γῆν δὲ τὴν Θηβαΐδα οἰκῆσαι πρῶτον λέγουσιν Ἔκτηνας, βασιλέα δὲ εἶναι τῶν Ἐκτήνων ἄνδρα αὐτόχθονα Ὤγυγον· καὶ ἀπὸ τούτου τοῖς πολλοῖς τῶν ποιητῶν ἐπίκλησις ἐς τὰς Θήβας ἐστὶν Ὠγύγιαι. καὶ τούτους μὲν ἀπολέσθαι λοιμώδει νόσῳ φασίν, ἐσοικίσασθαι δὲ μετὰ τοὺς Ἔκτηνας ἐς τὴν χώραν Ὕαντας καὶ Ἄονας, Βοιώτια ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν γένη καὶ οὐκ ἐπηλύδων ἀνθρώπων. Κάδμου δὲ καὶ τῆς Φοινίκων στρατιᾶς ἐπελθούσης μάχῃ νικηθέντες οἱ μὲν Ὕαντες ἐς τὴν νύκτα τὴν ἐπερχομένην ἐκδιδράσκουσι, τοὺς δὲ Ἄονας ὁ Κάδμος γενομένους ἱκέτας καταμεῖναι καὶ ἀναμιχθῆναι τοῖς Φοίνιξιν εἴασε.
τοῖς μὲν οὖν Ἄοσι κατὰ κώμας ἔτι ἦσαν αἱ οἰκήσεις· Κάδμος δὲ τὴν πόλιν τὴν καλουμένην ἔτι καὶ ἐς ἡμᾶς Καδμείαν ᾤκισεν. αὐξηθείσης δὲ ὕστερον τῆς πόλεως, οὕτω τὴν Καδμείαν ἀκρόπολιν συνέβη τῶν κάτω γενέσθαι Θηβῶν. Κάδμῳ δὲ γάμος τε ἐπιφανὴς ὑπῆρξεν, εἰ δὴ θυγατέρα Ἀφροδίτης καὶ Ἄρεως κατὰ λόγον τὸν Ἑλλήνων ἔσχε, καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες εἰλήφασιν αὐτῷ φήμην, Σεμέλη μὲν τεκεῖν ἐκ Διός, Ἰνὼ δὲ θεῶν εἶναι τῶν θαλασσίων.
ἐπὶ μὲν δὴ Κάδμου μέγιστον μετά γε αὐτὸν Κάδμον ἠδύναντο οἱ Σπαρτοί, Χθόνιος καὶ Ὑπερήνωρ καὶ Πέλωρος καὶ Οὐδαῖος· Ἐχίονα δὲ ὡς προέχοντα κατʼ ἀνδραγαθίαν γαμβρὸν ἠξίωσεν ὁ Κάδμος ποιήσασθαι. τοὺς δὲ ἄνδρας τούτους—οὐ γάρ τι ἠδυνάμην ἐς αὐτοὺς παρευρεῖν—ἕπομαι τῷ μύθῳ Σπαρτοὺς διὰ τὸν τρόπον ὅντινα ἐγένοντο ὀνομασθῆναι. Κάδμου δὲ ἐς Ἰλλυριοὺς καὶ Ἰλλυριῶν ἐς τοὺς καλουμένους Ἐγχελέας μετοικήσαντος Πολύδωρος ὁ Κάδμου τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔσχε.
Πενθεὺς δὲ ὁ Ἐχίονος ἴσχυε μὲν καὶ αὐτὸς κατὰ γένους ἀξίωμα καὶ φιλίᾳ τοῦ βασιλέως· ὢν δὲ ἐς τὰ λοιπὰ ὑβριστὴς καὶ ἀσεβὴς Διονύσου, δίκην ἔσχεν ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ. Πολυδώρου δὲ ἦν Λάβδακος· ἔμελλε δὲ ἄρα αὐτόν, ὥς οἱ παρίστατο ἡ τελευτή, παῖδα ἔτι ἀπολείψειν, καὶ ἐπιτρέπει τόν τε υἱὸν καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν Νυκτεῖ.
τὰ δὲ ἐφεξῆς μοι τοῦ λόγου προεδήλωσεν ἡ Σικυωνία συγγραφή, τοῦ τε Νυκτέως τὸν θάνατον, ὅντινα γένοιτο τρόπον, καὶ ὡς ἐς Λύκον ἀδελφὸν Νυκτέως ἥ τε ἐπιμέλεια τοῦ παιδὸς περιῆλθε καὶ ἡ Θηβαίων δυναστεία. Λύκος δὲ παρέδωκε μὲν αὐξηθέντι Λαβδάκῳ τὴν ἀρχήν· γενομένης δὲ οὐ μετὰ πολὺ καὶ τούτῳ τῆς τελευτῆς, ὁ δὲ ἐπετρόπευσεν αὖθις Λάιον Λαβδάκου παῖδα.
