οὕτω Πύρρος ἐστὶν ὁ πρῶτος ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος τῆς πέραν Ἰονίου διαβὰς ἐπὶ Ῥωμαίους· διέβη δὲ καὶ οὗτος ἐπαγαγομένων Ταραντίνων. τούτοις γὰρ πρότερον ἔτι πρὸς Ῥωμαίους συνειστήκει πόλεμος· ἀδύνατοι δὲ κατὰ σφᾶς ὄντες ἀντισχεῖν, προϋπαρχούσης μὲν ἐς αὐτὸν εὐεργεσίας, ὅτι οἱ πολεμοῦντι τὸν πρὸς Κόρκυραν πόλεμον ναυσὶ συνήραντο, μάλιστα δὲ οἱ πρέσβεις τῶν Ταραντίνων ἀνέπεισαν τὸν Πύρρον, τήν τε Ἰταλίαν διδάσκοντες ὡς εὐδαιμονίας ἕνεκα ἀντὶ πάσης εἴη τῆς Ἑλλάδος καὶ ὡς οὐχ ὅσιον αὐτῷ παραπέμψαι σφᾶς φίλους τε καὶ ἱκέτας ἐν τῷ παρόντι ἥκοντας. ταῦτα λεγόντων τῶν πρέσβεων μνήμη τὸν Πύρρον τῆς ἁλώσεως ἐσῆλθε τῆς Ἰλίου, καί οἱ κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἤλπιζε χωρήσειν πολεμοῦντι· στρατεύειν γὰρ ἐπὶ Τρώων ἀποίκους Ἀχιλλέως ὢν ἀπόγονος.
ὡς δέ οἱ ταῦτα ἤρεσκε —διέμελλε γὰρ ἐπʼ οὐδενὶ ὧν ἕλοιτο—, αὐτίκα ναῦς τε ἐπλήρου μακρὰς καὶ πλοῖα στρογγύλα εὐτρέπιζεν ἵππους καὶ ἄνδρας ὁπλίτας ἄγειν. ἔστι δὲ ἀνδράσι βιβλία οὐκ ἐπιφανέσιν ἐς συγγραφήν, ἔχοντα ἐπίγραμμα ἔργων ὑπομνήματα εἶναι. ταῦτα ἐπιλεγομένῳ μοι μάλιστα ἐπῆλθε θαυμάσαι Πύρρου τόλμαν τε, ἣν μαχόμενος αὐτὸς παρείχετο, καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἀεὶ μέλλουσιν ἀγῶσι πρόνοιαν· ὃς καὶ τότε περαιούμενος ναυσὶν ἐς Ἰταλίαν Ῥωμαίους ἐλελήθει καὶ ἥκων οὐκ εὐθὺς ἦν σφισι φανερός, γινομένης δὲ Ῥωμαίων πρὸς Ταραντίνους συμβολῆς τότε δὴ πρῶτον ἐπιφαίνεται σὺν τῷ στρατῷ καὶ παρʼ ἐλπίδα σφίσι προσπεσών, ὡς τὸ εἰκός, ἐτάραξεν.
ἅτε δὲ ἄριστα ἐπιστάμενος ὡς οὐκ ἀξιόμαχος εἴη πρὸς Ῥωμαίους, παρεσκευάζετο ὡς τοὺς ἐλέφαντας ἐπαφήσων σφίσιν. ἐλέφαντας δὲ πρῶτος μὲν τῶν ἐκ τῆς Εὐρώπης Ἀλέξανδρος ἐκτήσατο Πῶρον καὶ τὴν δύναμιν καθελὼν τὴν Ἰνδῶν, ἀποθανόντος δὲ Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ ἄλλοι τῶν βασιλέων καὶ πλείστους ἔσχεν Ἀντίγονος, Πύρρῳ δὲ ἐκ τῆς μάχης ἐγεγόνει τῆς πρὸς Δημήτριον τὰ θηρία αἰχμάλωτα· τότε δὲ ἐπιφανέντων αὐτῶν δεῖμα ἔλαβε Ῥωμαίους ἄλλο τι καὶ οὐ ζῷα εἶναι νομίσαντας.
ἐλέφαντα γάρ, ὅσος μὲν ἐς ἔργα καὶ ἀνδρῶν χεῖρας, εἰσὶν ἐκ παλαιοῦ δῆλοι πάντες εἰδότες· αὐτὰ δὲ τὰ θηρία, πρὶν ἢ διαβῆναι Μακεδόνας ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν, οὐδὲ ἑωράκεσαν ἀρχὴν πλὴν Ἰνδῶν τε αὐτῶν καὶ Λιβύων καὶ ὅσοι πλησιόχωροι τούτοις. δηλοῖ δὲ Ὅμηρος, ὃς βασιλεῦσι κλίνας μὲν καὶ οἰκίας τοῖς εὐδαιμονεστέροις αὐτῶν ἐλέφαντι ἐποίησε κεκοσμημένας, θηρίου δὲ ἐλέφαντος μνήμην οὐδεμίαν ἐποιήσατο· θεασάμενος δὲ ἢ πεπυσμένος ἐμνημόνευσεν ἂν πολύ γε πρότερον ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν ἢ Πυγμαίων τε ἀνδρῶν καὶ γεράνων μάχης.
