ΞΕ. καὶ μὴν τό γε ζῷον, ὅσον ἥμερον καὶ ἀγελαῖον, σχεδὸν πλὴν γενοῖν δυοῖν πᾶν ἤδη κατακεκερμάτισται. τὸ γὰρ τῶν κυνῶν οὐκ ἐπάξιον καταριθμεῖν γένος ὡς ἐν ἀγελαίοις θρέμμασιν.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. οὐ γὰρ οὖν. ἀλλὰ τίνι δὴ τὼ δύο διαιροῦμεν;
ΞΕ. ὧιπερ καὶ δίκαιόν γε Θεαίτητόν τε καὶ σὲ διανέμειν, ἐπειδὴ καὶ γεωμετρίας ἅπτεσθον.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. τῷ;
ΞΕ. τῇ διαμέτρῳ δήπου καὶ πάλιν τῇ τῆς διαμέτρου διαμέτρῳ.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. πῶς εἶπες;
ΞΕ. ἡ φύσις, ἣν τὸ γένος ἡμῶν τῶν ἀνθρώπων κέκτηται, μῶν ἄλλως πως εἰς τὴν πορείαν πέφυκεν ἢ καθάπερ ἡ διάμετρος ἡ δυνάμει δίπους;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. οὐκ ἄλλως.
ΞΕ. καὶ μὴν ἥ γε τοῦ λοιποῦ γένους πάλιν ἐστὶ κατὰ δύναμιν αὖ τῆς ἡμετέρας δυνάμεως διάμετρος, εἴπερ δυοῖν γέ ἐστι ποδοῖν δὶς πεφυκυῖα.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. πῶς δʼ οὐκ ἔστι; καὶ δὴ καὶ σχεδὸν ὃ βούλει δηλοῦν μανθάνω.
ΞΕ. πρὸς δὴ τούτοις ἕτερον αὖ τι τῶν πρὸς γέλωτα εὐδοκιμησάντων ἄν, ὦ Σώκρατες, ἆρα καθορῶμεν ἡμῖν γεγονὸς ἐν τοῖς διῃρημένοις;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. τὸ ποῖον;
ΞΕ. τἀνθρώπινον ἡμῶν ἅμα γένος συνειληχὸς καὶ συνδεδραμηκὸς γένει τῷ τῶν ὄντων γενναιοτάτῳ καὶ ἅμα εὐχερεστάτῳ.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. καθορῶ καὶ μάλʼ ἀτόπως συμβαῖνον.
ΞΕ. τί δʼ; οὐκ εἰκὸς ὕστατα ἀφικνεῖσθαι τὰ βραδύτατα;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ναί, τοῦτό γε.
ΞΕ. τόδε δὲ οὐκ ἐννοοῦμεν, ὡς ἔτι γελοιότερος ὁ βασιλεὺς φαίνεται μετὰ τῆς ἀγέλης συνδιαθέων καὶ σύνδρομα πεπορευμένος τῷ τῶν ἀνδρῶν αὖ πρὸς τὸν εὐχερῆ βίον ἄριστα γεγυμνασμένῳ;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. παντάπασι μὲν οὖν.
ΞΕ. νῦν γάρ, ὦ Σώκρατες, ἐκεῖνό ἐστι καταφανὲς μᾶλλον τὸ ῥηθὲν τότʼ ἐν τῇ περὶ τὸν σοφιστὴν ζητήσει.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. τὸ ποῖον;
ΞΕ. ὅτι τῇ τοιᾷδε μεθόδῳ τῶν λόγων οὔτε σεμνοτέρου μᾶλλον ἐμέλησεν ἢ μή, τόν τε σμικρότερον οὐδὲν ἠτίμακε πρὸ τοῦ μείζονος, ἀεὶ δὲ καθʼ αὑτὴν περαίνει τἀληθέστατον.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ἔοικεν.
ΞΕ. οὐκοῦν μετὰ τοῦτο, ἵνα μή με φθῇς ἐρωτήσας τὴν βραχυτέραν ὁδὸν ἥτις τότε ἦν ἐπὶ τὸν τοῦ βασιλέως ὅρον, αὐτός σοι πρότερον ἔλθω;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. σφόδρα γε.
