Λυκῖνος ἐπεὶ δὲ μιμητικός ἐστι καὶ κινήμασι τὰ ᾀδόμενα δείξειν ὑπισχνεῖται, ἀναγκαῖον αὐτῷ, ὅπερ καὶ τοῖς ῥήτορσι, σαφήνειαν ἀσκεῖν, ὡς ἕκαστον τῶν δεικνυμένων ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ δηλοῦσθαι μηδενὸς ἐξηγητοῦ δεόμενον, ἀλλʼ ὅπερ ἔφη ὁ Πυθικὸς χρησμός, δεῖ τὸν θεώμενον ὄρχησιν καὶ κωφοῦ συνιέναι καὶ μὴ λαλέοντος τοῦ ὀρχηστοῦ ἀκούειν.
Λυκῖνος Ὃ δὴ καὶ Δημήτριον τὸν Κυνικὸν παθεῖν λέγουσιν. ἐπεὶ γὰρ καὶ αὐτὸς ὅμοιά σοι κατηγόρει τῆς ὀρχηστικῆς, λέγων τοῦ αὐλοῦ καὶ τῶν συρίγγων καὶ τῶν κτύπων πάρεργόν τι τὸν ὀρχηστὴν εἶναι, μηδὲν αὐτὸν πρὸς τὸ δρᾶμα συντελοῦντα, κινούμενον δὲ ἄλογον ἄλλως κίνησιν καὶ μάταιον, οὐδενὸς αὐτῇ νοῦ προσόντος, τῶν δὲ ἀνθρώπων τοῖς περὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα γοητευομένων, ἐσθῆτι σηρικῇ καὶ προσωπείῳ εὐπρεπεῖ, αὐλῷ τε καὶ τερετίσμασι καὶ τῇ τῶν ᾀδόντων εὐφωνίᾳ, οἷς κοσμεῖσθαι μηδὲν ὂν τὸ τοῦ ὀρχηστοῦ πρᾶγμα, ὁ τότε κατὰ τὸν Νέρωνα εὐδοκιμῶν ὀρχηστής, οὐκ ἀσύνετος, ὥς φασιν, ἀλλʼ εἰ καί τις ἄλλος ἔν τε ἱστορίας μνήμῃ καὶ κινήσεως κάλλει διενεγκών, ἐδεήθη τοῦ Δημητρίου εὐγνωμονεστάτην, οἶμαι, τὴν δέησιν, ἰδεῖν ὀρχούμενον, ἔπειτα κατηγορεῖν αὐτοῦ· καὶ ὑπέσχετό γε ἄνευ αὐλοῦ καὶ ᾀσμάτων ἐπιδείξεσθαι αὐτῷ. καὶ οὕτως ἐποίησεν· ἡσυχίαν γὰρ τοῖς τε κτυποῦσι καὶ τοῖς αὐλοῦσι καὶ αὐτῷ παραγγείλας τῷ χορῷ, αὐτὸς ἐφʼ ἑαυτοῦ ὠρχήσατο τὴν Ἀφροδίτης καὶ Ἄρεος μοιχείαν, Ἥλιον μηνύοντα καὶ Ἥφαιστον ἐπιβουλεύοντα καὶ τοῖς δεσμοῖς ἀμφοτέρους, τήν τε Ἀφροδίτην καὶ τὸν Ἄρη, σαγηνεύοντα, καὶ τοὺς ἐφεστῶτας θεοὺς ἕκαστον αὐτῶν, καὶ αἰδουμένην μὲν τὴν Ἀφροδίτην, ὑποδεδοικότα δὲ καὶ ἱκετεύοντα τὸν Ἄρη, καὶ ὅσα τῇ ἱστορίᾳ ταύτῃ πρόσεστιν, ὥστε τὸν Δημήτριον ὑπερησθέντα τοῖς γιγνομένοις τοῦτον ἔπαινον ἀποδοῦναι τὸν μέγιστον τῷ ὀρχηστῇ· ἀνέκραγε γὰρ καὶ μεγάλῃ τῇ φωνῇ ἀνεφθέγξατο, ἀκούω, ἄνθρωπε, ἃ ποιεῖς· οὐχ ὁρῶ μόνον, ἀλλά μοι δοκεῖς ταῖς χερσὶν αὐταῖς λαλεῖν.
