Δωριεὺς μὲν δὴ—οὐ γὰρ ἠνείχετο ὑπακούειν Κλεομένει μένων ἐν Λακεδαίμονι—ἐς ἀποικίαν στέλλεται· Κλεομένης δὲ ὡς ἐβασίλευσεν, αὐτίκα ἐσέβαλεν ἐς τὴν Ἀργολίδα, Λακεδαιμονίων τε αὐτῶν ἀθροίσας καὶ τῶν συμμάχων στρατιάν. ὡς δὲ ἐπεξῆλθον οἱ Ἀργεῖοι σὺν ὅπλοις, ὁ Κλεομένης ἐνίκα τῇ μάχῃ· καὶ —ἦν γὰρ πλησίον ἄλσος ἱερὸν Ἄργου τοῦ Νιόβης— καταφεύγουσιν ὡς ἐτράποντο ὅσον τε πεντακισχίλιοι τῶν Ἀργείων ἐς τὸ ἄλσος. Κλεομένης δὲ—ἐξώρμει γὰρ τὰ πολλὰ ἐκ τοῦ νοῦ—κελεύει καὶ τότε ἐνεῖναι πῦρ τοῖς εἵλωσιν ἐς τὸ ἄλσος, καὶ τό τε ἄλσος ἡ φλὸξ ἐπέλαβεν ἅπαν καὶ ὁμοῦ τῷ ἄλσει καιομένῳ συγκατεκαύθησαν οἱ ἱκέται.
ἐστράτευσε δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ Ἀθήνας, τὸ μὲν πρότερον Ἀθηναίοις τε ἐλευθερίαν ἀπὸ τῶν Πεισιστράτου παίδων καὶ αὑτῷ καὶ Λακεδαιμονίοις δόξαν ἐν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἀγαθὴν κτώμενος, ὕστερον δὲ Ἀθηναίου χάριτι ἀνδρὸς Ἰσαγόρου τυραννίδα οἱ συγκατεργασόμενος Ἀθηνῶν. ὡς δὲ ἡμάρτανε τῆς ἐλπίδος καὶ οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι περὶ τῆς ἐλευθερίας ἐμαχέσαντο ἐρρωμένως, ἐνταῦθα ὁ Κλεομένης ἄλλα τε ἐδῄωσε τῆς χώρας καὶ τῆς καλουμένης Ὀργάδος θεῶν τε τῶν ἐν Ἐλευσῖνι ἱερᾶς, καὶ ταύτης τεμεῖν φασιν αὐτόν. ἀφίκετο δὲ καὶ ἐς Αἴγιναν, καὶ Αἰγινητῶν τοὺς δυνατοὺς συνελάμβανεν ὅσοι μηδισμοῦ τε αὐτῶν μετέσχον καὶ βασιλεῖ Δαρείῳ τῷ Ὑστάσπου γῆν δοῦναι καὶ ὕδωρ τοὺς πολίτας ἔπεισαν.
διατρίβοντος δὲ ἐν Αἰγίνῃ Κλεομένους Δημάρατος ὁ τῆς οἰκίας βασιλεὺς τῆς ἑτέρας διέβαλλεν αὐτὸν ἐς τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων τὸ πλῆθος· Κλεομένης δὲ ὡς ἀνέστρεψεν ἐξ Αἰγίνης, ἔπρασσεν ὅπως Δημάρατον παύσειε βασιλεύοντα, καὶ τήν τε ἐν Δελφοῖς πρόμαντιν ὠνήσατο, Λακεδαιμονίοις αὐτὴν ὁπόσα αὐτὸς ἐδίδασκεν ἐς Δημάρατον χρῆσαι, καὶ Λεωτυχίδην ἄνδρα τοῦ βασιλικοῦ γένους καὶ οἰκίας Δημαράτῳ τῆς αὐτῆς ἐπῆρεν ἀμφισβητεῖν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀρχῆς.
εἴχετο δὲ Λεωτυχίδης λόγων οὓς Ἀρίστων ποτὲ ἐς Δημάρατον τεχθέντα ἐξέβαλεν ὑπὸ ἀμαθίας οὐχ αὑτοῦ παῖδα εἶναι φήσας. τότε δὲ οἱ μὲν ἐς τὸ χρηστήριον οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι τὸ ἐν Δελφοῖς, ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα εἰώθεσαν, ἀνάγουσι καὶ τὸ ἀμφισβήτημα τὸ ὑπὲρ Δημαράτου· ἡ δέ σφισιν ἔχρησεν ἡ πρόμαντις ὁπόσα ἦν Κλεομένει κατὰ γνώμην.
