ἀφίκοντο δὲ ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ οἱ ἀποσταλέντες ἐκ Ῥώμης Λακεδαιμονίοις δικασταὶ καὶ Ἀχαιοῖς γενέσθαι, ἄλλοι τε καὶ Ὀρέστης· ὁ δὲ τούς τε ἐν ἑκάστῃ πόλει τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἔχοντας τὰς ἀρχὰς καὶ Δίαιον ἐκάλει παρʼ αὑτόν. ἀφικομένοις δὲ ἔνθα ἔτυχεν αὐτὸς ἐσῳκισμένος, ἀπεγύμνου τὸν πάντα σφίσιν ἤδη λόγον, ὡς δίκαια ἡγοῖτο ἡ Ῥωμαίων βουλὴ μήτε Λακεδαιμονίους τελεῖν ἐς τὸ Ἀχαϊκὸν μήτε αὐτὴν Κόρινθον, ἀφεῖσθαι δὲ καὶ Ἄργος καὶ Ἡράκλειαν τὴν πρὸς Οἴτῃ καὶ Ὀρχομενίους Ἀρκάδας συνεδρίου τοῦ Ἀχαιῶν· γένους τε γὰρ αὐτοῖς οὐδὲν τοῦ Ἀχαιῶν μετεῖναι καὶ ὕστερον τὰς πόλεις προσχωρῆσαι ταύτας πρὸς τὸ Ἀχαϊκόν.
ταῦτα Ὀρέστου λέγοντος οἱ ἄρχοντες τῶν Ἀχαιῶν οὐδὲ τὸν πάντα ὑπομείναντες ἀκοῦσαι λόγον ἔθεον ἐς τὸ ἐκτὸς τῆς οἰκίας καὶ ἐκάλουν Ἀχαιοὺς ἐς ἐκκλησίαν· οἱ δὲ ὡς τὰ ἐγνωσμένα ἐπύθοντο ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων, αὐτίκα ἐτρέποντο ἐπὶ τοὺς Σπαρτιάτας οἳ Κορίνθῳ τότε ἔτυχον ἐπιδημοῦντες, συνήρπαζον δὲ πάντα τινὰ καὶ ὃν Λακεδαιμόνιον σαφῶς ὄντα ἠπίσταντο καὶ ὅτῳ κουρᾶς ἢ ὑποδημάτων ἕνεκα ἢ ἐπὶ τῇ ἐσθῆτι ἢ κατʼ ὄνομα προσγένοιτο ὑπόνοια· τοὺς δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ καταφυγεῖν ἔνθα Ὀρέστης ᾤκει φθάνοντας ὅμως καὶ ἐντεῦθεν ἐβιάζοντο ἕλκειν.
Ὀρέστης δὲ καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ τῆς τε τόλμης ἐπέχειν τοὺς Ἀχαιοὺς ἐπειρῶντο καὶ ἐκέλευον μεμνῆσθαι σφᾶς ὡς ἀδικημάτων καὶ ὕβρεως ἄρχουσιν ἐς Ῥωμαίους. ἡμέραις δὲ ὕστερον οὐ πολλαῖς οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ Λακεδαιμονίων μὲν αὐτῶν ὅσους εἶχον συνειληφότες, κατατίθενται σφᾶς ἐς δεσμωτήριον, τοὺς ξένους δὲ ἀπʼ αὐτῶν διακρίνοντες ἠφίεσαν. ἀποστέλλουσι δὲ καὶ ἐς Ῥώμην ἄλλους τε Ἀχαιῶν τῶν ἐν τέλει καὶ Θεαρίδαν· ὡς δὲ ἀπῆλθον, ἐντυχόντες κατὰ τὴν ἄνοδον Ῥωμαίων πρέσβεσιν ἐπὶ τὰ Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν ὕστερον ἢ Ὀρέστης ἀπεσταλμένοις, ὀπίσω καὶ αὐτοὶ τρέπονται.
Διαίῳ δὲ ἐξήκοντος τοῦ χρόνου τῆς ἀρχῆς στρατηγεῖν ὑπὸ Ἀχαιῶν ᾑρέθη Κριτόλαος. τοῦτον δριμὺς καὶ σὺν οὐδενὶ λογισμῷ τὸν Κριτόλαον πολεμεῖν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἔρως ἔσχε· καὶ—ἔτυχον γὰρ τότε ἤδη οἱ παρὰ Ῥωμαίων ἥκοντες τὰ Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν δικάσαι—ἀφίκετο μὲν ἐν Τεγέᾳ τῇ Ἀρκάδων τοῖς ἀνδράσιν ἐς λόγους ὁ Κριτόλαος, ἀθροῖσαι δὲ Ἀχαιούς σφισιν ἐς κοινὸν σύλλογον οὐδαμῶς ἤθελεν, ἀλλὰ ἐς μὲν ἐπήκοον τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἔπεμπεν ἀγγέλους κελεύων τοὺς συνέδρους καλεῖν ἐς τὸ Ἀχαϊκόν, ἰδίᾳ δὲ τοῖς συνέδροις ἐπέστελλεν ἐς τὰς πόλεις ἀπολείπεσθαι σφᾶς τοῦ συλλόγου.
