ΞΕ. τί δέ; τῶν ἐλευθέρων ὅσοι τοῖς νυνδὴ ῥηθεῖσιν εἰς ὑπηρετικὴν ἑκόντες αὑτοὺς τάττουσι, τά τε γεωργίας καὶ τὰ τῶν ἄλλων τεχνῶν ἔργα διακομίζοντες ἐπʼ ἀλλήλους καὶ ἀνισοῦντες, οἱ μὲν κατʼ ἀγοράς, οἱ δὲ πόλιν ἐκ πόλεως ἀλλάττοντες κατὰ θάλατταν καὶ πεζῇ, νόμισμά τε πρὸς τὰ ἄλλα καὶ αὐτὸ πρὸς αὑτὸ διαμείβοντες, οὓς ἀργυραμοιβούς τε καὶ ἐμπόρους καὶ ναυκλήρους καὶ καπήλους ἐπωνομάκαμεν, μῶν τῆς πολιτικῆς ἀμφισβητήσουσί τι;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. τάχʼ ἂν ἴσως τῆς γε τῶν ἐμπορευτικῶν.
ΞΕ. ἀλλʼ οὐ μὴν οὕς γε ὁρῶμεν μισθωτοὺς καὶ θῆτας πᾶσιν ἑτοιμότατα ὑπηρετοῦντας, μή ποτε βασιλικῆς μεταποιουμένους εὕρωμεν.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. πῶς γάρ;
ΞΕ. τί δὲ ἄρα τοὺς τὰ τοιάδε διακονοῦντας ἡμῖν ἑκάστοτε;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. τὰ ποῖα εἶπες καὶ τίνας;
ΞΕ. ὧν τὸ κηρυκικὸν ἔθνος, ὅσοι τε περὶ γράμματα σοφοὶ γίγνονται πολλάκις ὑπηρετήσαντες, καὶ πόλλʼ ἄττα ἕτερα περὶ τὰς ἀρχὰς διαπονεῖσθαί τινες ἕτεροι πάνδεινοι, τί τούτους αὖ λέξομεν;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ὅπερ εἶπες νῦν, ὑπηρέτας, ἀλλʼ οὐκ αὐτοὺς ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν ἄρχοντας.
ΞΕ. ἀλλὰ οὐ μὴν οἶμαί γε ἐνύπνιον ἰδὼν εἶπον ταύτῃ πῃ φανήσεσθαι τοὺς διαφερόντως ἀμφισβητοῦντας τῆς πολιτικῆς. καίτοι σφόδρα γε ἄτοπον ἂν εἶναι δόξειε τὸ ζητεῖν τούτους ἐν ὑπηρετικῇ μοίρᾳ τινί.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. κομιδῇ μὲν οὖν.
ΞΕ. ἔτι δὴ προσμείξωμεν ἐγγύτερον ἐπὶ τοὺς μήπω βεβασανισμένους. εἰσὶ δὲ οἵ τε περὶ μαντικὴν ἔχοντές τινος ἐπιστήμης διακόνου μόριον· ἑρμηνευταὶ γάρ που νομίζονται παρὰ θεῶν ἀνθρώποις.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ναί.
ΞΕ. καὶ μὴν καὶ τὸ τῶν ἱερέων αὖ γένος, ὡς τὸ νόμιμόν φησι, παρὰ μὲν ἡμῶν δωρεὰς θεοῖς διὰ θυσιῶν ἐπιστῆμόν ἐστι κατὰ νοῦν ἐκείνοις δωρεῖσθαι, παρὰ δὲ ἐκείνων ἡμῖν εὐχαῖς κτῆσιν ἀγαθῶν αἰτήσασθαι· ταῦτα δὲ διακόνου τέχνης ἐστί που μόρια ἀμφότερα.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. φαίνεται γοῦν.