Λύκου δὲ ἐπιτροπεύοντος δεύτερον κατίασιν Ἀμφίων καὶ Ζῆθος δύναμιν ἀγείραντες. καὶ Λάιον μὲν ὑπεκκλέπτουσιν οἷς ἦν ἐπιμελὲς μὴ γενέσθαι τὸ Κάδμου γένος ἐς τοὺς ἔπειτα ἀνώνυμον, Λάκου δὲ οἱ τῆς Ἀντιόπης παῖδες τῇ μάχῃ κρατοῦσιν· ὡς δὲ ἐβασίλευσαν, τὴν πόλιν τὴν κάτω προσῴκισαν τῇ Καδμείᾳ καὶ Θήβας ὄνομα ἔθεντο κατὰ συγγένειαν τὴν Θήβης.
μαρτυρεῖ δέ μοι τῷ λόγῳ καὶ Ὅμηρος ἐν τῇ Ὀδυσσείᾳ· οἳ πρῶτοι Θήβης ἕδος ἔκτισαν ἑπταπύλοιο / πύργωσάν τʼ, ἐπεὶ οὐ μὲν ἀπύργωτόν γʼ ἐδύναντο / ναιέμεν εὐρύχορον Θήβην, κρατερώ περ ἐόντε. / ὅτι δὲ Ἀμφίων ᾖδε καὶ τὸ τεῖχος ἐξειργάζετο πρὸς τὴν λύραν, οὐδένα ἐποιήσατο λόγον ἐν τοῖς ἔπεσι· δόξαν δὲ ἔσχεν Ἀμφίων ἐπὶ μουσικῇ, τήν τε ἁρμονίαν τὴν Λυδῶν κατὰ κῆδος τὸ Ταντάλου παρʼ αὐτῶν μαθὼν καὶ χορδὰς ἐπὶ τέσσαρσι ταῖς πρότερον τρεῖς ἀνευρών.
ὁ δὲ τὰ ἔπη τὰ ἐς Εὐρώπην ποιήσας φησὶν Ἀμφίονα χρήσασθαι λύρᾳ πρῶτον Ἑρμοῦ διδάξαντος· πεποίηκε δὲ καὶ περὶ λίθων καὶ θηρίων, ὅτι καὶ ταῦτα ᾄδων ἦγε. Μυρὼ δὲ Βυζαντία, ποιήσασα ἔπη καὶ ἐλεγεῖα, Ἑρμῇ βωμόν φησιν ἱδρύσασθαι πρῶτον Ἀμφίονα καὶ ἐπὶ τούτῳ λύραν παρʼ αὐτοῦ λαβεῖν. λέγεται δὲ καὶ ὡς ἐν Ἅιδου δίκην δίδωσιν ὁ Ἀμφίων ὧν ἐς Λητὼ καὶ τοὺς παῖδας καὶ αὐτὸς ἀπέρριψε·
κατὰ δὲ τὴν τιμωρίαν τοῦ Ἀμφίονος ἔστιν ἔπη ποιήσεως Μινυάδος, ἔχει δὲ ἐς Ἀμφίονα κοινῶς καὶ ἐς τὸν Θρᾷκα Θάμυριν. ὡς δὲ τὸν οἶκον τὸν Ἀμφίονος καὶ Ζήθου τὸν μὲν ἡ νόσος ἡ λοιμώδης ἠρήμωσε, Ζήθῳ δὲ τὸν παῖδα ἀπέκτεινεν ἡ τεκοῦσα κατὰ δή τινα ἁμαρτίαν, ἐτεθνήκει δὲ ὑπὸ λύπης καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Ζῆθος, οὕτω Λάιον ἐπὶ βασιλείᾳ κατάγουσιν οἱ Θηβαῖοι.