Λυκῖνος ἐπεὶ δὲ κατὰ τὸν Νέρωνά ἐσμεν τῷ λόγῳ, βούλομαι καὶ βαρβάρου ἀνδρὸς τὸ ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ὀρχηστοῦ γενόμενον εἰπεῖν, ὅπερ μέγιστος ἔπαινος ὀρχηστικῆς γένοιτʼ ἄν. τῶν γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ Πόντου βαρβάρων βασιλικός τις ἄνθρωπος κατά τι χρέος ἥκων ὡς τὸν Νέρωνα ἐθεᾶτο μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων τὸν ὀρχηστὴν ἐκεῖνον οὕτω σαφῶς ὀρχούμενον ὡς καίτοι μὴ ἐπακούοντα τῶν ᾀδομένων — ἡμιέλλην γάρ τις ὢν ἐτύγχανεν — συνεῖναι ἁπάντων. καὶ δὴ ἀπιὼν ἤδη ἐς τὴν οἰκείαν, τοῦ Νέρωνος δεξιουμένου καὶ ὅ τι βούλοιτο αἰτεῖν κελεύοντος καὶ δώσειν ὑπισχνουμένου, τὸν ὀρχηστήν, ἔφη, δοὺς τὰ μέγιστα εὐφρανεῖς. τοῦ δὲ Νέρωνος ἐρομένου, τί ἄν σοι χρήσιμος γένοιτο ἐκεῖ; προσοίκους, ἔφη, βαρβάρους ἔχω, οὐχ ὁμογλώττους, καὶ ἑρμηνέων οὐ ῥᾴδιον εὐπορεῖν πρὸς αὐτούς. ἢν οὖν τινος δέωμαι, διανεύων οὗτος ἕκαστά μοι ἑρμηνεύσει. τοσοῦτον ἄρα καθίκετο αὐτοῦ ἡ μίμησις τῆς ὀρχήσεως ἐπίσημός τε καὶ σαφὴς φανεῖσα.
Since it is his profession to imitate, and to show forth his subject by means of gesticulation, he, like the orators, must acquire lucidity; every scene must be intelligible without the aid of an interpreter; to borrow the expression of the Pythian oracle,
Dumb though he be, and speechless, he is heard
by the spectator. According to the story, this was precisely the experience of the Cynic Demetrius. He had inveighed against Pantomime in just your own terms. The pantomime, he said, was a mere appendage to flute and pipe and beating feet; he added nothing to the action; his gesticulations were aimless nonsense; there was no meaning in them; people were hoodwinked by the silken robes and handsome mask, by the fluting and piping and the fine voices, which served to set off what in itself was nothing. The leading pantomime of the day—this was in Nero’s reign—was apparently a man of no mean intelligence; unsurpassed, in fact, in wideness of range and in grace of execution. Nothing, I think, could be more reasonable than the request he made of Demetrius, which was, to reserve his decision till he had witnessed his performance, which he undertook to go through without the assistance of flute or song. He was as good as his word. The time-beaters, the flutes, even the chorus, were ordered to preserve a strict silence; and the pantomime, left to his own resources, represented the loves of Ares and Aphrodite, the tell-tale Sun, the craft of Hephaestus, his capture of the two lovers in the net, the surrounding Gods, each in his turn, the blushes of Aphrodite, the embarrassment of Ares, his entreaties,—in fact the whole story. Demetrius was ravished at the spectacle; nor could there be higher praise than that with which he rewarded the performer. ‘Man,’ he shrieked at the top of his voice, ‘this is not seeing, but hearing and seeing, both:’tis as if your hands were tongues!’