ΞΕ. ἤδη τοίνυν μοι δοκοῦμεν οἷόν γέ τινος ἴχνους ἐφʼ ὃ πορευόμεθα προσάπτεσθαι. τὸ γὰρ δὴ τῶν ἱερέων σχῆμα καὶ τὸ τῶν μάντεων εὖ μάλα φρονήματος πληροῦται καὶ δόξαν σεμνὴν λαμβάνει διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τῶν ἐγχειρημάτων, ὥστε περὶ μὲν Αἴγυπτον οὐδʼ ἔξεστι βασιλέα χωρὶς ἱερατικῆς ἄρχειν, ἀλλʼ ἐὰν ἄρα καὶ τύχῃ πρότερον ἐξ ἄλλου γένους βιασάμενος, ὕστερον ἀναγκαῖον εἰς τοῦτο εἰστελεῖσθαι αὐτὸν τὸ γένος· ἔτι δὲ καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων πολλαχοῦ ταῖς μεγίσταις ἀρχαῖς τὰ μέγιστα τῶν περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα θύματα εὕροι τις ἂν προσταττόμενα θύειν. καὶ δὴ καὶ παρʼ ὑμῖν οὐχ ἥκιστα δῆλον ὃ λέγω· τῷ γὰρ λαχόντι βασιλεῖ φασιν τῇδε τὰ σεμνότατα καὶ μάλιστα πάτρια τῶν ἀρχαίων θυσιῶν ἀποδεδόσθαι.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. καὶ πάνυ γε.
Str. How about those free men who put themselves voluntarily in the position of servants of those whom we mentioned before? I mean the men who carry about and distribute among one another the productions of husbandry and the other arts, whether in the domestic marketplaces or by travelling from city to city by land or sea, exchanging money for wares or money for money, the men whom we call brokers, merchants, shipmasters, and peddlers; do they lay any claim to statesmanship?
Y. Soc. Possibly to commercial statesmanship
Str. But certainly we shall never find laborers, whom we see only too glad to serve anybody for hire, claiming a share in the kingly art.
Y. Soc. Certainly not.
Str. But there are people who perform services of another kind. How about them?
Y. Soc. What services and what men do you mean?
Str. The class of heralds and those who become by long practice skilled as clerks and other clever men who perform various services in connection with public offices. What shall we call them?
Y. Soc. What you called the others, servants; they are not themselves rulers in the states.
Str. But surely it was no dream that made me say we should find somewhere in this region those who more than others lay claim to the art of statesmanship; and yet it would be utterly absurd to look for them in any servile position.
Y. Soc. Certainly.
Str. But let us draw a little closer still to those whom we have not yet examined. There are men who have to do with divination and possess a portion of a certain menial science; for they are supposed to be interpreters of the gods to men.
Y. Soc. Yes.
Str. And then, too, the priests, according to law and custom, know how to give the gods, by means of sacrifices, the gifts that please them from us and by prayers to ask for us the gain of good things from them; now these are both part of a servant’s art.
Y. Soc. At least they seem to be so.
Str. At last, then, I think we are, as it were, on the track of our quarry. For the bearing of the priests and prophets is indeed full of pride, and they win high esteem because of the magnitude of their undertakings. In Egypt, for example, no king can rule without being a priest, and if he happens to have forced his way to the throne from some other class, he must enroll himself in the class of priests afterwards; and among the Greeks, too, you would find that in many states the performance of the greatest public sacrifices is a duty imposed upon the highest officials. Yes, among you Athenians this is very plain, for they say the holiest and most national of the ancient sacrifices are performed by the man whom the lot has chosen to be the King.
