θεῶν δὲ οἱ Θεσπιεῖς τιμῶσιν Ἔρωτα μάλιστα ἐξ ἀρχῆς, καί σφισιν ἄγαλμα παλαιότατόν ἐστιν ἀργὸς λίθος. ὅστις δὲ ὁ καταστησάμενος Θεσπιεῦσιν Ἔρωτα θεῶν σέβεσθαι μάλιστα, οὐκ οἶδα. σέβονται δὲ οὐδέν τι ἧσσον καὶ Ἑλλησποντίων Παριανοί, τὸ μὲν ἀνέκαθεν ἐξ Ἰωνίας καὶ Ἐρυθρῶν ἀπῳκισμένοι, τὰ δὲ ἐφʼ ἡμῶν τελοῦντες ἐς Ῥωμαίους.
Ἔρωτα δὲ ἄνθρωποι μὲν οἱ πολλοὶ νεώτατον θεῶν εἶναι καὶ Ἀφροδίτης παῖδα ἥγηνται· Λύκιος δὲ Ὠλήν, ὃς καὶ τοὺς ὕμνους τοὺς ἀρχαιοτάτους ἐποίησεν Ἕλλησιν, οὗτος ὁ Ὠλὴν ἐν Εἰλειθυίας ὕμνῳ μητέρα Ἔρωτος τὴν Εἰλείθυιάν φησιν εἶναι. Ὠλῆνος δὲ ὕστερον Πάμφως τε ἔπη καὶ Ὀρφεὺς ἐποίησαν· καί σφισιν ἀμφοτέροις πεποιημένα ἐστὶν ἐς Ἔρωτα, ἵνα ἐπὶ τοῖς δρωμένοις Λυκομίδαι καὶ ταῦτα ᾄδωσιν· ἐγὼ δὲ ἐπελεξάμην ἀνδρὶ ἐς λόγους ἐλθὼν δᾳδουχοῦντι. καὶ τῶν μὲν οὐ πρόσω ποιήσομαι μνήμην· Ἡσίοδον δὲ ἢ τὸν Ἡσιόδῳ Θεογονίαν ἐσποιήσαντα οἶδα γράψαντα ὡς Χάος πρῶτον, ἐπὶ δὲ αὐτῷ Γῆ τε καὶ Τάρταρος καὶ Ἔρως γένοιτο·
Σαπφὼ δὲ ἡ Λεσβία πολλά τε καὶ οὐχ ὁμολογοῦντα ἀλλήλοις ἐς Ἔρωτα ᾖσε. Θεσπιεῦσι δὲ ὕστερον χαλκοῦν εἰργάσατο Ἔρωτα Λύσιππος, καὶ ἔτι πρότερον τούτου Πραξιτέλης λίθου τοῦ Πεντελῆσι. καὶ ὅσα μὲν εἶχεν ἐς Φρύνην καὶ τὸ ἐπὶ Πραξιτέλει τῆς γυναικὸς σόφισμα, ἑτέρωθι ἤδη μοι δεδήλωται· πρῶτον δὲ τὸ ἄγαλμα κινῆσαι τοῦ Ἔρωτος λέγουσι Γάιον δυναστεύσαντα ἐν Ῥώμῃ, Κλαυδίου δὲ ὀπίσω Θεσπιεῦσιν ἀποπέμψαντος Νέρωνα αὖθις δεύτερα ἀνάσπαστον ποιῆσαι.
καὶ τὸν μὲν φλὸξ αὐτόθι διέφθειρε· τῶν δὲ ἀσεβησάντων ἐς τὸν θεὸν ὁ μὲν ἀνθρώπῳ στρατιώτῃ διδοὺς ἀεὶ τὸ αὐτὸ σύνθημα μετὰ ὑπούλου χλευασίας ἐς τοσοῦτο προήγαγε θυμοῦ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ὥστε σύνθημα διδόντα αὐτὸν διεργάζεται, Νέρωνι δὲ παρὲξ ἢ τὰ ἐς τὴν μητέρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἐς γυναῖκας γαμετὰς ἐναγῆ τε καὶ ἀνέραστα τολμήματα. τὸν δὲ ἐφʼ ἡμῶν Ἔρωτα ἐν Θεσπιαῖς ἐποίησεν Ἀθηναῖος Μηνόδωρος, τὸ ἔργον τὸ Πραξιτέλους μιμούμενος.
ἐνταῦθα καὶ αὐτοῦ Πραξιτέλους Ἀφροδίτη καὶ Φρύνης ἐστὶν εἰκών, λίθου καὶ ἡ Φρύνη καὶ ἡ θεός. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἑτέρωθι Ἀφροδίτης Μελαινίδος ἱερὸν καὶ θέατρόν τε καὶ ἀγορὰ θέας ἄξια· ἐνταῦθα Ἡσίοδος ἀνάκειται χαλκοῦς. τῆς ἀγορᾶς οὐ πόρρω Νίκη τε χαλκοῦ καὶ ναὸς Μουσῶν ἐστιν οὐ μέγας· ἀγάλματα δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ μικρὰ λίθου πεποιημένα.
