πάλιν δὲ τῆς Καρικῆς παραλίας τῆς μετὰ τὴν Ῥόδον ἀπὸ Ἐλαιοῦντος καὶ τῶν Λωρύμων καμπτήρ τις ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρκτους ἐστί, καὶ λοιπὸν ἐπʼ εὐθείας ὁ πλοῦς μέχρι τῆς Προποντίδος, ὡς ἂν μεσημβρινήν τινα ποιῶν γραμμὴν ὅσον πεντακισχιλίων σταδίων ἢ μικρὸν ἀπολείπουσαν. ἐνταῦθα δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ λοιπὴ τῆς Καρίας καὶ Ἴωνες καὶ Αἰολεῖς καὶ Τροία καὶ τὰ περὶ Κύζικον καὶ Βυζάντιον. μετὰ δʼ οὖν τὰ Λώρυμα τὸ Κυνὸς σῆμα ἔστι καὶ Σύμη νῆσος.
There is a bend of the Carian coast opposite to Rhodes, immediately after Eleus and Loryma, towards the north, and then the ship’s course is in a straight line to the Propontis, and forms as it were a meridian line of about 500 stadia in length, or somewhat less. Along this line are situated the remainder of Caria, Ionians, Aeolians, Troy, and the parts about Cyzicus and Byzantium. Next to Loryma is tile Cynossema, or dogs’ monument, and the island Syme.
εἶτα Κνίδος δύο λιμένας ἔχουσα, ὧν τὸν ἕτερον κλειστὸν τριηρικὸν καὶ ναύσταθμον ναυσὶν εἴκοσι. πρόκειται δὲ νῆσος ἑπταστάδιός πως τὴν περίμετρον ὑψηλὴ θεατροειδὴς συναπτομένη χώμασι πρὸς τὴν ἤπειρον καὶ ποιοῦσα δίπολιν τρόπον τινὰ τὴν Κνίδον· πολὺ γὰρ αὐτῆς μέρος οἰκεῖ τὴν νῆσον σκεπάζουσαν ἀμφοτέρους τοὺς λιμένας. κατʼ αὐτὴν δʼ ἔστιν ἡ Νίσυρος πελαγία. ἄνδρες δʼ ἀξιόλογοι Κνίδιοι πρῶτον μὲν Εὔδοξος ὁ μαθηματικὸς τῶν Πλάτωνος ἑταίρων, εἶτʼ Ἀγαθαρχίδης ὁ ἐκ τῶν περιπάτων, ἀνὴρ συγγραφεύς, καθʼ ἡμᾶς δὲ Θεόπομπος, ὁ Καίσαρος τοῦ θεοῦ φίλος τῶν μέγα δυναμένων, καὶ υἱὸς Ἀρτεμίδωρος. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ καὶ Κτησίας ὁ ἰατρεύσας μὲν Ἀρταξέρξην, συγγράψας δὲ τὰ Ἀσσυρικὰ καὶ τὰ Περσικά. εἶτα μετὰ Κνίδον Κέραμος καὶ Βάργασα πολίχνια ὑπὲρ θαλάττης.
Then follows Cnidus, which has two harbours, one of which is a close harbour, fit for receiving triremes, and a naval station for 20 vessels. In front of Cnidus is an island, in circumference about 7 stadia; it rises high, in the form of a theatre, and is united by a mole to the continent, and almost makes Cnidus a double city, for a great part of the inhabitants occupy the island, which shelters both harbours. Opposite to it, far out at sea, is Nisyrus.
Illustrious natives of Cnidus were, first, Eudoxus the mathematician, a disciple of Plato’s; Agatharchides, the Peripatetic philosopher and historian; Theopompus, one of the most powerful of the friends of divus Caesar, and his son Artemidorus. Ctesias also, the physician of Artaxerxes, was a native of this place. He wrote a history of Assyria and Persia.
Next after Cnidus are Ceramus and Bargasa, small towns overlooking the sea.