ΞΕ. λέγω δὴ δεῖν τότε εὐθὺς τὸ πεζὸν τῷ δίποδι πρὸς τὸ τετράπουν γένος διανεῖμαι, κατιδόντα δὲ τἀνθρώπινον ἔτι μόνῳ τῷ πτηνῷ συνειληχὸς τὴν δίποδα ἀγέλην πάλιν τῷ ψιλῷ καὶ τῷ πτεροφυεῖ τέμνειν, τμηθείσης δὲ αὐτῆς καὶ τότʼ ἤδη τῆς ἀνθρωπονομικῆς δηλωθείσης τέχνης, φέροντα τὸν πολιτικὸν καὶ βασιλικὸν οἷον ἡνίοχον εἰς αὐτὴν ἐνστήσαντα, παραδοῦναι τὰς τῆς πόλεως ἡνίας ὡς οἰκείας καὶ αὐτῷ ταύτης οὔσης τῆς ἐπιστήμης.
Str. And yet tame gregarious animals have all, with the exception of about two species, been already divided; for dogs are not properly to be counted among gregarious creatures.
Y. Soc. No, they are not. But how shall we divide the two species?
Str. As you and Theaetetus ought by rights to divide them, since you are interested in geometry.
Y. Soc. How do you mean?
Str. By the diameter, of course, and again by the diameter of the square of the diameter.
Y. Soc. What do you mean by that?
Str. Is the nature which our human race possesses related to walking in any other way than as the diameter which is the square root of two feet?
Y. Soc. No.
Str. And the nature of the remaining species, again, considered from the point of view of the square root, is the diameter of the square of our root, if it is the nature of twice two feet.
Y. Soc. Of course; and now I think I almost understand what you wish to make plain.
Str. Socrates, do we see that besides this something else has turned up in these divisions of ours which would be a famous joke?
Y. Soc. No. What is it?
Str. Our human race shares the same lot and runs in the same heat as the most excellent and at the same time most easy-going race of creatures.
Y. Soc. Yes, I see that; it is a very queer result.
Str. Indeed? But is it not reasonable that they arrive last, who are the slowest?
Y. Soc. Yes, that is true.
Str. And do we fail to notice this further point, that the king appears in a still more ridiculous light, running along with the herd and paired in the race with the man of all others who is most in training for a life of careless ease?
Y. Soc. Certainly he does.
Str. For now, Socrates, we have shown more clearly the truth of that which we said yesterday in our search for the sophist.
Y. Soc. What was it?
Str. That this method of argument pays no more heed to the noble than to the ignoble, and no less honor to the small than to the great, but always goes on its own way to the most perfect truth.
Y. Soc. So it seems.
Str. Then shall I now, without waiting for you to ask me, guide you of my own accord along that shorter way referred to a moment ago that leads to the definition of the king?
Y. Soc. By all means.
Str. I say, then, that we ought at that time to have divided walking animals immediately into biped and quadruped, then seeing that the human race falls into the same division with the feathered creatures and no others, we must again divide the biped class into featherless and feathered, and when that division is made and the art of herding human beings is made plain, we ought to take the statesmanlike and kingly man and place him as a sort of charioteer therein, handing over to him the reins of the state, because that is his own proper science.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. καλῶς καὶ καθαπερεὶ χρέος ἀπέδωκάς μοι τὸν λόγον, προσθεὶς τὴν ἐκτροπὴν οἷον τόκον καὶ ἀναπληρώσας αὐτόν.
ΞΕ. φέρε δὴ καὶ συνείρωμεν ἐπανελθόντες ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν μέχρι τῆς τελευτῆς τὸν λόγον τοῦ ὀνόματος τῆς τοῦ πολιτικοῦ τέχνης.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. πάνυ μὲν οὖν.
ΞΕ. τῆς γνωστικῆς τοίνυν ἐπιστήμης ἡμῖν ἦν κατʼ ἀρχὰς μέρος ἐπιτακτικόν· τούτου δὲ ἀπεικασθὲν τὸ μόριον αὐτεπιτακτικὸν ἐρρήθη. ζῳοτροφικὴ δὲ πάλιν αὐτεπιτακτικῆς οὐ τὸ σμικρότατον τῶν γενῶν ἀπεσχίζετο· καὶ ζῳοτροφικῆς εἶδος ἀγελαιοτροφικόν, ἀγελαιοτροφικοῦ δʼ αὖ πεζονομικόν· τοῦ δὲ πεζονομικοῦ μάλιστα ἀπετέμνετο τέχνη τῆς ἀκεράτου φύσεως θρεπτική. ταύτης δʼ αὖ τὸ μέρος οὐκ ἔλαττον τριπλοῦν συμπλέκειν ἀναγκαῖον, ἂν εἰς ἕν τις αὐτὸ ὄνομα συναγαγεῖν βουληθῇ, γενέσεως ἀμείκτου νομευτικὴν ἐπιστήμην προσαγορεύων. τὸ δʼ ἀπὸ τούτου τμῆμα, ἐπὶ ποίμνῃ δίποδι μέρος ἀνθρωπονομικὸν ἔτι λειφθὲν μόνον, τοῦτʼ αὐτό ἐστιν ἤδη τὸ ζητηθέν, ἅμα βασιλικὸν ταὐτὸν κληθὲν καὶ πολιτικόν.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. παντάπασι μὲν οὖν.