And before we leave Nero’s times, I must tell you of the high tribute paid to the art by a foreigner of the royal family of Pontus, who was visiting the Emperor on business, and had been among the spectators of this same pantomime. So convincing were the artist’s gestures, as to render the subject intelligible even to one who (being half a Greek) could not follow the vocal accompaniment. When he was about to return to his country, Nero, in taking leave of him, bade him choose what present he would have, assuring him that his request should not be refused. ‘Give me,’ said the Pontian, ‘your great pantomime; no gift could delight me more.’ ‘And of what use can he be to you in Pontus?’ asked the Emperor. ‘I have foreign neighbours, who do not speak our language; and it is not easy to procure interpreters. Your pantomime could discharge that office perfectly, as often as required, by means of his gesticulations.’ So profoundly had he been impressed with the extraordinary clearness of pantomimic representation.
Λυκῖνος ἡ δὲ πλείστη διατριβὴ καὶ ὁ σκοπὸς τῆς ὀρχηστικῆς ἡ ὑπόκρισίς ἐστιν, ὡς ἔφην, κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ καὶ τοῖς ῥήτορσιν ἐπιτηδευομένη, καὶ μάλιστα τοῖς τὰς καλουμένας ταύτας μελέτας διεξιοῦσιν· οὐδὲν γοῦν καὶ ἐν ἐκείνοις μᾶλλον ἐπαινοῦμεν ἢ τὸ ἐοικέναι τοῖς ὑποκειμένοις προσώποις καὶ μὴ ἀπῳδὰ εἶναι τὰ λεγόμενα τῶν εἰσαγομένων ἀριστέων ἢ τυραννοκτόνων ἢ πενήτων ἢ γεωργῶν, ἀλλʼ ἐν ἑκάστῳ τούτων τὸ ἴδιον καὶ τὸ ἐξαίρετον δείκνυσθαι.
Λυκῖνος ἐθέλω γοῦν σοι καὶ ἄλλου βαρβάρου ῥῆσιν ἐπὶ τούτοις εἰπεῖν. ἰδὼν γὰρ πέντε πρόσωπα τῷ ὀρχηστῇ παρεσκευασμένα — τοσούτων γὰρ μερῶν τὸ δρᾶμα ἦν — ἐζήτει, ἕνα ὁρῶν τὸν ὀρχηστήν, τίνες οἱ ὀρχησόμενοι καὶ ὑποκρινούμενοι τὰ λοιπὰ προσωπεῖα εἶεν· ἐπεὶ δὲ ἔμαθεν ὅτι αὐτὸς ὑποκρινεῖται καὶ ὑπορχήσεται τὰ πάντα, ἐλελήθεις, ἔφη, ὦ βέλτιστε, σῶμα μὲν τοῦτο ἕν, πολλὰς δὲ τὰς ψυχὰς ἔχων.
Λυκῖνος ταῦτα μὲν ὁ βάρβαρος. οὐκ ἀπεικότως δὲ καὶ οἱ Ἰταλιῶται τὸν ὀρχηστὴν παντόμιμον καλοῦσιν, ἀπὸ τοῦ δρωμένου σχεδόν. καλὴ γὰρ ἡ ποιητικὴ παραίνεσις ἐκείνη, τό, ὦ παῖ, ποντίου θηρὸς πετραίου νόον ἔχων πάσαις πολίεσσιν ὁμίλει, καὶ τῷ ὀρχηστῇ ἀναγκαία· καὶ δεῖ προσφύντα τοῖς πράγμασιν συνοικειοῦν ἑαυτὸν ἑκάστῳ τῶν δρωμένων.
τὸ δὲ ὅλον ἤθη καὶ πάθη δείξειν καὶ ὑποκρινεῖσθαι ἡ ὄρχησις ἐπαγγέλλεται, νῦν μὲν ἐρῶντα, νῦν δὲ ὀργιζόμενόν τινα εἰσάγουσα, καὶ ἄλλον μεμηνότα καὶ ἄλλον λελυπημένον, καὶ ἅπαντα ταῦτα μεμετρημένως. τὸ γοῦν παραδοξότατον, τῆς αὐτῆς ἡμέρας ἄρτι μὲν Ἀθάμας μεμηνώς, ἄρτι δὲ Ἰνὼ φοβουμένη δείκνυται, καὶ ἄλλοτε Ἀτρεὺς ὁ αὐτός, καὶ μετὰ μικρὸν Θυέστης, εἶτα Αἴγισθος ἢ Ἀερόπη· καὶ πάντα ταῦτα εἷς ἄνθρωπός ἐστιν.