εἶθʼ Ἁλικαρνασός, τὸ βασίλειον τῶν τῆς Καρίας δυναστῶν, Ζεφυρία καλουμένη πρότερον. ἐνταῦθα δʼ ἐστὶν ὅ τε τοῦ Μαυσώλου τάφος, τῶν ἑπτὰ θεαμάτων, […] ἔργον, ὅπερ Ἀρτεμισία τῷ ἀνδρὶ κατεσκεύασε, καὶ ἡ Σαλμακὶς κρήνη, διαβεβλημένη οὐκ οἶδʼ ὁπόθεν ὡς μαλακίζουσα τοὺς πιόντας ἀπʼ αὐτῆς. ἔοικε δʼ ἡ τρυφὴ τῶν ἀνθρώπων αἰτιᾶσθαι τοὺς ἀέρας ἢ τὰ ὕδατα· τρυφῆς δʼ αἴτια οὐ ταῦτα, ἀλλὰ πλοῦτος καὶ ἡ περὶ τὰς διαίτας ἀκολασία. ἔχει δʼ ἀκρόπολιν ἡ Ἁλικαρνασός· πρόκειται δʼ αὐτῆς ἡ Ἀρκόνησος. οἰκισταὶ δʼ αὐτῆς ἐγένοντο ἄλλοι τε καὶ Ἄνθης μετὰ Τροιζηνίων. ἄνδρες δὲ γεγόνασιν ἐξ αὐτῆς Ἡρόδοτός τε ὁ συγγραφεύς, ὃν ὕστερον Θούριον ἐκάλεσαν διὰ τὸ κοινωνῆσαι τῆς εἰς Θουρίους ἀποικίας, καὶ Ἡράκλειτος ὁ ποιητὴς ὁ Καλλιμάχου ἑταῖρος, καὶ καθʼ ἡμᾶς Διονύσιος ὁ συγγραφεύς.
Then follows Halicarnasus, formerly called Zephyra, the royal seat of the dynasts of Caria. Here is the sepulchre of Mausolus, one of the seven wonders of the world; Artemisia erected it, in honour of her husband. Here also is the fountain Salmacis, which has a bad repute, for what reason I know not, for making those who drink of it effeminate. Mankind, enervated by luxury, impute the blame of its effects to different kinds of air and water, but these are not the causes of luxury, but riches and intemperance.
There is an acropolis at Halicarnasus. In front of it lies Arconnesus. It had, among others, as its founders, Anthes and a body of Troezenians.
Among the natives of Halicarnasus were Herodotus the historian, who was afterwards called Thurius, because he was concerned in sending out the colony to Thurii; Heracleitus the poet, the friend of Callimachus; and in our time, Dionysius the historian.
ἔπταισε δὲ καὶ αὕτη ἡ πόλις βίᾳ ληφθεῖσα ὑπὸ Ἀλεξάνδρου. Ἑκατόμνω γὰρ τοῦ Καρῶν βασιλέως ἦσαν υἱοὶ τρεῖς, Μαύσωλος καὶ Ἱδριεὺς καὶ Πιξώδαρος, καὶ θυγατέρες δύο, ὧν τῇ πρεσβυτέρᾳ Ἀρτεμισίᾳ Μαύσωλος συνῴκησεν ὁ πρεσβύτατος τῶν ἀδελφῶν, ὁ δὲ δεύτερος Ἱδριεὺς Ἄδᾳ τῇ ἑτέρᾳ ἀδελφῇ· ἐβασίλευσε δὲ Μαύσωλος· τελευτῶν δʼ ἄτεκνος τὴν ἀρχὴν κατέλιπε τῇ γυναικί, ὑφʼ ἧς αὐτῷ κατεσκευάσθη ὁ λεχθεὶς τάφος· φθίσει δʼ ἀποθανούσης διὰ πένθος τοῦ ἀνδρὸς Ἱδριεὺς ἦρξε· καὶ τοῦτον ἡ γυνὴ Ἄδα διεδέξατο νόσῳ τελευτήσαντα· ἐξέβαλε δὲ ταύτην Πιξώδαρος, ὁ λοιπὸς τῶν Ἑκατόμνω παίδων· περσίσας δὲ μεταπέμπεται σατράπην ἐπὶ κοινωνίᾳ τῆς ἀρχῆς· ἀπελθόντος δʼ ἐκ τοῦ ζῆν καὶ τούτου κατεῖχεν ὁ σατράπης τὴν Ἁλικαρνασὸν ἔχων Ἄδαν γυναῖκα, ἥτις θυγάτηρ ἦν Πιξωδάρου ἐξ Ἀφνηίδος Καππαδοκίσσης γυναικός. ἐπελθόντος δὲ Ἀλεξάνδρου πολιορκίαν ὑπέμεινεν, ἡ δὲ τοῦ Ἑκατόμνω θυγάτηρ Ἄδα, ἣν ὁ Πιξώδαρος ἐξέβαλεν, ἱκετεύει τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον καὶ πείθει κατάγειν αὐτὴν εἰς τὴν ἀφαιρεθεῖσαν βασιλείαν ὑποσχομένη ἐπὶ τὰ ἀφεστῶτα συμπράξειν αὐτῷ· τοὺς γὰρ ἔχοντας οἰκείους ὑπάρχειν αὐτῇ· παρεδίδου δὲ καὶ τὰ Ἄλινδα, ἐν ᾧ διέτριβεν αὐτή· ἐπαινέσας δὲ καὶ βασίλισσαν ἀναδείξας, ἁλούσης τῆς πόλεως πλὴν τῆς ἄκρας (διττὴ δʼ ἦν), ἐκείνῃ πολιορκεῖν ἔδωκεν· ἑάλω δὲ ὀλίγῳ ὕστερον καὶ ἡ ἄκρα, πρὸς ὀργὴν ἤδη καὶ ἀπέχθειαν τῆς πολιορκίας γενομένης.
