τοιαῦτα μὲν ὁ Εὐφαὴς εἶπεν· ἐπεὶ δὲ ἑκατέροις ἐσήμηναν οἱ ἡγεμόνες, Μεσσήνιοι μὲν δρόμῳ τε ἐς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἐχρῶντο καὶ ἀφειδῶς αὑτῶν εἶχον ἅτε ἄνθρωποι θανατῶντες ὑπὸ τοῦ θυμοῦ, καὶ αὐτὸς ἕκαστος πρῶτος ἔσπευδεν ἄρξαι μάχης· ἀντεπῄεσαν δὲ καὶ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι σπουδῇ καὶ οὗτοι, πρόνοιαν δὲ ὅμως ἐποιοῦντο μὴ διαλυθῆναί σφισι τὴν τάξιν.
ὡς δὲ πλησίον ἐγίνοντο, ἀπειλαῖς ἐχρῶντο τῶν τε ὅπλων τῇ κινήσει καὶ ἐνορῶντες ἐς ἀλλήλους δεινόν· ἔς τε λοιδορίας προήγοντο οἱ μὲν οἰκέτας αὑτῶν ἤδη τοὺς Μεσσηνίους καὶ οὐδὲν ἐλευθερωτέρους ἀποκαλοῦντες τῶν εἱλώτων, οἱ δὲ ἐκείνους τῷ τε ἐγχειρήματι ἀνοσίους, ἐπεὶ πλεονεξίας ἕνεκα ἐπὶ ἄνδρας συγγενεῖς ἐπίασι, καὶ θεῶν ἀσεβεῖς ὅσοι Δωριεῦσι πατρῷοι, τῶν τε ἄλλων καὶ μάλιστα Ἡρακλέους. ἤδη τε ὁμοῦ τοῖς ὀνείδεσι καὶ ἔργων ἥπτοντο, ἀθρόοι τε πρὸς ἀθρόους ὠθισμῷ χρώμενοι μάλιστα οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ ἀνὴρ ἀνδρὶ ἐπιόντες.
τέχνῃ μὲν οὖν ἐς τὰ πολεμικὰ ὁμοῦ καὶ μελέτῃ πολὺ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι προέσχον, πρὸς δὲ καὶ τῷ πλήθει· τούς τε γὰρ περιοίκους ὑπηκόους ἤδη καὶ συνακολουθοῦντας εἶχον Ἀσιναῖοί τε οἱ Δρύοπες γενεᾷ πρότερον ὑπὸ Ἀργείων ἐκ τῆς σφετέρας ἀνεστηκότες καὶ ἥκοντες ἐς τὴν Λακεδαίμονα ἱκέται κατʼ ἀνάγκην συνεστρατεύοντο· πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ψιλοὺς τῶν Μεσσηνίων τοξότας Κρῆτας ἐπήγοντο μισθωτούς.
Μεσσηνίοις δὲ †ἐς ἅπαντα ἐς τὸ ἴσον ἥ τε ἀπόνοια καὶ τὸ ἐς τὸν θάνατον εὔθυμον· καὶ ὁπόσα μὲν πάσχοιεν, ἀναγκαῖα μᾶλλον τοῖς πατρίδα σεμνύνουσιν ἢ δεινὰ ἐνόμιζον, ἃ δὲ ἔδρων, αὐτοί τε ἡγοῦντο εἰργάσθαι μειζόνως καὶ τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις συμβαίνειν χαλεπώτερα. καὶ οἱ μὲν αὐτῶν προεκπηδῶντες τῆς τάξεως τολμήματα λαμπρὰ ἀπεδείκνυντο, τοῖς δὲ καὶ ἐπικαίρως τετρωμένοις καὶ ἐμπνέουσιν ὀλίγον ὅμως ἡ ἀπόνοια ἤκμαζε.
παρακλήσεις τε ἐγίνοντο, καὶ οἱ μὲν ζῶντες καὶ ἔτι ἄτρωτοι τοὺς τραυματίας παρώξυνον, πρὶν ἢ τὴν ἐσχάτην τινὶ ἐφεστηκέναι μοῖραν, ἀντιδράσαντα ὅ τι καὶ δύναιτο σὺν ἡδονῇ δέχεσθαι τὸ πεπρωμένον· οἱ δὲ ὁπότε αἴσθοιντο οἱ τραυματίαι τὴν ἰσχὺν σφᾶς ὑπολείπουσαν καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα οὐ παραμένον, διεκελεύοντο τοῖς ἀτρῶσι μὴ χείρονας ἢ αὐτοὶ γίνεσθαι μηδὲ ἐς ἀνωφελὲς τῇ πατρίδι καὶ τὴν ἐκείνων τελευτὴν καταστῆσαι.
Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ προτροπῇ μὲν ἐς ἀλλήλους οὐκ ἐχρῶντο καὶ ἐς τὰ παράδοξα τῶν τολμημάτων οὐ κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἑτοίμως τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις εἶχον· ἅτε δὲ εὐθὺς ἐκ παίδων τὰ πολεμικὰ ἐπιστάμενοι, βαθυτέρᾳ τε τῇ φάλαγγι ἐχρῶντο καὶ τοὺς Μεσσηνίους ἤλπιζον οὔτε χρόνον τὸν ἴσον καρτερήσειν ἀντιτεταγμένους οὔτε πρὸς τὸν ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις κάματον ἢ τὰ τραύματα ἀνθέξειν.
ἴδια μὲν τοιαῦτα ἐν ἑκατέρῳ τῷ στρατεύματι ἔς τε τὰ ἔργα ἦν καὶ ἐς τὰς γνώμας τῶν μαχομένων, κοινὰ δὲ ἀπʼ ἀμφοτέρων· οὔτε γὰρ ἱκεσίαις οἱ φονευόμενοι καὶ χρημάτων ὑποσχέσεσιν ἐχρῶντο, τάχα μέν που μὴ πείσειν διὰ τὸ ἔχθος ἀπεγνωκότες, τὸ δὲ πλεῖστον ἀπαξιοῦντες ὡς οὐ τὰ πρότερά γε κακιοῦσιν· οἵ τε ἀποκτείνοντες ἀπείχοντο καὶ αὐχήματος ὁμοίως καὶ ὀνειδῶν, οὐκ ἔχοντές πω βεβαίαν οὐδέτεροι τὴν ἐλπίδα εἰ κρατήσουσι. παραδοξότατα δὲ ἀπέθνησκον οἱ τῶν κειμένων σκυλεύειν τινὰ ἐπιχειροῦντες· ἢ γὰρ τοῦ σώματος γυμνόν τι ὑποφήναντες ἠκοντίζοντο καὶ ἐτύπτοντο οὐ προορώμενοι διὰ τὴν ἐν τῷ παρόντι ἀσχολίαν, ἢ καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν σκυλευομένων ἔτι ἐμπνεόντων διεφθείροντο.
ἐμάχοντο δὲ καὶ οἱ βασιλεῖς ἀξίως λόγου, Θεόπομπος δὲ καὶ ἀκρατέστερον ὥρμητο ὡς αὐτὸν ἀποκτενῶν Εὐφαῆ. Εὐφαὴς δὲ ὁρῶν ἐπιόντα εἶπεν ἄρα πρὸς τὸν Ἄντανδρον οὐδὲν εἶναι τὰ Θεοπόμπου διάφορα ἢ ὅσα ὁ πρόγονος αὐτοῦ Πολυνείκης ἐτόλμησε· Πολυνείκην τε γὰρ στρατιὰν ἐπὶ τὴν πατρίδα ἀγαγόντα ἐξ Ἄργους ἀποκτεῖναι τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοχειρὶ καὶ ἀποθανεῖν ὑπὸ ἐκείνου, Θεόπομπόν τε ἐθέλειν ἐς τὸ ἴσον καταστῆσαι μιάσματος τοῖς ἀπὸ Λαΐου καὶ Οἰδίποδος τὸ Ἡρακλειδῶν γένος· οὐ μέντοι χαίροντά γε ἀπὸ τῆς μάχης διακριθήσεσθαι. τοιαῦτα ἐπιλέγων ἀντεπῄει καὶ οὗτος.
ἐνταῦθα ἥ τε πᾶσα μάχη κεκμηκότων ὅμως ἐς τὸ ἀκμαιότατον αὖθις ἤρθη, καὶ τοῖς τε σώμασιν ἀνερρώννυντο καὶ τὸ ἀφειδὲς ἐς τὸν θάνατον παρʼ ἀμφοτέρων ηὐξάνετο, ὥστε εἰκάσαι ἄν τις τοῦ ἔργου τότε σφᾶς πρῶτον ἅπτεσθαι. τέλος δὲ οἱ περὶ τὸν Εὐφαῆ τῆς τε ἀπονοίας τῷ ὑπερβάλλοντι μανίας ὄντες ἐγγύτατα καὶ ὑπʼ ἀνδραγαθίας—πᾶν γὰρ δὴ τὸ περὶ τὸν βασιλέα οἱ λογάδες τῶν Μεσσηνίων ἦσαν—βιάζονται τοὺς ἀντιτεταγμένους· καὶ αὐτόν τε Θεόπομπον ἀπώσαντο καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων τοὺς καθʼ αὑτοὺς ἐτρέψαντο.