Δημάρατος μὲν δὴ κατὰ ἔχθος τὸ Κλεομένους καὶ οὐ σὺν τῷ δικαίῳ βασιλείας ἐπαύθη, Κλεομένην δὲ ὕστερον τούτων ἐπέλαβεν ἡ τελευτὴ μανέντα· ὡς γὰρ δὴ ἐλάβετο ξίφους, ἐτίτρωσκεν αὐτὸς αὑτὸν καὶ διεξῄει τὸ σῶμα ἅπαν κόπτων τε καὶ λυμαινόμενος. Ἀργεῖοι μὲν δὴ τοῖς ἱκέταις τοῦ Ἄργου διδόντα αὐτὸν δίκην τέλος τοῦ βίου φασὶν εὑρέσθαι τοιοῦτον, Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ ὅτι ἐδῄωσε τὴν Ὀργάδα, Δελφοὶ δὲ τῶν δώρων ἕνεκα ὧν τῇ προμάντιδι ἔδωκεν, ἀναπείσας ἐψευσμένα εἰπεῖν ἐς Δημάρατον.
εἴη δʼ ἂν καὶ τὰ μηνίματα ἔκ τε ἡρώων ὁμοῦ καὶ θεῶν ἐς τὸ αὐτὸ τῷ Κλεομένει συνεληλυθότα, ἐπεί τοι καὶ ἰδίᾳ Πρωτεσίλαος ἐν Ἐλαιοῦντι οὐδὲν ἥρως Ἄργου φανερώτερος ἄνδρα Πέρσην ἐτιμωρήσατο Ἀρταΰκτην καὶ Μεγαρεῦσιν οὔ ποτε θεῶν τῶν ἐν Ἐλευσῖνι ὄντων ἐξεγένετο ἱλάσασθαι τὸ μήνιμα γῆν ἐπεργασαμένοις τὴν ἱεράν. τὰ δὲ ἐς τοῦ μαντείου τὴν διάπειραν οὐδὲ τὸ παράπαν ἄλλον γε οὐδένα ὅτι μὴ μόνον Κλεομένην τολμήσαντα ἴσμεν.
Κλεομένει δὲ οὐκ ὄντων ἀρρένων παίδων ἐς Λεωνίδαν τὸν Ἀναξανδρίδου, Δωριέως δὲ ἀπʼ ἀμφοτέρων ἀδελφόν, κατέβαινεν ἡ ἀρχή. καὶ Ξέρξης τε τηνικαῦτα ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἤγαγε τὸν λαὸν καὶ Λεωνίδας τριακοσίοις ὁμοῦ Λακεδαιμονίων ἀπήντησεν ἐς Θερμοπύλας. γεγόνασι μὲν δὴ πόλεμοι καὶ Ἑλλήνων πολλοὶ καὶ ἐς ἀλλήλους βαρβάρων, εὐαρίθμητοι δὲ ὁπόσους ἀνδρὸς ἑνὸς μάλιστα ἀρετὴ προήγαγεν ἐς πλέον δόξης, ὡς Ἀχιλλεύς τε τὸν πρὸς Ἰλίῳ πόλεμον καὶ Μιλτιάδης τὸ Μαραθῶνι ἔργον. ἀλλὰ γὰρ τὸ Λεωνίδου κατόρθωμα ὑπερεβάλετο ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν τά τε ἀνὰ χρόνον συμβάντα καὶ τὰ ἔτι πρότερον.
Ξέρξῃ γὰρ βασιλέων, ὁπόσοι Μήδοις καὶ Πέρσαις ἐγένοντο ὕστερον, παρασχομένῳ μέγιστον φρόνημα καὶ ἀποδειξαμένῳ λαμπρὰ οὕτω, κατὰ τὴν πορείαν Λεωνίδας σὺν ὀλίγοις, οὓς ἠγάγετο ἐς Θερμοπύλας, ἐγένετο ἂν ἐμποδὼν μηδὲ ἀρχὴν τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἰδεῖν αὐτὸν μηδὲ Ἀθηναίων ποτὲ ἐμπρῆσαι τὴν πόλιν, εἰ μὴ κατὰ τὴν ἀτραπὸν τὴν διὰ τῆς Οἴτης τείνουσαν περιαγαγὼν τὴν μετὰ Ὑδάρνου στρατιὰν ὁ Τραχίνιος κυκλώσασθαί σφισι τοὺς Ἕλληνας παρέσχε καὶ οὕτω κατεργασθέντος Λεωνίδου παρῆλθον ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα οἱ βάρβαροι.
Παυσανίας δὲ ὁ Κλεομβρότου βασιλεὺς μὲν οὐκ ἐγένετο· ἐπιτροπεύων γὰρ Πλείσταρχον τὸν Λεωνίδου καταλειφθέντα ἔτι παῖδα ἐς Πλάταιάν τε Λακεδαιμονίους ἤγαγε καὶ ὕστερον ναυσὶν ἐς τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον. Παυσανίου δὲ τὸ ἔργον τὸ ἐς τὴν Κῴαν γυναῖκα ἐν ἐπαίνῳ τίθεμαι μάλιστα, ἥντινα ἀνδρὸς οὐκ ἀδόξου παρὰ Κῴοις θυγατέρα οὖσαν Ἡγητορίδου τοῦ Ἀνταγόρου Φαρανδάτης ὁ Τεάσπιδος, ἀνὴρ Πέρσης, παλλακὴν εἶχεν ἄκουσαν·
ἐπεὶ δὲ Πλαταιᾶσι Μαρδόνιός τε ἔπεσεν ἐν τῇ μάχῃ καὶ ἀπώλοντο οἱ βάρβαροι, τὴν γυναῖκα ὁ Παυσανίας ἀπέστειλεν ἐς τὴν Κῶν κόσμον τε ὃν ἐποιήσατο ὁ Πέρσης αὐτῇ καὶ τὴν ἄλλην ἀγομένην κατασκευήν. Μαρδονίου τε οὐκ ἠθέλησεν ὁ Παυσανίας αἰσχῦναι τὸν νεκρὸν κατὰ τὴν παραίνεσιν τοῦ Αἰγινήτου Λάμπωνος.