Halicarnasus suffered, when it was taken by storm by Alexander. Hecatomnus, who was then king of the Carians, had three sons, Mausolus, Hidrieus, and Pixodarus, and two daughters. Mausolus, the eldest son, married Artemisia, the eldest daughter; Hidrieus, the second son, married Ada, the other sister. Mausolus came to the throne, and, dying without children, left the kingdom to his wife, by whom the above-mentioned sepulchre was erected. She pined away for grief at the loss of her husband. Hidrieus succeeded her; lie died a natural death, and was succeeded by his wife Ada. She was ejected by Pixodarus, the surviving son of Hecatomnus. Having espoused the party of the Persians, Pixodarus sent for a satrap to share the kingdom with him. After the death of Pixodarus, the satrap became master of Halicarnasus. But upon the arrival of Alexander, he sustained a siege. His wife was Ada, daughter of Pixodarus, and Aphneïs, a woman of Cappadocia. But Ada, the daughter of Hecatomnus, whom Pixodarus ejected, entreated Alexander, and endeavoured to prevail upon him to reïnstate her in the kingdom of which she had been deprived; she promised (in return) her assistance in reducing to obedience the parts of the country which had revolted; for the persons who were in possession of them were her relations and subjects. She also delivered up Alinda, where she herself resided. Alexander granted her request, and proclaimed her queen, after the city was taken, but not the acropolis, which was doubly fortified. He assigned to Ada the siege of the acropolis, which was taken in a short time afterwards, the besiegers having attacked it with fury and exasperation at the resistance of the besieged.
ἑξῆς δʼ ἐστὶν ἄκρα Τερμέριον Μυνδίων, καθʼ ἣν ἀντίκειται τῆς Κῴας ἄκρα Σκανδαρία διέχουσα τῆς ἠπείρου σταδίους τετταράκοντα· ἔστι δὲ καὶ χωρίον Τέρμερον ὑπὲρ τῆς ἄκρας.
Next is Termerium, a promontory of the Myndians, opposite to which lies Scandaria, a promontory of Cos, distant 40 stadia from the continent. There is also above the promontory a fortress, Termerum.
