι τὸν Ὀρχομενόν φασιν ἐπὶ πεδίῳ, ἐπιπολαζόντων δὲ τῶν ὑδάτων ἀνοικισθῆναι πρὸς τὸ Ἀκόντιον ὄρος, παρατεῖνον ἐπὶ ἑξήκοντα σταδίους μέχρι Παραποταμίων τῶν ἐν τῇ Φωκίδι. ἱστοροῦσι δὲ τοὺς ἐν τῷ Πόντῳ καλουμένους Ἀχαιοὺς ἀποίκους Ὀρχομενίων εἶναι τῶν μετὰ Ἰαλμένου πλανηθέντων ἐκεῖσε μετὰ τὴν τῆς Τροίας ἅλωσιν. καὶ περὶ Κάρυστον δʼ ἦν τις Ὀρχομενός. εὖ γὰρ τὴν τοιαύτην ὕλην ὑποβεβλήκασιν ἡμῖν οἱ τὰ περὶ τῶν νεῶν συγγράψαντες, οἷς ἀκολουθοῦμεν ὅταν οἰκεῖα λέγωσι πρὸς τὴν ἡμετέραν ὑπόθεσιν.
Panopeus, a Phocian city, and Hyampolis are situated above Orchomenus. Opus, the metropolis of the Locri Epicnemidii, borders upon these places. It is said, that Orchomenus was formerly situated on a plain, but, as the waters overflowed, the settlers removed to the mountain Acontium, which extends 60 stadia in length, as far as Parapotamii in Phocis. It is said, that those people, who are called Achaei in Pontus, are colonists from the Orchomenians, who, after the capture of Troy, wandered thither under the conduct of lalmenus. There was also an Orchomenus near Carystus.
The writers on the Catalogue of Ships [in Homer], have furnished us with these materials, and they have been followed, wherever they introduced anything adapted to the design of this work.
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