Λαΐῳ δὲ βασιλεύοντι καὶ γυναῖκα ἔχοντι Ἰοκάστην μάντευμα ἦλθεν ἐκ Δελφῶν ἐκ τοῦ παιδός οἱ τὴν τελευτήν, εἰ τέκοι τινὰ Ἰοκάστη, γενήσεσθαι. καὶ ὁ μὲν ἐπὶ τούτῳ τὸν Οἰδίποδα ἐκτίθησιν· ὁ δὲ καὶ τὸν πατέρα ἀποκτενεῖν ἔμελλεν, ὡς ηὐξήθη, καὶ τὴν μητέρα ἔγημε. παῖδας δὲ ἐξ αὐτῆς οὐ δοκῶ οἱ γενέσθαι, μάρτυρι Ὁμήρῳ χρώμενος, ὃς ἐποίησεν ἐν Ὀδυσσείᾳ
μητέρα τʼ Οἰδιπόδαο ἴδον, καλὴν Ἐπικάστην, / ἣ μέγα ἔργον ἔρεξεν ἀιδρείῃσι νόοιο / γημαμένη ᾧ υἱεῖ· ὁ δʼ ὃν πατέρʼ ἐξεναρίξας / γῆμεν· ἄφαρ δʼ ἀνάπυστα θεοὶ θέσαν ἀνθρώποισιν. / πῶς οὖν ἐποίησαν ἀνάπυστα ἄφαρ, εἰ δὴ τέσσαρες ἐκ τῆς Ἐπικάστης ἐγένοντο παῖδες τῷ Οἰδίποδι; ἐξ Εὐρυγανείας δὲ τῆς Ὑπέρφαντος ἐγεγόνεσαν. δηλοῖ δὲ καὶ ὁ τὰ ἔπη ποιήσας ἃ Οἰδιπόδια ὀνομάζουσι· καὶ Ὀνασίας Πλαταιᾶσιν ἔγραψε κατηφῆ τὴν Εὐρυγάνειαν ἐπὶ τῇ μάχῃ τῶν παίδων.
Πολυνείκης δὲ περιόντος μὲν καὶ ἄρχοντος Οἰδίποδος ὑπεξῆλθεν ἐκ Θηβῶν δέει μὴ τελεσθεῖεν ἐπὶ σφίσιν αἱ κατᾶραι τοῦ πατρός· ἀφικόμενος δὲ ἐς Ἄργος καὶ θυγατέρα Ἀδράστου λαβὼν κατῆλθεν ἐς Θήβας μετάπεμπτος ὑπὸ Ἐτεοκλέους μετὰ τὴν τελευτὴν Οἰδίποδος. κατελθὼν δὲ ἐς διαφορὰν προήχθη τῷ Ἐτεοκλεῖ, καὶ οὕτω τὸ δεύτερον ἔφυγε· δεηθεὶς δὲ Ἀδράστου δοῦναί οἱ δύναμιν τὴν κατάξουσαν, τήν τε στρατιὰν ἀπόλλυσι καὶ πρὸς τὸν Ἐτεοκλέα αὐτὸς μονομαχεῖ κατὰ πρόκλησιν.
καὶ οἱ μὲν μονομαχοῦντες ἀποθνήσκουσιν, ἐς δὲ Λαοδάμαντα τὸν Ἐτεοκλέους καθηκούσης τῆς βασιλείας Κρέων ὁ Μενοικέως ἐδυνάστευεν ἐπιτροπεύων τὸν παῖδα. ἤδη δὲ Λαοδάμαντος ηὐξημένου καὶ ἔχοντος τὴν ἀρχήν, δεύτερον τότε ἄγουσι τὴν στρατιὰν ἐπὶ τὰς Θήβας· ἀντεστρατοπεδευμένων δὲ καὶ τῶν Θηβαίων περὶ Γλίσαντα, ὡς ἐς χεῖρας συνῆλθον, Αἰγιαλέα μὲν τὸν Ἀδράστου Λαοδάμας ἀποκτίννυσι, κρατησάντων δὲ τῇ μάχῃ τῶν Ἀργείων Λαοδάμας σὺν τοῖς ἐθέλουσιν ἕπεσθαι Θηβαίων ὑπὸ τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν νύκτα ἀπεχώρησεν ἐς Ἰλλυριούς.