ΞΕ. ἆρά γʼ, ὦ Σώκρατες, ἀληθῶς ἡμῖν τοῦτο καθάπερ σὺ νῦν εἴρηκας οὕτως ἐστὶ καὶ πεπραγμένον;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. τὸ ποῖον δή;
ΞΕ. τὸ παντάπασιν ἱκανῶς εἰρῆσθαι τὸ προτεθέν; ἢ τοῦτʼ αὐτὸ καὶ μάλιστα ἡ ζήτησις ἐλλείπει, τὸ τὸν λόγον εἰρῆσθαι μέν πως, οὐ μὴν παντάπασί γε τελέως ἀπειργάσθαι;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. πῶς εἶπες;
ΞΕ. ἐγὼ νῷν πειράσομαι τοῦτʼ αὐτὸ ὃ διανοοῦμαι νῦν ἔτι μᾶλλον δηλῶσαι.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. λέγοις ἄν.
ΞΕ. οὐκοῦν τῶν νομευτικῶν ἡμῖν πολλῶν φανεισῶν ἄρτι τεχνῶν μία τις ἦν ἡ πολιτικὴ καὶ μιᾶς τινος ἀγέλης ἐπιμέλεια;
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. ναί.
ΞΕ. ταύτην δέ γε διώριζεν ὁ λόγος οὐχ ἵππων εἶναι τροφὸν οὐδʼ ἄλλων θηρίων, ἀλλʼ ἀνθρώπων κοινοτροφικὴν ἐπιστήμην.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. οὕτως.
ΞΕ. τὸ δὴ τῶν νομέων πάντων διάφορον καὶ τὸ τῶν βασιλέων θεασώμεθα.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. τὸ ποῖον;
ΞΕ. εἴ τις τῶν ἄλλων τῳ, τέχνης ἄλλης ὄνομα ἔχων, κοινῇ τῆς ἀγέλης σύντροφος εἶναί φησι καὶ προσποιεῖται.
ΝΕ. ΣΩ. πῶς φῄς;
Y. Soc. You have cleared up the argument finely, and as if it were a debt you were paying, you threw in the digression as interest and for good measure.
Str. Now let us go back to the beginning and join together the definition of the name of the statesman’s art link by link to the end.
Y. Soc. By all means.
Str. In the first place we said that intellectual science had a part that gives commands; and a portion of this was called by a comparison the part that gives its own commands; and again the art of rearing living beings was singled out, which is by no means the smallest part of the art which gives its own commands; and a class of rearing living beings was herd-tending, and a part of this again the herding of walking animals; and from the herding of walking animals the art of rearing those without horns was divided. And of this in turn one part will have to be treated as no less than threefold, if it is to be called by one comprehensive name, and it will be called (1) the science (2) of tending herds (3) which do not cross breeds. But the only possible further subdivision of this is the art of herding human beings, and this is at last what we are looking for, the single art called both kingly and statesmanlike.
Y. Soc. That is perfectly true.
Str. And yet, Socrates, have we truly accomplished this, exactly as you have said?
Y. Soc. Accomplished what?
Str. The perfectly satisfactory discussion of our subject. Or is our investigation incomplete in just this detail, that we have given a definition after a fashion, but have not perfectly completed it?
Y. Soc. What do you mean?
Str. I will try to make still plainer to us both the thought which I now have in mind.
Y. Soc. Please do so.
Str. We found just now that there were many arts of herding, and one of them was the art of statesmanship, which was the care of one particular kind of herd, did we not?
Y. Soc. Yes.
Str. And our argument defined this, not as the tending of horses or other beasts, but as the science of tending men in common.
Y. Soc. Yes, it did.
Str. Let us, then, observe the point of difference between kings and all other herdsmen.
Y. Soc. What point of difference?
Str. Let us see whether anyone who is designated by the name of another art says and claims that he is fellow manager of the herd in common with any of the other kinds of herdsmen.
Y. Soc. What do you mean?
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