Y. Soc. Yes, certainly.
ΞΕ. τούτους τε τοίνυν τοὺς κληρωτοὺς βασιλέας ἅμα καὶ ἱερέας, καὶ ὑπηρέτας αὐτῶν καί τινα ἕτερον πάμπολυν ὄχλον σκεπτέον, ὃς ἄρτι κατάδηλος νῦν ἡμῖν γέγονεν ἀποχωρισθέντων τῶν ἔμπροσθεν.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. τίνας δʼ αὐτοὺς καὶ λέγεις;
ΞΕ. καὶ μάλα τινὰς ἀτόπους.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. τί δή;
ΞΕ. πάμφυλόν τι γένος αὐτῶν, ὥς γε ἄρτι σκοπουμένῳ φαίνεται. πολλοὶ μὲν γὰρ λέουσι τῶν ἀνδρῶν εἴξασι καὶ Κενταύροις καὶ τοιούτοισιν ἑτέροις, πάμπολλοι δὲ Σατύροις καὶ τοῖς ἀσθενέσι καὶ πολυτρόποις θηρίοις· ταχὺ δὲ μεταλλάττουσι τάς τε ἰδέας καὶ τὴν δύναμιν εἰς ἀλλήλους. καὶ μέντοι μοι νῦν, ὦ Σώκρατες, ἄρτι δοκῶ κατανενοηκέναι τοὺς ἄνδρας.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. λέγοις ἄν· ἔοικας γὰρ ἄτοπόν τι καθορᾶν.
ΞΕ. ναί· τὸ γὰρ ἄτοπον ἐξ ἀγνοίας πᾶσι συμβαίνει. καὶ γὰρ δὴ καὶ νῦν αὐτὸς τοῦτʼ ἔπαθον· ἐξαίφνης ἠμφεγνόησα κατιδὼν τὸν περὶ τὰ τῶν πόλεων πράγματα χορόν.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ποῖον;
ΞΕ. τὸν πάντων τῶν σοφιστῶν μέγιστον γόητα καὶ ταύτης τῆς τέχνης ἐμπειρότατον· ὃν ἀπὸ τῶν ὄντως ὄντων πολιτικῶν καὶ βασιλικῶν καίπερ παγχάλεπον ὄντα ἀφαιρεῖν ἀφαιρετέον, εἰ μέλλομεν ἰδεῖν ἐναργῶς τὸ ζητούμενον.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ἀλλὰ μὴν τοῦτό γε οὐκ ἀνετέον.
ΞΕ. οὔκουν δὴ κατά γε τὴν ἐμήν. καί μοι φράζε τόδε.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. τὸ ποῖον;
ΞΕ. ἆρʼ οὐ μοναρχία τῶν πολιτικῶν ἡμῖν ἀρχῶν ἐστι μία;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ναί.
ΞΕ. καὶ μετὰ μοναρχίαν εἴποι τις ἂν οἶμαι τὴν ὑπὸ τῶν ὀλίγων δυναστείαν.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. πῶς δʼ οὔ;
ΞΕ. τρίτον δὲ σχῆμα πολιτείας οὐχ ἡ τοῦ πλήθους ἀρχή, δημοκρατία τοὔνομα κληθεῖσα;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. καὶ πάνυ γε.
ΞΕ. τρεῖς δʼ οὖσαι μῶν οὐ πέντε τρόπον τινὰ γίγνονται, δύʼ ἐξ ἑαυτῶν ἄλλα πρὸς αὑταῖς ὀνόματα τίκτουσαι;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ποῖα δή;
ΞΕ. πρὸς τὸ βίαιόν που καὶ ἑκούσιον ἀποσκοποῦντες νῦν καὶ πενίαν καὶ πλοῦτον καὶ νόμον καὶ ἀνομίαν ἐν αὐταῖς γιγνόμενα διπλῆν ἑκατέραν τοῖν δυοῖν διαιροῦντες μοναρχίαν μὲν προσαγορεύουσιν ὡς δύο παρεχομένην εἴδη δυοῖν ὀνόμασι, τυραννίδι, τὸ δὲ βασιλικῇ.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. τί μήν;
ΞΕ. τὴν δὲ ὑπʼ ὀλίγων γε ἑκάστοτε κρατηθεῖσαν πόλιν ἀριστοκρατίᾳ καὶ ὀλιγαρχίᾳ.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. καὶ πάνυ γε.
Str. We must, then, examine these elected kings and priests and their assistants, and also another very large crowd of people which has just come in sight now that the others are out of the way.
Y. Soc. Who are these people?
Str. A very queer lot.