τὰς δὲ Θήβας ἑλόντες οἱ Ἀργεῖοι παραδιδόασι Θερσάνδρῳ Πολυνείκους παιδί. ὡς δὲ τοῖς σὺν Ἀγαμέμνονι ἐς Τροίαν στρατεύουσιν ἡ διαμαρτία τοῦ πλοῦ γίνεται καὶ ἡ πληγὴ ἡ περὶ Μυσίαν, ἐνταῦθα καὶ τὸν Θέρσανδρον κατέλαβεν ἀποθανεῖν ὑπὸ Τηλέφου, μάλιστα Ἑλλήνων ἀγαθὸν γενόμενον ἐν τῇ μάχῃ· καί οἱ τὸ μνῆμα ἐς Καΐκου πεδίον ἐλαύνοντί ἐστιν ἐν Ἐλαίᾳ πόλει, λίθος ὁ ἐν τῷ ὑπαίθρῳ τῆς ἀγορᾶς·
καὶ ἐναγίζειν οἱ ἐπιχώριοί φασιν αὐτῷ. τελευτήσαντος δὲ Θερσάνδρου καὶ δεύτερα ἐπί τε Ἀλέξανδρον καὶ ἐς Ἴλιον ἀθροιζομένου στόλου Πηνέλεων ἄρχοντα εἵλοντο, ὅτι οὐκ ἐν ἡλικίᾳ πω Τισαμενὸς ἦν ὁ Θερσάνδρου· Πηνέλεω δὲ ἀποθανόντος ὑπὸ Εὐρυπύλου τοῦ Τηλέφου Τισαμενὸν βασιλέα αἱροῦνται, Θερσάνδρου τε ὄντα καὶ Δημωνάσσης τῆς Ἀμφιαράου. τῶν δὲ Ἐρινύων τῶν Λαΐου καὶ Οἰδίποδος Τισαμενῷ μὲν οὐκ ἐγένετο μήνιμα, Αὐτεσίωνι δὲ τῷ Τισαμενοῦ, ὥστε καὶ παρὰ τοὺς Δωριέας μετῴκησε τοῦ θεοῦ χρήσαντος.
Αὐτεσίωνος δὲ ἀπελθόντος, οὕτω βασιλέα εἵλοντο Δαμασίχθονα Ὀφέλτου τοῦ Πηνέλεω. τούτου δὲ ἦν τοῦ Δαμασίχθονος Πτολεμαῖος, τοῦ δὲ Ξάνθος, ὃν Ἀνδρόπομπος μονομαχήσαντά οἱ δόλῳ καὶ οὐ σὺν τῷ δικαίῳ κτείνει. τὸ δὲ ἐντεῦθεν διὰ πλειόνων πολιτεύεσθαι μηδὲ ἀπʼ ἀνδρὸς ἑνὸς ἠρτῆσθαι τὰ πάντα ἄμεινον ἐφαίνετο τοῖς Θηβαίοις.
The land of Thebes, they say, was first inhabited by the Ectenians, whose king was Ogygus, an aboriginal ; hence an epithet applied to Thebes by most of the poets is Ogygian. They say that the Ectenians were cut off by a plague, and that after them the Hyantians and Aonians settled in the country: I think the two latter were Boeotian tribes, and not foreigners. Being attacked by Cadmus and his Phoenician army they were defeated in battle ; and the Hyantians fled at nightfall. But the Aonians threw themselves on the protection of Cadmus, and he suffered them to stay and to coalesce with the Phoenicians. The Aonians still dwelt in villages, but Cadmus founded the city which is called Cadmea to our day. With the subsequent expansion of the city the Cadmea became the acropolis of the lower town of Thebes. Cadmus made a distinguished marriage if he really married, as the Greeks say he did, a daughter of Aphrodite and Ares. His daughters, too, Semele and Ino, acquired the reputation, the former of having had a child by Zeus, the latter of being one of the divinities of the sea. In the time of Cadmus the most powerful persons, next to Cadmus himself, were the Sparti, to wit, Chthonius, Hyperenor, Pelorus, and Udaeus ; but Echion for his surpassing prowess was chosen by Cadmus to be his son-in-law. I was unable to get any fresh light about these men, so I follow the myth that they were named Sparti (‘sown’) because of the way they were produced. When Cadmus had gone away to dwell among the Illyrian tribe of the Encheleans, his son Polydorus succeeded to the throne.
Now Pentheus, son of Echion, was also powerful by virtue of his high birth and the king’s friendship. But being a man of overbearing character and having behaved impiously to Dionysus, he was punished by the god. Polydorus had a son, Labdacus. When Polydorus’ end was at hand, Labdacus was still a child, and the father entrusted his son and the government to Nycteus. The sequel of the story, how Nycteus died, and how the guardianship of the boy and the regency of Thebes devolved on his brother Lycus, all this has been already narrated in my account of Sicyon. When Labdacus was grown up, Lycus ceded the sovereignty to him. But when Labdacus also died not long afterwards, Lycus acted once more as guardian, this time to Labdacus’ son Laius. 3. During the second regency of Lycus, Amphion and Zethus mustered a force and returned to Thebes. Laius was stealthily removed out of the way by those who had it at heart that the house of Cadmus should not be forgotten in after ages ; but Lycus was defeated in battle by the sons of Antiope. When they came to the kingdom they added the lower city to the Cadmea, and named it Thebes, because of their relationship to Thebe. This is attested by Homer in the Odyssey -— Who first laid the foundation of seven-gated Thebe, And fenced it with towers, for without towers they could not Dwell in spacious Thebe, strong though they were.