The pantomime is above all things an actor: that is his first aim, in the pursuit of which (as I have observed) he resembles the orator, and especially the composer of ‘declamations,’ whose success, as the pantomime knows, depends like his own upon verisimilitude, upon the adaptation of language to character: prince or tyrannicide, pauper or farmer, each must be shown with the peculiarities that belong to him. I must give you the comment of another foreigner on this subject. Seeing five masks laid ready—that being the number of parts in the piece—and only one pantomime, he asked who were going to play the other parts. He was informed that the whole piece would be performed by a single actor. ‘Your humble servant, sir,’ cries our foreigner to the artist; ‘I observe that you have but one body: it had escaped me, that you possessed several souls.’
The term ‘pantomime,’ which was introduced by the Italian Greeks, is an apt one, and scarcely exaggerates the artist’s versatility. ‘Oh boy,’ cries the poet, in a beautiful passage,
As that sea-beast, whose hue With each new rock doth suffer change, So let thy mind free range Through ev’ry land, shaping herself anew.
Most necessary advice, this, for the pantomime, whose task it is to identify himself with his subject, and make himself part and parcel of the scene that he enacts. It is his profession to show forth human character and passion in all their variety; to depict love and anger, frenzy and grief, each in its due measure. Wondrous art!—on the same day, he is mad Athamas and shrinking Ino; he is Atreus, and again he is Thyestes, and next Aegisthus or Aerope; all one man’s work.
Λυκῖνος τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλα θεάματα καὶ ἀκούσματα ἑνὸς ἑκάστου ἔργου τὴν ἐπίδειξιν ἔχει· ἢ γὰρ αὐλός ἐστιν ἢ κιθάρα ἢ διὰ φωνῆς μελῳδία ἢ τραγικὴ δραματουργία ἢ κωμικὴ γελωτοποιία· ὁ δὲ ὀρχηστὴς τὰ πάντα ἔχει συλλαβών, καὶ ἔνεστιν ποικίλην καὶ παμμιγῆ τὴν παρασκευὴν αὐτοῦ ἰδεῖν, αὐλόν, σύριγγα, ποδῶν κτύπον, κυμβάλου ψόφον, ὑποκριτοῦ εὐφωνίαν, ᾀδόντων ὁμοφωνίαν.
Λυκῖνος ἔτι δὲ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα θατέρου τῶν ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἔργα ἐστίν, τὰ μὲν ψυχῆς, τὰ δὲ σώματος· ἐν δὲ τῇ ὀρχήσει ἀμφότερα συμμέμικται. καὶ γὰρ διανοίας ἐπίδειξιν τὰ γιγνόμενα ἔχει καὶ σωματικῆς ἀσκήσεως ἐνέργειαν, τὸ δὲ μέγιστον ἡ σοφία τῶν δρωμένων καὶ τὸ μηδὲν ἔξω λόγου. Λεσβῶναξ γοῦν ὁ Μυτιληναῖος, ἀνὴρ καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθός, χειρισόφους τοὺς ὀρχηστὰς ἀπεκάλει καὶ ᾔει ἐπὶ τὴν θέαν αὐτῶν ὡς βελτίων ἀναστρέψων ἀπὸ τοῦ θεάτρου. Τιμοκράτης δὲ ὁ διδάσκαλος αὐτοῦ ἰδών ποτε ἅπαξ, οὐκ ἐξεπίτηδες ἐπιστάς, ὀρχηστὴν τὰ αὑτοῦ ποιοῦντα, οἵου με, ἔφη θεάματος ἡ πρὸς φιλοσοφίαν αἰδὼς ἀπεστέρηκεν.