Y. Soc. How so?
Str. They are of very mixed race at least they seem so now, when I can just see them. For many of them are like lions and centaurs and other fierce creatures, and very many are like satyrs and the weak and cunning beasts; and they make quick exchanges of forms and qualities with one another. Ah, but now, Socrates, I think I have just made out who they are.
Y. Soc. Tell me; for you seem to have caught sight of something strange.
Str. Yes, for ignorance makes things seem strange to everybody. That was what happened to me just now; when I suddenly caught sight of them I did not recognize the troop of those who busy themselves with the affairs of the state.
Y. Soc. What troop?
Str. That which of all the sophists is the greatest charlatan and most practised in charlatanry. This, although it is a hard thing to do, must be separated from the band of really statesmanlike and kingly men, if we are to get a clear view of the object of our search.
Y. Soc. But we certainly cannot give that up.
Str. No, of course not. I agree to that. And now please answer a question.
Y. Soc. What is it?
Str. We agree that monarchy is one of the forms of government, do we not?
Y. Soc. Yes.
Str. And after monarchy one might, I should say, mention the rule of the few.
Y. Soc. Yes, of course.
Str. And a third form of government is the rule of the multitude, called democracy, is it not?
Y. Soc. Yes, certainly.
Str. Do not these three become after a fashion five, producing out of themselves two additional names?
Y. Soc. What names?
Str. People nowadays are likely to take into consideration enforced subjection and voluntary obedience, poverty and wealth, law and lawlessness as they occur in governments, and so they divide two of the forms we mentioned, giving to the two aspects of monarchy the two names tyranny and royalty.
Y. Soc. Certainly.
Str. And the state that is ruled by the few is called, as the case may be, aristocracy or oligarchy.
Y. Soc. To be sure.
ΞΕ. δημοκρατίας γε μήν, ἐάντʼ οὖν βιαίως ἐάντε ἑκουσίως τῶν τὰς οὐσίας ἐχόντων τὸ πλῆθος ἄρχῃ, καὶ ἐάντε τοὺς νόμους ἀκριβῶς φυλάττον ἐάντε μή, πάντως τοὔνομα οὐδεὶς αὐτῆς εἴωθε μεταλλάττειν.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ἀληθῆ.
ΞΕ. τί οὖν; οἰόμεθά τινα τούτων τῶν πολιτειῶν ὀρθὴν εἶναι τούτοις τοῖς ὅροις ὁρισθεῖσαν, ἑνὶ καὶ ὀλίγοις καὶ πολλοῖς, καὶ πλούτῳ καὶ πενίᾳ, καὶ τῷ βιαίῳ καὶ ἑκουσίῳ, καὶ μετὰ γραμμάτων καὶ ἄνευ νόμων συμβαίνουσαν γίγνεσθαι;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. τί γὰρ δὴ καὶ κωλύει;
ΞΕ. σκόπει δὴ σαφέστερον τῇδε ἑπόμενος.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. πῇ;
ΞΕ. τῷ ῥηθέντι κατὰ πρώτας πότερον ἐμμενοῦμεν ἢ διαφωνήσομεν;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. τῷ δὴ ποίῳ λέγεις;
ΞΕ. τὴν βασιλικὴν ἀρχὴν τῶν ἐπιστημῶν εἶναί τινα ἔφαμεν, οἶμαι.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ναί.
ΞΕ. καὶ τούτων γε οὐχ ἁπασῶν, ἀλλὰ κριτικὴν δήπου τινὰ καὶ ἐπιστατικὴν ἐκ τῶν ἄλλων προειλόμεθα.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ναί.
ΞΕ. κἀκ τῆς ἐπιστατικῆς τὴν μὲν ἐπʼ ἀψύχοις ἔργοις, τὴν δʼ ἐπὶ ζῴοις· καὶ κατὰ τοῦτον δὴ τὸν τρόπον μερίζοντες δεῦρʼ ἀεὶ προεληλύθαμεν, ἐπιστήμης οὐκ ἐπιλανθανόμενοι, τὸ δʼ ἥτις οὐχ ἱκανῶς πω δυνάμενοι διακριβώσασθαι.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. λέγεις ὀρθῶς.