ἡ δὲ τῶν Κῴων πόλις ἐκαλεῖτο τὸ παλαιὸν Ἀστυπάλαια, καὶ ᾠκεῖτο ἐν ἄλλῳ τόπῳ ὁμοίως ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ· ἔπειτα διὰ στάσιν μετῴκησαν εἰς τὴν νῦν πόλιν περὶ τὸ Σκανδάριον, καὶ μετωνόμασαν Κῶν ὁμωνύμως τῇ νήσῳ. ἡ μὲν οὖν πόλις οὐ μεγάλη, κάλλιστα δὲ πασῶν συνῳκισμένη καὶ ἰδέσθαι τοῖς καταπλέουσιν ἡδίστη. τῆς δὲ νήσου τὸ μέγεθος ὅσον πεντακοσίων σταδίων καὶ πεντήκοντα· εὔκαρπος δὲ πᾶσα, οἴνῳ δὲ καὶ ἀρίστη, καθάπερ Χίος καὶ Λέσβος· ἔχει δὲ πρὸς νότον μὲν ἄκραν τὸν Λακητῆρα (ἀφʼ οὗ ἑξήκοντα εἰς Νίσυρον), πρὸς δὲ τῷ Λακητῆρι χωρίον Ἁλίσαρνα, ἀπὸ δύσεως δὲ τὸ Δρέκανον καὶ κώμην καλουμένην Στομαλίμνην· τοῦτο μὲν οὖν ὅσον διακοσίους τῆς πόλεως διέχει σταδίους· ὁ δὲ Λακητὴρ προσλαμβάνει πέντε καὶ τριάκοντα τῷ μήκει τοῦ πλοῦ. ἐν δὲ τῷ προαστείῳ τὸ Ἀσκληπιεῖον ἔστι, σφόδρα ἔνδοξον καὶ πολλῶν ἀναθημάτων μεστόν, ἐν οἷς ἐστι καὶ ὁ Ἀπελλοῦ Ἀντίγονος. ἦν δὲ καὶ ἡ ἀναδυομένη Ἀφροδίτη, ἣ νῦν ἀνάκειται τῷ θεῷ Καίσαρι ἐν Ῥώμῃ, τοῦ Σεβαστοῦ ἀναθέντος τῷ πατρὶ τὴν ἀρχηγέτιν τοῦ γένους αὐτοῦ· φασὶ δὲ τοῖς Κῴοις ἀντὶ τῆς γραφῆς ἑκατὸν ταλάντων ἄφεσιν γενέσθαι τοῦ προσταχθέντος φόρου. φασὶ δʼ Ἱπποκράτην μάλιστα ἐκ τῶν ἐνταῦθα ἀνακειμένων θεραπειῶν γυμνάσασθαι τὰ περὶ τὰς διαίτας· οὗτός τε δή ἐστι τῶν ἐνδόξων Κῷος ἀνὴρ καὶ Σῖμος ὁ ἰατρός, Φιλητᾶς τε ποιητὴς ἅμα καὶ κριτικός, καὶ καθʼ ἡμᾶς Νικίας ὁ καὶ τυραννήσας Κῴων, καὶ Ἀρίστων ὁ ἀκροασάμενος τοῦ περιπατητικοῦ καὶ κληρονομήσας ἐκεῖνον· ἦν δὲ καὶ Θεόμνηστος ὁ ψάλτης ἐν ὀνόματι, ὃς καὶ ἀντεπολιτεύσατο τῷ Νικίᾳ.
The city of the Coans was formerly called Astypalaea, and was built in another place, but is at present on the sea-coast. Afterwards, on account of a sedition, they migrated to the present city, near Scandarium, and changed the name to that of the island, Cos. The city is not large, but beautifully built, and a most pleasing sight to mariners who are sailing by the coast. The island is about 550 stadia in circumference. The whole of it is fertile, and produces, like Chios and Lesbos, excellent wine. It has, towards the south, the promontory Laceter, from which to Nicyrus is 60 stadia, and near Laceter is Halisarna, a stronghold; on the west is Drecanum, and a village called Stomalimne. Drecanum is distant about 200 stadia from the city. The promontory Laceter adds to the length of the navigation 35 stadia. In the suburb is the celebrated temple Asclepieium, full of votive offerings, among which is the Antigonus of Apelles. It formerly contained the Venus Anadyomene, (Venus emerging from the sea,) but that is now at Rome, dedicated to divus Caesar by Augustus, who consecrated to his father the picture of her who was the author of his family. It is said that the Coans obtained, as a compensation for the loss of this painting, an abatement, amounting to a hundred talents, of their usual tribute.
It is said, that Hippocrates learned and practised the dietetic part of medicine from the narrative of cures suspended in the temple. He is one of the illustrious natives of Cos. Simus, also, the physician, Philetas the poet and critic, Nicias of our time, who was tyrant of Cos; Ariston, the disciple and heir of Ariston the Peripatetic philosopher; and Theomnestus, a minstrel of name, who was of the opposite political party to Nicias.