καὶ Ἡρακλέους Θεσπιεῦσίν ἐστιν ἱερόν· ἱερᾶται δὲ αὐτοῦ παρθένος, ἔστʼ ἂν ἐπιλάβῃ τὸ χρεὼν αὐτήν. αἴτιον δὲ τούτου φασὶν εἶναι τοιόνδε, Ἡρακλέα ταῖς θυγατράσι πεντήκοντα οὔσαις ταῖς Θεστίου συγγενέσθαι πάσαις πλὴν μιᾶς ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ νυκτί· ταύτην δὲ οὐκ ἐθελῆσαί οἱ τὴν μίαν μιχθῆναι· τὸν δὲ ὑβρισθῆναι νομίζοντα δικάσαι μένειν παρθένον πάντα αὐτὴν τὸν βίον ἱερωμένην αὐτῷ.
ἐγὼ δὲ ἤκουσα μὲν καὶ ἄλλον λόγον, ὡς διὰ πασῶν ὁ Ἡρακλῆς τῶν Θεστίου παρθένων διεξέλθοι τῇ αὐτῇ νυκτὶ καὶ ὡς ἄρσενας παῖδας αὐτῷ πᾶσαι τέκοιεν, διδύμους δὲ ἥ τε νεωτάτη καὶ ἡ πρεσβυτάτη· ἐκεῖνο δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως ἡγήσομαι πιστόν, Ἡρακλέα ἐπὶ τοσοῦτο ὀργῆς ἀνδρὸς φίλου θυγατρὶ ἀφικέσθαι· πρὸς δὲ καὶ ἡνίκα ἔτι ἦν μετʼ ἀνθρώπων, τιμωρούμενός τε ἄλλους ὑβρίζοντας καὶ μάλιστα ὅσοι θεῶν ἀσεβεῖς ἦσαν, οὐκ ἂν αὐτός γε κατεστήσατο αὑτῷ ναόν τε καὶ ἱέρειαν ὥσπερ δὴ θεός.
ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἐφαίνετό μοι τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦτο ἀρχαιότερον ἢ κατὰ Ἡρακλέα εἶναι τὸν Ἀμφιτρύωνος, καὶ Ἡρακλέους τοῦ καλουμένου τῶν Ἰδαίων Δακτύλων, οὗ δὴ καὶ Ἐρυθραίους τοὺς ἐν Ἰωνίᾳ καὶ Τυρίους ἱερὰ ἔχοντας εὕρισκον. οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ οἱ Βοιωτοὶ τοῦ Ἡρακλέους ἠγνόουν τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα, ὅπου γε αὐτοὶ τῆς Μυκαλησσίας Δήμητρος Ἡρακλεῖ τῷ Ἰδαίῳ τὸ ἱερὸν ἐπιτετράφθαι λέγουσιν.
Of all the gods the Thespians honour Love the most, and have always done so: they have a very ancient image of him, consisting of an unwrought stone. Who it was that taught the Thespians to worship Love above all the gods, I do not know. His worship is equally observed by the people of Parium on the Hellespont, who were originally a colony from Erythrae in Ionia, but are now dependent on Rome.
The general opinion is that Love is the youngest of the gods, and that he is a son of Aphrodite. But Olen the Lycian, author of the oldest Greek hymns, says in his hymn to Ilithyia that she is mother of Love. After Olen were the poets Pamphos and Orpheus, both of whom composed poems on Love to be sung by the Lycomids at the performance of the rites. I read . . . in conversation with a Torchbearer. But on that topic I will say no more. Hesiod, or the person who fathered the Theogony on him, says, I am aware, that Chaos first came into being, and that after Chaos were born Earth and Tartarus and Love. Sappho the Lesbian sang much of Love, but her utterances do not agree with each other.
Afterwards Lysippus made a bronze statue of Love for the Thespians: Praxiteles had previously made one of Pentelic marble. The story of the trick which Phryne played Praxiteles has been told by me elsewhere. They say that the first to remove the image of Love was the Roman Emperor Caius (Caligula), and that it was restored by Claudius only to be a second time carried off by Nero. At Rome it was destroyed by fire. Of the men who thus sinned against the god, Caius, in the act of giving the watchword, was despatched by a soldier, whose rage he had excited by always giving him, with a covert taunt, the same watchword ; while Nero, besides his conduct to his mother, was guilty of accursed and unlovely crimes against his wives. The present image of Love at Thespiae is a copy, by the Athenian Menodorus, of the work of Praxiteles.
Here, too, are works of Praxiteles’ own hand, an Aphrodite and a statue of Phryne, both in stone. Elsewhere there is a sanctuary of Black Aphrodite, also a theatre and a market-place which are both worth seeing. Here stands a bronze statue of Hesiod. Not far from the market-place is a bronze Victory and a small temple of the Muses containing little images made of stone.
There is also a sanctuary of Hercules at Thespiae. A virgin acts as his priestess till her death. The cause of this was, they say, as follows :—Hercules, in a single night, had connection with all the fifty daughters of Thestius save one, who alone refused to share his bed. . . . in consideration sentenced her to remain a virgin all the days of her life, serving him as priestess. I have heard another story, namely, that Hercules had connection with all the daughters of Thestius in the same night, and that they all bore him male children, the youngest and eldest giving birth to twins. But I cannot think it credible that Hercules carried his anger at a friend’s daughter so far. Besides, while he was still among men, punishing other people for presumption and especially for impiety, it is not likely that he would have established a temple with a priestess all for himself, just as if he were a god. As a matter of fact, the sanctuary seemed to me older than the time of Hercules, the son of Amphitryo, and I judged it to belong to the Hercules who is called one of the Idaean Dactyls, the same of whom I found sanctuaries at Erythrae in Ionia and at Tyre. Nor are the Boeotians ignorant of this name of Hercules, for they say themselves that the sanctuary of Mycalessian Demeter is entrusted to the Idaean Hercules.
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