Λυκῖνος εἰ δʼ ἔστιν ἀληθῆ ἃ περὶ ψυχῆς ὁ Πλάτων λέγει, τὰ τρία μέρη αὐτῆς καλῶς ὁ ὀρχηστὴς δείκνυσιν, τὸ θυμικὸν ὅταν ὀργιζόμενον ἐπιδείκνυται, τὸ ἐπιθυμητικὸν ὅταν ἐρῶντας ὑποκρίνηται, τὸ λογιστικὸν ὅταν ἕκαστα τῶν παθῶν χαλιναγωγῇ· τοῦτο μέν γε ἐν ἅπαντι μέρει τῆς ὀρχήσεως καθάπερ ἡ ἁφὴ ἐν ταῖς αἰσθήσεσιν παρέσπαρται. κάλλους δὲ προνοῶν καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς ὀρχήμασιν εὐμορφίας, τί ἄλλο ἢ τὸ τοῦ Ἀριστοτέλους ἐπαληθεύει, τὸ κάλλος ἐπαινοῦντος καὶ μέρος τρίτον ἡγουμένου τἀγαθοῦ καὶ τοῦτο εἶναι; ἤκουσα δέ τινος καὶ περιττότερόν τι νεανιευομένου ὑπὲρ τῆς τῶν ὀρχηστικῶν προσωπείων σιωπῆς, ὅτι καὶ αὕτη Πυθαγορικόν τι δόγμα αἰνίττεται.
Λυκῖνος ἔτι δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἐπιτηδευμάτων τῶν μὲν τὸ τερπνόν, τῶν δὲ τὸ χρήσιμον ὑπισχνουμένων, μόνη ὄρχησις ἄμφω ἔχει, καὶ πολύ γε τὸ χρήσιμον ὠφελιμώτερον ὅσῳ μετὰ τοῦ τερπνοῦ γίγνεται. πόσῳ γὰρ τοῦτο ὁρᾶν ἥδιον ἢ πυκτεύοντας νεανίσκους καὶ αἵματι ῥεομένους, καὶ παλαίοντας ἄλλους ἐν κόνει, οὓς ἡ ὄρχησις πολλάκις ἀσφαλέστερον ἅμα καὶ εὐμορφότερον καὶ τερπνότερον ἐπιδείκνυται. τὴν μὲν οὖν γε σύντονον κίνησιν τῆς ὀρχηστικῆς καὶ στροφὰς αὐτῆς καὶ περιαγωγὰς καὶ πηδήματα καὶ ὑπτιασμοὺς τοῖς μὲν ἄλλοις τερπνὰ εἶναι συμβέβηκεν ὁρῶσιν, τοῖς δὲ ἐνεργοῦσιν αὐτοῖς ὑγιεινότατα· γυμνασίων γὰρ τὸ κάλλιστόν τε ἅμα καὶ εὐρυθμότατον τοῦτο φαίην ἂν ἔγωγε εἶναι, μαλάττον μὲν τὸ σῶμα καὶ κάμπτον καὶ κουφίζον καὶ εὐχερὲς εἶναι πρὸς μεταβολὴν διδάσκον, ἰσχύν τε οὐ μικρὰν περιποιοῦν τοῖς σώμασιν.
Other entertainments of eye or ear are but manifestations of a single art: ‘tis flute or lyre or song; ‘tis moving tragedy or laughable comedy. The pantomime is all-embracing in the variety of his equipment: flute and pipe, beating foot and clashing cymbal, melodious recitative, choral harmony. Other arts call out only one half of a man’s powers—the bodily or the mental: the pantomime combines the two. His performance is as much an intellectual as a physical exercise: there is meaning in his movements; every gesture has its significance; and therein lies his chief excellence. The enlightened Lesbonax of Mytilene called pantomimes ‘manual philosophers,’ and used to frequent the theatre, in the conviction that he came out of it a better man than he went in. And Timocrates, his teacher, after accidentally witnessing a pantomimic performance, exclaimed: ‘How much have I lost by my scrupulous devotion to philosophy!’ I know not what truth there may be in Plato’s analysis of the soul into the three elements of spirit, appetite, and reason: but each of the three is admirably illustrated by the pantomime; he shows us the angry man, he shows us the lover, and he shows us every passion under the control of reason; this last—like touch among the senses—is all- pervading. Again, in his care for beauty and grace of movement, have we not an illustration of the Aristotelian principle, which makes beauty a third part of Good? Nay, I once heard some one hazard a remark, to the effect that the philosophy of Pantomime went still further, and that in the silence of the characters a Pythagorean doctrine was shadowed forth.