But Homer does not tell that Amphion sang and built the wall to the music of his lyre. Amphion was renowned as a musician, for through his connection with Tantalus he learned the Lydian music from the Lydians, and he added three new strings to the four old strings of the lyre. The author of the poem on Europa says that Amphion was the first who fingered the lyre, and that his master was Hermes. The poet, too, has told how, as he sang, he drew the very stones and beasts after him. Myro of Byzantium, a poetess who composed epic and elegiac poems, says that Amphion was the first who set up an altar to Hermes, and that, therefore, he received a lyre from the god. It is also said that Amphion is punished in hell for having been one of those who jeered at Latona and her children. The punishment of Amphion is mentioned in the poem Minyad, which deals both with Amphion and with the Thracian Thamyris.
But when the house of Amphion had been left desolate by a pestilence, and the son of Zethus had, by some mistake, been slain by the mother who bore him, and Zethus himself had died of a broken heart, then the Thebans brought back Laius to be king. While Laius sat on the throne and had to wife Jocasta, there came to him an oracle from Delphi, that if Jocasta should bear a son, that son would be his father’s death. Therefore he exposed Oedipus. But as fate would have it, when Oedipus was grown to manhood, he slew his father and married his mother. But I think he had no children by her, and Homer is my witness, who says in the Odyssey :-— And the mother of Oedipedes I saw, fair Epicaste, Who all unwitting wrought a fearful deed, Wedding her son, But he his father slew And wedded her. And straightway the gods revealed it to mankind. Now, how could they have revealed it straightway if Jocasta was the mother of four children by Oedipus? In point of fact, the mother of his children was Euryganea, daughter of Hyperphas. This is proved by the author of the poem they call the Oedipodia ; and Onasias has painted a picture at Plataea of Euryganea bowed with grief at the battle between her children.
Polynices retired from Thebes during the life and reign of Oedipus for fear that the curses of his sire might be fulfilled on the children. He went to Argos and took to wife a daughter of Adrastus, but returned to Thebes when he was fetched by Eteocles after the death of Oedipus. But after his return he fell out with Eteocles, and so went into exile the second time. Having begged of Adrastus to give him a force which should restore him to his home, he lost his army and fought a single combat with Eteocles, according to challenge. Both the combatants fell. The sovereignty now devolved on Laodamas, son of Eteocles ; and Creon, son of Menoeceus, ruled as regent and guardian of the boy.
When Laodamas was come to manhood and sat upon the throne, the Argives led the second expedition against Thebes. The Thebans encamped in face of the enemy at Glisas ; and when they came to close quarters Laodamas killed Aegialeus, son of Adrastus; but the Argives prevailed in the battle, and at nightfall Laodamas set out for Illyria with such of the Thebans as chose to follow him. Having taken Thebes the Argives handed it over to Thersander, son of Polynices. When the host of Agamemnon on its way to Troy strayed from their course on the sea and suffered the defeat in Mysia, Thersander approved himself the bravest of the Greeks in the fight and was slain by Telephus. His tomb is in the city of Elaea, as you go towards the plain of the Caicus, and consists of a stone standing in the open part of the market-place : the natives say that they sacrifice to him as a hero. 8. Thersander being dead, when a second expedition was being assembled to attack Alexander at Ilium, they elected Peneleus to the command, because Thersander’s son Tisamenus was not yet of age. But when Peneleus was killed by Eurypylus, son of Telephus, they chose Tisamenus king, he being a son of Thersander by Demonassa, daughter of Amphiaraus. The Furies of Laius and Oedipus did not visit Tisamenus with their wrath, but they did visit his son Autesion, so that in obedience to an oracle he migrated to the Dorians. On his departure they chose as king, Damasichthon, son of Opheltes, son of Peneleus. This Damasichthon had a son, Ptolemy, and Ptolemy had a son, Xanthus, whom Andropompus slew in single combat, not fairly, but by craft. Thenceforward it appeared better to the Thebans to entrust the conduct of affairs to several persons, than to be entirely dependent on a single man.
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