ἐν δὲ τῇ παραλίᾳ τῆς ἠπείρου κατὰ τὴν Μυνδίαν Ἀστυπάλαιά ἐστιν ἄκρα καὶ Ζεφύριον· εἶτʼ εὐθὺς ἡ Μύνδος λιμένα ἔχουσα, καὶ μετὰ ταύτην Βαργύλια, καὶ αὕτη πόλις· ἐν δὲ τῷ μεταξὺ Καρύανδα λιμὴν καὶ νῆσος ὁμώνυμος, ἣν ᾤκουν Καρυανδεῖς. ἐντεῦθεν δʼ ἦν καὶ Σκύλαξ ὁ παλαιὸς συγγραφεύς. πλησίον δʼ ἐστὶ τῶν Βαργυλίων τὸ τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερὸν τῆς Κινδυάδος, ὃ πεπιστεύκασι περιύεσθαι· ἦν δέ ποτε καὶ χωρίον Κινδύη. ἐκ δὲ τῶν Βαργυλίων ἀνὴρ ἐλλόγιμος ἦν ὁ Ἐπικούρειος Πρώταρχος, ὁ Δημητρίου καθηγησάμενος τοῦ Λάκωνος προσαγορευθέντος.
On the coast of the continent opposite to the Myndian territory is Astypalaea a promontory, and Zephyrium. The city Myndus follows immediately after, which has a harbour; then the city Bargylia. In the intervening distance is Caryanda a harbour, and an island of the same name, occupied by Caryandians. Scylax the ancient historian was a native of this island. Near Bargylia is the temple of Artemis Cindyas, round which the rain falls, it is believed, without touching it. There was once a strong place called Cindya.
Among the distinguished natives of Bargylia was Protarchus the Epicurean; Demetrius surnamed Lacon was his disciple.
εἶτʼ Ἰασὸς ἐπὶ νήσῳ κεῖται προσκειμένη τῇ ἠπείρῳ· ἔχει δὲ λιμένα, καὶ τὸ πλεῖστον τοῦ βίου τοῖς ἐνθάδε ἐκ θαλάττης· εὐοψεῖ γὰρ χώραν τʼ ἔχει παράλυπρον. καὶ δὴ καὶ διηγήματα τοιαῦτα πλάττουσιν εἰς αὐτήν· κιθαρῳδοῦ γὰρ ἐπιδεικνυμένου τέως μὲν ἀκροᾶσθαι πάντας· ὡς δʼ ὁ κώδων ὁ κατὰ τὴν ὀψοπωλίαν ἐψόφησε, καταλιπόντας ἀπελθεῖν ἐπὶ τὸ ὄψον πλὴν ἑνὸς δυσκώφου· τὸν οὖν κιθαρῳδὸν προσιόντα εἰπεῖν ὅτι ὦ ἄνθρωπε πολλήν σοι χάριν οἶδα τῆς πρός με τιμῆς καὶ φιλομουσίας· οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἄλλοι ἅμα τῷ κώδωνος ἀκοῦσαι ἀπιόντες οἴχονται. ὁ δέ τί λέγεις; ἔφη ἤδη γὰρ ὁ κώδων ἐψόφηκεν; εἰπόντος δέ εὖ σοι εἴη ἔφη καὶ ἀναστὰς ἀπῆλθε καὶ αὐτός. ἐντεῦθεν δʼ ἦν ὁ διαλεκτικὸς Διόδωρος ὁ Κρόνος προσαγορευθείς, κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν ψευδῶς· Ἀπολλώνιος γὰρ ἐκαλεῖτο ὁ Κρόνος, ὁ ἐπιστατήσας ἐκείνου· μετήνεγκαν δʼ ἐπʼ αὐτὸν διὰ τὴν ἀδοξίαν τοῦ κατʼ ἀλήθειαν Κρόνου.
Next follows Iasus, situated upon an island, on the side towards the continent. It has a port, and the inhabitants derive the greatest part of their subsistence from the sea, which abounds with fish, but the soil is very barren. Stories of the following kind are related of Iasus.
As a player on the cithara was displaying his art in public, every one listened to him attentively till the market bell rung for the sale of fish, when he was deserted by all except one man, who was quite deaf. The minstrel coming up to him said, Friend, I am much obliged to you for the honour you have done me, and I admire your love of music, for all the others have left me at the sound of the bell.—What say you, has the bell rung?—Yes, he replied?—Good bye to you, said the man, and away he also went.
Diodorus the Dialectician was a native of this place. He was surnamed Cronus (or Old Time); the title was not properly his from the first; it was his master Apollonius who (in the first instance) had received the surname of Cronus, but it was transferred to Diodorus on account of the want of celebrity in the true Cronus.
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