All professions hold out some object, either of utility or of pleasure: Pantomime is the only one that secures both these objects; now the utility that is combined with pleasure is doubled in value. Who would choose to look on at a couple of young fellows spilling their blood in a boxing-match, or wrestling in the dust, when he may see the same subject represented by the pantomime, with the additional advantages of safety and elegance, and with far greater pleasure to the spectator? The vigorous movements of the pantomime—turn and twist, bend and spring— afford at once a gratifying spectacle to the beholder and a wholesome training to the performer; I maintain that no gymnastic exercise is its equal for beauty and for the uniform development of the physical powers, —of agility, suppleness, and elasticity, as of solid strength.
Λυκῖνος πῶς οὖν οὐ παναρμόνιόν τι χρῆμα ὄρχησις, θήγουσα μὲν τὴν ψυχήν, ἀσκοῦσα δὲ καὶ τὸ σῶμα, τέρπουσα δὲ τοὺς ὁρῶντας, διδάσκουσα δὲ πολλὰ τῶν πάλαι ὑπʼ αὐλοῖς καὶ κυμβάλοις καὶ μελῶν εὐρυθμίᾳ καὶ κηλήσει διά τε ὀφθαλμῶν καὶ ἀκοῆς; εἴτʼ οὖν φωνῆς εὐμοιρίαν ζητεῖς, ποῦ ἂν ἀλλαχόθι εὕροις, ἢ ποῖον πολυφωνότερον ἄκουσμα ἢ ἐμμελέστερον; εἴτε αὐλοῦ καὶ σύριγγος τὸ λιγυρώτερον, ἅλις καὶ τούτων ἐν ὀρχήσει ἀπολαῦσαί σοι πάρεστιν. ἐῶ λέγειν ὡς ἀμείνων τὸ ἦθος ὁμιλῶν τῇ τοιαύτῃ θέᾳ γενήσῃ, ὅταν ὁρᾷς τὸ θέατρον μισοῦν μὲν τὰ κακῶς γιγνόμενα, ἐπιδακρῦον δὲ τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις, καὶ ὅλως τὰ ἤθη τῶν ὁρώντων παιδαγωγοῦν.
Λυκῖνος ὃ δέ ἐστι μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῶν ὀρχηστῶν ἐπαινέσαι, τοῦτο ἤδη ἐρῶ· τὸ γὰρ ἰσχύν τε ἅμα καὶ ὑγρότητα τῶν μελῶν ἐπιτηδεύειν ὁμοίως παράδοξον εἶναί μοι δοκεῖ ὡς εἴ τις ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ καὶ Ἡρακλέους τὸ καρτερὸν καὶ Ἀφροδίτης τὸ ἁβρὸν δεικνύοι.
Λυκῖνος ἐθέλω δὲ ἤδη καὶ ὑποδεῖξαί σοι τῷ λόγῳ ὁποῖον χρὴ εἶναι τὸν ἄριστον ὀρχηστὴν ἔν τε ψυχῇ καὶ σώματι. καίτοι τῆς μὲν ψυχῆς προεῖπον τὰ πλεῖστα· μνημονικόν τε γὰρ εἶναι καὶ εὐφυᾶ καὶ συνετὸν καὶ ὀξὺν ἐπινοῆσαι καὶ καιροῦ μάλιστα ἐστοχάσθαι φημὶ δεῖν αὐτόν, ἔτι δὲ κριτικόν τε ποιημάτων καὶ ᾀσμάτων καὶ μελῶν τῶν ἀρίστων διαγνωστικὸν καὶ τῶν κακῶς πεποιημένων ἐλεγκτικόν.
Λυκῖνος τὸ δὲ σῶμα κατὰ τὸν Πολυκλείτου κανόνα ἤδη ἐπιδείξειν μοι δοκῶ· μήτε γὰρ ὑψηλὸς ἄγαν ἔστω καὶ πέρα τοῦ μετρίου ἐπιμήκης μήτε ταπεινὸς καὶ νανώδης τὴν φύσιν, ἀλλʼ ἔμμετρος ἀκριβῶς, οὔτε πολύσαρκος, ἀπίθανον γάρ, οὔτε λεπτὸς ἐς ὑπερβολήν· σκελετῶδες τοῦτο καὶ νεκρικόν.