Πύρρον δὲ ἐς Σικελίαν ἀπήγαγε πρεσβεία Συρακουσίων· Καρχηδόνιοι γὰρ διαβάντες τὰς Ἑλληνίδας τῶν πόλεων ἐποίουν ἀναστάτους, ἣ δὲ ἦν λοιπή, Συρακούσαις πολιορκοῦντες προσεκάθηντο. ἃ τῶν πρέσβεων Πύρρος ἀκούων Τάραντα μὲν εἴα καὶ τοὺς τὴν ἀκτὴν ἔχοντας Ἰταλιωτῶν, ἐς δὲ τὴν Σικελίαν διαβὰς Καρχηδονίους ἠνάγκασεν ἀπαναστῆναι Συρακουσῶν. φρονήσας δὲ ἐφʼ αὑτῷ Καρχηδονίων, οἳ θαλάσσης τῶν τότε βαρβάρων μάλιστα εἶχον ἐμπείρως Τύριοι Φοίνικες τὸ ἀρχαῖον ὄντες, τούτων ἐναντία ἐπήρθη ναυμαχῆσαι τοῖς Ἠπειρώταις χρώμενος, οἳ μηδὲ ἁλούσης Ἰλίου θάλασσαν οἱ πολλοὶ μηδὲ ἁλσὶν ἠπίσταντό πω χρῆσθαι. μαρτυρεῖ δέ μοι καὶ Ὁμήρου ἔπος ἐν Ὀδυσσείᾳ· οἳ οὐκ ἴσασι θάλασσαν / ἀνέρες, οὐδέ θʼ ἅλεσσι μεμιγμένον εἶδαρ ἔδουσιν. /
Thus Pyrrhus is the first who crossed the Ionian Sea from Greece to attack the Romans. He did so at the invitation of the Tarentines.
They had been involved in war with the Romans before they summoned him, but being unable by themselves to hold out they persuaded him to join them. They had previously done him a service by aiding him with ships in his war against Corcyra. But what chiefly moved him were the representations of the Tarentine envoys that Italy was as rich as the whole of Greece put together, and that it would not be right in him to give the go-by to friends who now implored his protection. The words of the envoys brought to Pyrrhus’ mind the capture of Ilium, and he hoped for a like success, seeing that he was a descendant of Achilles, and that his adversaries would be Trojan colonists. As soon as he had accepted the proposal—for he was not in the habit of dallying when his resolution was taken—he manned war-ships and fitted out transports for the conveyance of horses and infantry.
There are certain works by obscure historians that bear the title of Memoirs. In reading them I am struck with profound wonder, both at the personal daring which Pyrrhus displayed in battle, and at the foresight with which he provided for future encounters. Thus, he passed the sea to Italy unknown to the Romans, and at first concealed his arrival from them. It was in a battle between the Tarentines and Romans that he first showed himself with his army, and his unlooked-for attack naturally threw the Romans into confusion. Being well aware that he was no match for the Romans in the field, he made ready to let loose the elephants on them.
Alexander was the first European who acquired elephants after his conquest of Porus and the Indian host. On the death of Alexander others of the kings acquired elephants, but Antigonus got the most. The beasts were captured by Pyrrhus after the battle with Demetrius. At their appearance a panic now seized the Romans, who fancied they were no mere animals. Of course ivory, as applied to manufactures and the use of man, has been known to all men from of old; but, except the Indians themselves and the Libyans and their neighbours, no one had beheld the beasts themselves until the Macedonians crossed into Asia. This is clear from the evidence of Homer, who represents the couches and houses of the wealthier kings as adorned with ivory, but makes no mention of an elephant. Whereas if he had seen or heard of them, he would, it seems to me, have much rather mentioned them than a battle of pygmies and cranes.
An embassy from Syracuse diverted Pyrrhus to Sicily. For the Carthaginians had crossed over and were laying waste the Greek cities: Syracuse alone was left, and they were already besieging it. When Pyrrhus heard this from the ambassadors, he left Tarentum and the Italiots of the coast to shift for themselves, and crossing to Sicily, forced the Carthaginians to retreat from Syracuse. Confident in himself, he now aspired to fight the Carthaginians at sea with only his Epirots to help him, though of all the barbarians of that age the Carthaginians were the most experienced seamen, being descended from Phoenicians of Tyre, whereas the Epirots, even after the taking of Ilium, were generally ignorant of the sea and of the use of salt. A verse of Homer in the Odyssey bears me out :— Men who know not the sea, Nor eat food seasoned with salt.
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