τὸ δὲ ἕτερον κέρας τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις ἐταλαιπώρει. Πυθάρατός τε γὰρ ὁ στρατηγὸς ἐτεθνήκει καὶ αὐτοὶ διὰ τὴν ἀναρχίαν ἀτακτότερον καὶ θορυβωδέστερον ἐμάχοντο, οὐ μέντοι ἀθύμως εἶχον οὐδʼ οὗτοι. φεύγουσι δὲ οὔτε τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις ὁ Πολύδωρος οὔτε οἱ περὶ τὸν Εὐφαῆ τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις ἠκολούθησαν· Εὐφαεῖ γὰρ καὶ τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν αἱρετώτερα ἐφαίνετο ἀμύνειν τοῖς ἡττωμένοις—οὐ μέντοι Πολυδώρῳ γὲ οὐδὲ τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν συμμίσγουσιν, ἐν σκότῳ γὰρ ἤδη τὰ γινόμενα ἦν—
καὶ τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἅμα εἶργε μὴ πρόσω τοῖς ἀποχωροῦσιν ἐπακολουθεῖν οὐχ ἥκιστα καὶ ἡ ἀπειρία τῶν τόπων. ἦν δὲ αὐτοῖς καὶ ἄλλως πάτριον σχολαιοτέρας τὰς διώξεις ποιεῖσθαι, μὴ διαλῦσαι τὴν τάξιν πλείονα ἔχοντας πρόνοιαν ἤ τινα ἀποκτεῖναι φεύγοντα. τὰ δὲ μέσα ἀμφοτέροις, ᾗ Λακεδαιμονίων ὁ Εὐρυλέων, Μεσσηνίοις δὲ Κλέοννις ἡγεῖτο, ἰσοπαλῶς μὲν ἠγωνίζοντο, διέλυσε δὲ ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων καὶ τούτους ἐπελθοῦσα ἡ νύξ.
ταύτην τὴν μάχην παρὰ ἀμφοτέρων ἢ μόνα ἢ μάλιστα ἐμαχέσαντο τὰ ὁπλιτικά. οἱ δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν ἵππων ὀλίγοι τε ἦσαν καὶ οὐδὲν ὥστε καὶ μνημονευθῆναι διεπράξαντο· οὐ γάρ τοι ἀγαθοὶ τότε ἱππεύειν ἦσαν οἱ Πελοποννήσιοι. τῶν δὲ Μεσσηνίων οἱ ψιλοὶ καὶ οἱ παρὰ Λακεδαιμονίοις Κρῆτες οὐδὲ συνέμιξαν ἀρχήν· τῷ γὰρ πεζῷ τῷ σφετέρῳ κατὰ τρόπον ἔτι ἑκάτεροι τὸν ἀρχαῖον ἐπετάχθησαν.
ἐς δὲ τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν μάχης μὲν οὐδέτεροι διενοοῦντο ἄρχειν οὐδὲ ἱστάναι πρότεροι τρόπαιον, προϊούσης δὲ τῆς ἡμέρας ὑπὲρ ἀναιρέσεως τῶν νεκρῶν ἐπεκηρυκεύοντο, καὶ ἐπειδὴ παρὰ ἀμφοτέρων συνεχωρήθη, θάψειν ἔμελλον ἤδη τὸ ἐντεῦθεν.