Λυκῖνος ἐθέλω γοῦν σοι καὶ δήμου τινὸς οὐ φαύλου τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐπισημαίνεσθαι βοὰς εἰπεῖν· οἱ γὰρ Ἀντιοχεῖς, εὐφυεστάτη πόλις καὶ ὄρχησιν μάλιστα πρεσβεύουσα, οὕτως ἐπιτηρεῖ τῶν λεγομένων καὶ τῶν γιγνομένων ἕκαστα, ὡς μηδένα μηδὲν αὐτῶν διαλανθάνειν. μικροῦ μὲν γὰρ ὀρχηστοῦ εἰσελθόντος καὶ τὸν Ἕκτορα ὀρχουμένου μιᾷ φωνῇ πάντες ἀνεβόησαν, ὦ Ἀστυάναξ, Ἕκτωρ δὲ ποῦ; ἄλλοτε δέ ποτε μηκίστου τινὸς ὑπὲρ τὸ μέτριον ὀρχεῖσθαι τὸν Καπανέα ἐπιχειροῦντος καὶ προσβάλλειν τοῖς Θηβαίων τείχεσιν, ὑπέρβηθι, ἔφησαν, τὸ τεῖχος, οὐδέν σοι δεῖ κλίμακος. καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ παχέος δὲ καὶ πιμελοῦς ὀρχηστοῦ πηδᾶν μεγάλα πειρωμένου, δεόμεθα, ἔφασαν, φεῖσαι τῆς θυμέλης. τὸ δὲ ἐναντίον τῷ πάνυ λεπτῷ ἐπεβόησαν, καλῶς ἔχε, ὡς νοσοῦντι. τούτων οὐ τοῦ γελοίου ἕνεκα ἐπεμνήσθην, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἴδῃς ὅτι καὶ δῆμοι ὅλοι μεγάλην σπουδὴν ἐποιήσαντο ἐπὶ τῇ ὀρχηστικῇ, ὡς ῥυθμίζειν τὰ καλὰ καὶ τὰ αἰσχρὰ αὐτῆς δύνασθαι.
Consider then the universality of this art: it sharpens the wits, it exercises the body, it delights the spectator, it instructs him in the history of bygone days, while eye and ear are held beneath the spell of flute and cymbal and of graceful dance. Would you revel in sweet song? Nowhere can you procure that enjoyment in greater variety and perfection. Would you listen to the clear melody of flute and pipe? Again the pantomime supplies you. I say nothing of the excellent moral influence of public opinion, as exercised in the theatre, where you will find the evil-doer greeted with execration, and his victim with sympathetic tears. The pantomime’s most admirable quality I have yet to mention,—his combination of strength and suppleness of limb; it is as if brawny Heracles and soft Aphrodite were presented to us in one and the same person.
I now propose to sketch out the mental and physical qualifications necessary for a first-rate pantomime. Most of the former, indeed, I have already mentioned: he must have memory, sensibility, shrewdness, rapidity of conception, tact, and judgement; further, he must be a critic of poetry and song, capable of discerning good music and rejecting bad. For his body, I think I may take the Canon of Polyclitus as my model. He must be perfectly proportioned: neither immoderately tall nor dwarfishly short; not too fleshy (a most unpromising quality in one of his profession) nor cadaverously thin. Let me quote you certain comments of the people of Antioch, who have a happy knack in expressing their views on such subjects. They are a most intelligent people, and devoted to Pantomime; each individual is all eyes and ears for the performance; not a word, not a gesture escapes them. Well, when a small man came on in the character of Hector, they cried out with one voice: ‘Here is Astyanax; and where is Hector?’ On another occasion, an exceedingly tall man was taking the part of Capaneus scaling the walls of Thebes; ‘Step over’ suggested the audience; ‘you need no ladder.’ The well-meant activity of a fat and heavy dancer was met with earnest entreaties to ‘spare the platform’; while a thin performer was recommended to ‘take care of his health.’ I mention these criticisms, not on account of their humorous character, but as an illustration of the profound interest that whole cities have sometimes taken in Pantomime, and of their ability to discern its merits and demerits.
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