ΞΕ. τοῦτʼ αὐτὸ τοίνυν ἆρʼ ἐννοοῦμεν, ὅτι τὸν ὅρον οὐκ ὀλίγους οὐδὲ πολλούς, οὐδὲ τὸ ἑκούσιον οὐδὲ τὸ ἀκούσιον, οὐδὲ πενίαν οὐδὲ πλοῦτον γίγνεσθαι περὶ αὐτῶν χρεών, ἀλλά τινα ἐπιστήμην, εἴπερ ἀκολουθήσομεν τοῖς πρόσθεν;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ἀλλὰ μὴν τοῦτό γε ἀδύνατον μὴ ποιεῖν.
ΞΕ. ἐξ ἀνάγκης δὴ νῦν τοῦτο οὕτω σκεπτέον, ἐν τίνι ποτὲ τούτων ἐπιστήμη συμβαίνει γίγνεσθαι περὶ ἀνθρώπων ἀρχῆς, σχεδὸν τῆς χαλεπωτάτης καὶ μεγίστης κτήσασθαι. δεῖ γὰρ ἰδεῖν αὐτήν, ἵνα θεασώμεθα τίνας ἀφαιρετέον ἀπὸ τοῦ φρονίμου βασιλέως, οἳ προσποιοῦνται μὲν εἶναι πολιτικοὶ καὶ πείθουσι πολλούς, εἰσὶ δὲ οὐδαμῶς.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. δεῖ γὰρ δὴ ποιεῖν τοῦτο, ὡς ὁ λόγος ἡμῖν προείρηκεν.
ΞΕ. μῶν οὖν δοκεῖ πλῆθός γε ἐν πόλει ταύτην τὴν ἐπιστήμην δυνατὸν εἶναι κτήσασθαι;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. καὶ πῶς;
ΞΕ. ἀλλʼ ἆρα ἐν χιλιάνδρῳ πόλει δυνατὸν ἑκατόν τινας ἢ καὶ πεντήκοντα αὐτὴν ἱκανῶς κτήσασθαι;
Str. In the case of democracy, however, whether the multitude rule those who have property by violence or with their willing consent, and whether the laws are carefully observed or not, no one ever habitually changes the name.
Y. Soc. True.
Str. Now then, do we believe that any of these forms of government which are defined by the distinctions between the one, the few, and the many, or wealth and poverty, or violence and willingness, or written constitution and absence of laws, is a right one?
Y. Soc. I don’t see why not.
Str. Look a bit more closely along the line I am going to point out.
Y. Soc. What is it?
Str. Shall we abide by what we said in the beginning, or dissent from it?
Y. Soc. To what do you refer?
Str. We said, I believe, that royal power was one of the sciences.
Y. Soc. Yes.
Str. And not only a science, but we selected it from the rest as a science of judgement and command.
Y. Soc. Yes.
Str. And from the science of command we distinguished one part which rules inanimate works, and one which rules living beings; and so we have gone on dividing in this manner to the present moment, never forgetting that it is a science, but as yet unable to state with sufficient accuracy what science it is.
Y. Soc. You are right.
Str. Then is this our understanding, that the distinction between forms of government ought not to be found in the words few or many, or voluntary or unwilling, or wealth or poverty, but some science must be the distinguishing feature, if we are to be consistent with our previous statement?
Y. Soc. Yes, indeed; it cannot be otherwise.
Str. Necessarily, then, our present duty is to inquire in which, if any, of these forms of government is engendered the science of ruling men, which is about the greatest of sciences and the most difficult to acquire. We must discover that in order to see what men are to be distinguished from the wise king—men, I mean, who pretend to be, and make many believe that they are, statesmen, but are really not such at all.
Y. Soc. Yes, we must do this; that is implied in what was said before.
Str. Does it seem at all possible that a multitude in a state could acquire this science?
Y. Soc. By no means.
Str. But in a state of one thousand men could perhaps a hundred or as many as fifty acquire it adequately?
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