The generals on both sides gave the word, and the Messenians advanced on the Lacedaemonians at a run. They exposed themselves recklessly as those who desired death, and every man panted to strike the first blow. The Lacedaemonians came on to meet them bravely too, but were careful not to break their line. When the armies were near they threatened each other, brandishing their weapons and glaring fiercely at the foe. They broke, too, into taunts and jeers. The Lacedaemonians stigmatised the Messenians as slaves already, who were no more free than the Helots; while the Messenians upbraided the Lacedaemonians with their wickedness in attacking men of the same blood out of simple greed, and reproached them with impiety towards the gods of the Dorians, especially towards Hercules. But now, even while they flouted, they began to get to work, charging home in serried masses, especially the Lacedaemonians, and man attacking man. In numbers, as well as in discipline and experience, the Lacedaemonians were much superior; for the troops of the neighbouring and now subject peoples followed them to the war; and the Dryopians of Asine, who had been expelled from their country by the Argives a generation before, and had thrown themselves on the protection of Lacedaemon, were also obliged to serve in the ranks ; and to meet the Messenian light infantry the Lacedaemonians had taken Cretan bowmen into their pay. These advantages were balanced on the side of the Messenians by desperation and the contempt of death: their sufferings seemed to them light afflictions demanded by their country’s honour ; and by a natural exaggeration they magnified the weight of every blow they struck and its fatal effect on the enemy. Some burst forward from the ranks and signalised themselves by deeds of splendid valour: others, wounded to death, still with their last breath retained their proud and defiant spirit unbroken. They cheered each other on; the unwounded inciting the wounded not tamely to await the last necessity, but to give back blow for blow, and thus joyously accept their fate; and the wounded, when they felt their strength ebbing and their breath failing, would exhort the unwounded to be good men and true like themselves, and not to let the blood of their comrades be shed in vain for their country. At first the Lacedaemonians abstained from mutual exhortation, and were not so forward as the Messenians to display extraordinary feats of valour; but being trained to arms from their childhood they employed a deeper formation, and trusted to time to wear out the endurance, and to fatigue and wounds to exhaust the spirit, of their adversaries.
Such were the different tactics and the different feelings on the one side and on the other. But both sides were alike in this, that no quarter was asked for, either by prayers or promises—sometimes, perhaps, because they despaired of receiving it at the hands of an implacable foe, but oftener because they disdained to tarnish the laurels they had won. Both sides, too, were alike in the silence with which the slayers did their work: no boast, no taunt escaped them, for neither side could as yet indulge in assured hopes of victory. But the most unlooked-for death of all was that of those who attempted to spoil the fallen ; for in doing so they either exposed an unguarded part of their person to the stroke of javelin or sword, which they were too busy to foresee, or the men they attempted to spoil were still in life and despatched their spoilers.
The prowess of the kings was also remarkable. Theopompus rushed furiously at Euphaes to take his life. Seeing him coming on, Euphaes remarked to Antander that.the conduct of Theopompus did not differ from the desperate adventure of his ancestor Polynices ; for Polynices, he said, had led an army from Argos against his native country, had slain his brother with his own hand, and had by him been slain; and Theopompus wished to plunge the race of the Heraclids as deep in guilt as the descendants of Laius and Oedipus, but at least he would give Theopompus cause to rue that day. So saying, he advanced to meet him. With that, the battle, despite the weariness of the combatants, burst out again with the utmost fury ; fresh vigour nerved the arms and steeled the hearts of either side, so that a spectator might have thought the combat just beginning. At last, by valour combined with an excess of fury that bordered on frenzy, for the king’s division was composed of the picked Messenian troops, Euphaes and his men overpowered their antagonists, forced back Theopompus, and routed the Lacedaemonians who were opposed to them. But the other Messenian wing was hard pressed. For their general Pytharatus was dead, and the want of a commander, while it did not damp their courage, impaired their discipline. Neither Polydorus on the one side, nor Euphaes on the other, pursued the flying enemy. Euphaes preferred to succour his beaten countrymen. He did not, however, engage the division of Polydorus; for it was now dark, and the Lacedaemonians were prevented, chiefly by their ignorance of the ground, from pressing the pursuit of the retiring foe. Besides, it was part of their traditional tactics to be slow in pursuit ; for they thought more of not weakening their formation than of cutting up the fugitives. In the centre, where Euryleon commanded on the Lacedaemonian, and Cleonnis on the Messenian side, the battle was indecisive; but here, too, the fall of night parted the combatants. 4. In this battle the whole, or at least the brunt of the fighting, fell on the heavy infantry of both sides. The cavalry were few in number, and they effected nothing worth speaking of; for the Peloponnesians were not good riders in those days. The light troops on the side of the Messenians and the Cretan archers on the side of the Lacedaemonians were not engaged at all, since, in accordance with the ancient practice still observed in those days, they were drawn up in the rear of the heavy infantry. Next morning neither side thought of renewing the battle nor of being the first to erect a trophy; but as the day wore on, heralds passed between them to arrange for the burial of the dead, and this being mutually granted, they proceeded to inter them.
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