Dorieus could not brook to stay in Lacedaemon as a subject of Cleomenes, so he set out to found a colony. No sooner was Cleomenes on the throne than he mustered an army of Lacedaemonians and their allies and invaded Argolis. The Argives gave him battle, but Cleomenes was victorious. Near the battlefield was a sacred grove of Argus, son of Niobe. Here about five thousand of the routed army took refuge. Cleomenes, who was generally out of his mind, seems to have been so on the present occasion, for he ordered the Helots to set fire to the grove. It was soon all in a blaze, and the men who had taken sanctuary perished with it in the flames.
Cleomenes also twice led an army to Athens. On the first occasion he freed Athens from the tyranny of the sons of Pisistratus, thereby winning golden opinions for himself and the Lacedaemonians. The object of his second expedition was to abet Isagoras, an Athenian, in an attempt to make himself despot of Athens. But the Athenians defended their freedom gallantly, and the baffled Cleomenes contented himself with laying waste the country. He is even said to have ravaged what they call the Orgas, or sacred land of the Eleusinian goddesses.
He also went to Aegina and arrested the influential men who had sided with the Medes, and had persuaded the citizens to give earth and water to King Darius, son of Hystaspes. While he tarried in Aegina, Demaratus, the king of the other house, traduced him to the Lacedaemonian multitude.
On his return from Aegina Cleomenes intrigued to have Demaratus deposed. For this purpose he bribed the prophetess at Delphi to utter oracles about Demaratus which he dictated, and he raised up a rival claimant to the crown in the person of Leotychides, a man of the blood royal and of the same branch as Demaratus. It happened that when Demaratus was born, his father Aristo had blurted out some silly words about the brat not being his. These words were now laid hold of by Leotychides. The Lacedaemonians referred the question, as usual, to the Delphic oracle, and the prophetess answered them as Cleomenes wished. So Demaratus was unjustly deposed through the enmity of Cleomenes.
But Cleomenes afterwards incurred his death in a mad fit: seizing a sword he wounded himself, and then proceeded to hack and mangle his whole body. In his miserable end the Argives profess to see a retribution for his treatment of the men who took sanctuary in the grove of Argus: the Athenians declare it was a punishment for ravaging the Orgas ; and the Delphians maintain that it was a penalty for bribing the prophetess to utter lies about Demaratus. But it may be that heroes and gods concurred in wreaking their wrath on the head of Cleomenes. We know that at Eleus the hero Protesilaus avenged himself single-handed on a Persian named Artayctes; yet Protesilaus, as a hero, certainly does not rank above Argus. Again, the Megarians incurred the displeasure of the Eleusinian goddesses by tilling some of the sacred land, and never succeeded in appeasing the offended divinities. But, barring Cleomenes, we know of no man who ever dared to tamper with the oracle. As Cleomenes had no sons the kingdom devolved on Leonidas, son of Anaxandrides and full brother of Dorieus.
Xerxes now led his host against Greece, and Leonidas, with three hundred Lacedaemonians, met him at Thermopylae. There have been many wars of the Greeks, and many of the barbarians, but there have been few, indeed, which owed their brightest glory to the valour of a single arm, as the Trojan war was ennobled by Achilles, and the battle of Marathon by Miltiades. But, to my mind, the exploit of Leonidas outdid all the exploits that have been performed before or since. For of all the kings that reigned, first over the Medes, and afterwards over the Persians, Xerxes gave proof of the highest spirit, and he distinguished himself brilliantly on the march. Yet Leonidas with a handful of men whom he led to Thermopylae would have prevented the great king from so much as setting eyes on Greece and from burning Athens, if the man of Trachis had not led the army of Hydarnes by the path over Mount Oeta, and so enabled them to surround the Greeks. Thus Leonidas was crushed, and the barbarians entered Greece.
Pausanias, son of Cleombrotus, was never king. As guardian of Plistarchus, the orphan son of Leonidas, he led the Lacedaemonians to Plataea, and he afterwards conducted a fleet to the Hellespont. I give high praise to Pausanias’ treatment of the Coan lady. She was the daughter of a man of some note in Cos, Hegetorides, son of Antagoras; and a Persian named Pharandates, the son of Teaspis, kept her against her will as his concubine. But when Mardonius fell at the battle of Plataea, and the barbarians were cut to pieces, Pausanias sent the lady to Cos with the ornaments which the Persian had bestowed on her and the rest of her baggage. And Pausanias would not mutilate the dead body of Mardonius, as Lampon the Aeginetan advised him to do.
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