ὡς δὲ οὐκ ἀφίκοντο οἱ συνεδρεύσοντες, ἐνταῦθα ὁ Κριτόλαος μάλιστα ἐπεδείκνυτο ἀπάτῃ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους χρώμενος, ὃς ἄλλην ἐκέλευεν ἀναμένειν αὐτοὺς Ἀχαιῶν σύνοδον, ἐς μῆνα ἐσομένην ἕκτον· αὐτὸς δὲ οὐδὲν ἰδίᾳ διαλέξεσθαί σφισιν ἄνευ τοῦ κοινοῦ τοῦ Ἀχαιῶν ἔφασκε. καὶ οἱ μὲν ἐπεὶ ἀπατώμενοι συνῆκαν, ἀπηλλάσσοντο ἐς Ῥώμην· Κριτόλαος δὲ ἐς Κόρινθον Ἀχαιοὺς ἀθροίσας ἀνέπεισε μὲν ἐπιφέρειν ὅπλα ἐπὶ τὴν Σπάρτην, ἀνέπεισε δὲ καὶ Ῥωμαίοις ἐκ τοῦ εὐθέος πόλεμον ἄρασθαι.
τὸ μὲν δὴ ἄνδρα βασιλέα καὶ πόλιν ἀνελέσθαι πόλεμον καὶ μὴ εὐτυχῆσαι συνέβη φθόνῳ μᾶλλον ἔκ του δαιμόνων ἢ τοῖς πολεμήσασι ποιεῖ τὸ ἔγκλημα· θρασύτης δὲ ἡ μετὰ ἀσθενείας μανία ἂν μᾶλλον ἢ ἀτυχία καλοῖτο. ὃ δὴ καὶ Κριτόλαον καὶ Ἀχαιοὺς ἔβλαψε. παρώξυνε δὲ καὶ Ἀχαιοὺς Πυθέας βοιωταρχῶν τηνικαῦτα ἐν Θήβαις, καὶ οἱ Θηβαῖοι συνεπιλήψεσθαι προθύμως ἐπηγγέλλοντο τοῦ πολέμου·
ἑαλώκεσαν δὲ οἱ Θηβαῖοι πρώτην δίκην Μετέλλου δικάζοντος Φωκεῦσιν ἐκτῖσαι ζημίαν, ὅτι ἐσέβαλον σὺν ὅπλοις ἐς γῆν τὴν Φωκίδα, δευτέραν Εὐβοεῦσιν, ἐδῄωσαν γὰρ καὶ Εὐβοέων τὴν χώραν, τρίτην δὲ Ἀμφισσεῦσι, τεμόντες καὶ τὴν Ἀμφισσέων περὶ ἀκμὴν σίτου.
The commissioners sent from Rome to arbitrate between the Lacedaemonians and Achaeans arrived in Greece. Amongst them was Orestes. ... He summoned the magistrates of the Achaean cities, including Diaeus, to meet him. When they were come to his lodgings he unfolded to them the whole scheme, how the Roman Senate deemed it fair that neither Lacedaemon nor yet Corinth should belong to the Achaean League, and that Argos, Heraclea under Oeta, and Orchomenus of Arcadia, should also be released from their connection with the League, on the ground that they were not of the Achaean stock, and had only subsequently been incorporated in the confederacy.
He was still speaking when the Achaean magistrates, without waiting to hear him out, rushed from the house and summoned the Achaeans to a parliament. They, on hearing the decision of the Romans, immediately fell upon the Spartans who happened to be staying in Corinth, and seized every one of them, not only those whom they knew for certain to be Lacedaemonians, but also those whom they merely suspected of being so from the cut of their hair, from the make of their shoes or clothes, or from their names. Some succeeded in taking refuge in the house where Orestes lodged, but even thence the Achaeans attempted to drag them by force. Orestes and his colleagues strove to bridle their fury, bidding them remember that they were committing a wanton and wicked aggression on the Romans. Not many days afterwards the Achaeans clapped into gaol all the Lacedaemonians they had apprehended; but they picked out the foreigners and let them go. They also sent some of the chief men of Achaia, including Thearidas, as envoys to Rome. These men on their way to Rome met a Roman embassy which had been sent after the departure of Orestes to settle the affairs of Lacedaemon and Achaia; so they turned and came back with them. When Diaeus’ term of office had expired, Critolaus was chosen general by the Achaeans.
This Critolaus was seized with a deep but senseless craving to make war on the Romans. By this time the Roman commissioners had arrived to arbitrate between the Lacedaemonians and Achaeans ; and Critolaus had a conference with them at Tegea in Arcadia. Though he was most unwilling to call a general assembly of the Achaeans, he despatched messengers whom, in the hearing of the Romans, he charged to summon the deputies to the diet. But privately he sent word to the deputies of the various cities to stay away from the meeting. When the members did not appear, Critolaus plainly showed his hand by desiring the Romans to wait for another assembly of the League, which would be in six months’ time; for he refused to treat with them without the authority of his government. The commissioners saw that they were being played upon, and so took their departure for Rome.
But Critolaus assembled the Achaeans in Corinth, and persuaded them to take arms against Sparta, and even to declare war openly against Rome. Now when a king or a state goes to war and is unfortunate, the issue is due to the jealousy of one of the higher powers, and throws no slur on the persons who made the war. But rashness combined with weakness is madness rather than misfortune. It was this that ruined Critolaus and the Achaeans. They were also goaded on by Pytheas, who was then Boeotarch at Thebes ; and the Thebans professed that they would join heartily in the war. For the Thebans had been tried and sentenced by Metellus to pay a fine, first, to the Phocians, for invading Phocis; second, to the Euboeans, for devastating Euboea; and, third, to the Amphissians, for ravaging their lands when the corn was ripe.
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